Part 44

It is commonly believed that the Indian is hopelessly lazy, and that he will do no work whatever. This misleading notion has been fostered by the writings of many ignorant people, extending over a long period of time. The error had its origin in the fact that the work which the savage Indian does is quite different from that performed by the white laborer. But it is certain that no men ever worked harder than Indians on a journey to war, during which they would march on foot hundreds of miles, carrying heavy loads on their backs, then have their fight, or take their horses, and perhaps ride for several days at a stretch, scarcely stopping to eat or rest. That they did not labor regularly is of course true, but when they did work, their toil was very much harder than that ever performed by the white man.

The Blackfeet now are willing to work in the same way that the white man works. They appreciate, as well as any one, the fact that old things have passed away, and that they must now adapt themselves to new surroundings. Therefore, they work in the hay fields, tend stock, chop logs in the mountains, haul firewood, drive freighting teams, build houses and fences, and, in short, do pretty much all the work that would be done by an ordinary ranchman. They do not perform it so well as white men would; they are much more careless in their handling of tools, wagons, mowing-machines, or other implements, but they are learning all the time, even if their progress is slow.

The advance toward civilization within the past five years is very remarkable and shows, as well as anything could show, the adaptability of the Indian. At the same time, I believe that if it had not been for that fateful experience known as "the starvation winter," the progress made by the Blackfeet would have been very much less than it has been. The Indian requires a bitter lesson to make him remember.

But besides this lesson, which at so terrible a cost demonstrated to him the necessity of working, there has been another factor in the progress of the Blackfoot. If he has learned the lesson of privation and suffering, the record given in these pages has shown that he is not less ready to respond to encouragement, not less quickened and sustained by friendly sympathy. Without such encouragement he will not persevere. If his crops fail him this year, he has no heart to plant the next. A single failure brings despair. Yet if he is cheered and helped, he will make other efforts. The Blackfeet have been thus sustained; they have felt that there was an inducement for them to do well, for some one whom they trusted was interested in their welfare, was watching their progress, and was trying to help them. They knew that this person had no private interest to serve, but wished to do the best that he could for his people. Having an exaggerated idea of his power to aid them, they have tried to follow his advice, so as to obtain his good-will and secure his aid with the government. Thus they have had always before them a definite object to strive for.

The Blackfoot of to-day is a working man. He has a little property which he is trying to care for and wishes to add to. With a little help, with instruction, and with encouragement to persevere, he will become in the next few years self-supporting, and a good citizen.

INDEX

Above Persons, Adoption of captives, Adultery, penalty for, Adventure, Stories of, Adventures of Bull Turns Round, Affirmation, solemn form of, Ah-kaik'-sum-iks Ah-kai-yi-ko-ka'-kin-iks, Ah-kai'-po-kaks Ah-kwo'-nis-tsists, Ahk-o'-tash-iks, Ahk-sa'-ke-wah, Ah'pai-tup-iks, Ai-sik'-stuk-iks, A[=i]-sin'-o-ko-ki, Ai'-so-yim-stan, Alcohol, agent of destruction, Algonquin myth, Algonquin tribes, All-are-his-children, All Comrades, All Crazy Dogs, Allen, Major, All-face man, Almost-a-Dog, Amelanchier alnifolia, American Anthropologist, American Hero Myths, Ancient customs dying out, Ancient Times, Stories of, Animals, birth of, creation of, Animal powers, Animal powers and signs, Animals to be food, Antelope, method of taking, song, where created, Anthropologist, American A'pi, Ap'-i-kai-yiks, Ap'i-kunni, Api-su'-ahts, Ap-ut'-o-si-kai-nah, Armells Creek, Arrows, Assinaboines (tribe), A'-tsi-tsi, Authority of "sits beside him" woman, A-wah-heh',

Back fat (of buffalo), Creek, Bad Weapons, The, Bad Wife, The, Badger, Badger Creek, Bags, Basins, Battle near Cypress Mountains, Bear, Bears, The Beaver, how taken, Creek, Indians, Medicine, The, song, Belly River, Buttes, Belt, Berries created, Berry of the red willow, Big Eagle, Big Nose, Big Topknots, Bighorn, where created Birch tree Bird, Thomas Birds created Birth of the animals Biters Bitter-root Black Elks (Blackfoot gens) (Blood gens) Blackfat Roasters Blackfeet as known to the whites Blackfoot cosmology country, boundaries of Crossing Genesis, The in War, The Black Doors Black Patched Moccasins Blood (tribe) Blood People Boiling meat Bow River Bowls of stone Bows Box Elder Creek Boys, advice to Brave (band of the I-kun-uh'-kah-tsi), Bravery held in high esteem proofs of required Braves, duties of Braves' society Brinton, Dr. Brush created Buckets Buffalo bringing to camp corral of Cheyennes created driven over cliffs Dung (gens) eating the people hunting disguised hidden slaughter, modern value of to the people surrounding Buffalo Lip Butte Buffalo Rock, The what it is Buffalo song Bull bats Bull berries Bulls Bulls' society Bunch of lodges Burial Buttes created

Camas root, how prepared Camp arranged in circle Camp, order of moving Canadian mounted police Casey, Lieutenant Catchers Cattle issued Cause of disease. Centre post of Medicine Lodge Ceremony of Medicine Lodge of unwrapping pipe-stem Cheyennes buffalo corral of Chickadee Chief Children in lodge sports of training of Children, The Lost Chippeways Chippeweyans Chinook winds Choke-cherries, how prepared Clark (W.P.) Clay images, of buffalo in human shape Clot of blood Clothing made of buffalo hide Cold Maker Confederation of three tribes Corral of Cheyennes, buffalo Cosmology, Blackfoot Counting coup coup at Medicine Lodge Country of the Blackfoot Coup, et seq. among Blackfeet. different tribes. counting, in early times. "Covering" the slain. Cowardice, penalty for. Coyotes, how taken. Creation, et seq. Creator. Cree (tribe), et seq. Crimes to be punished. Crops in Blackfoot country. Crow (tribe). Cups, how made. Custer, General, xiv. Customs, ancient, dying out. Customs, Daily Life and. Cut Bank River. Cutting rawhide for Medicine Lodge. Cypress Mountains. Daily Life and Customs. Dance, medicine pipe. young women's. Dawson, Mrs. Thomas, xiv. Dead return to life. Death, origin of. Deer, how taken. Deer Lodge. Diet. Disease. Diseases introduced by whites. Dishes. Divorce. Doctors. Dog and the Stick, The. Dogs beasts of burden, et seq. killed at grave. not eaten. Dogs Naked. Don't Laugh band. Double Runner, vii, xv. Doves. Dream helper, et seq. originates war party. person, et seq. Dreaming for power, et seq. Dreams, 3 et seq.. belief in. Dress. Dried meat. Dried Meat (gens). Dwelling. Duties of first wife. Eagle catching. songs. lodge. Early Finished Eating. Riser. wars bloodless. Ear-rings. Eggs of waterfowl, how cooked. [=E]-in'-a-ke. E-kus'-kini, et seq. Elbow river. Elk, how taken. The. tushes. Elkhorn arrow. Elk River. Elopement. E'-mi-tah-pahk-sai-yiks,. E'-mi-taks,. Esk'-sin-ai-t[)u]p-iks,. Esk'-sin-i-t[)u]ppiks. [)E]ts-k[=a]i'-nah,. Everyday life, et seq. Family names. Fast of Medicine Lodge woman. Fast Runners, The. Fat Roasters. Feast, invitations to. Feasting in the camps. Fighting between Bloods and Piegans. Fire, how obtained. carried. First killing in war. mauls. medicine pipe. people. pis'kun. scalping. shelter to sleep under. stone knives. Fish. hooks. Fish spears, Flat Bows, Flatheads, Flesh of animals eaten, Fleshers, how made, Flint and steel, Folk-lore, Food of war party, Forest and Stream, Fort Conrad, McLeod, Pitt, Union, Four Bears, Fox, The, Fox-eye, Frogs, Fungus for punk, Fur animals, how caught, Future life,

Gambling, Game, hidden, in Blackfoot country, Game played by prairie dogs, Genesis, The Blackfoot, Gentes of the Blackfeet, Bloods, Kai'nah, Piegans, Pi-k[)u]n'i, Sik'si-kau, now extinct, Ghost, bear, country, Woman, Heavy Collar and The, Ghosts, Ghosts' Buffalo, The, Ghosts, camp of the, Girls, carefully guarded, instructed, outfit for marriage, Girl stolen, Gown of women, Grasshoppers, Grease on red willow bark, Great Bear (constellation), Falls, Grizzly Bear, Grooved arrow shafts, Gros Ventres, Ground Man, Ground Man (of Cheyennes), Ground Persons,

Hair, care of, mode of wearing, Handles of knives, "Hands," Hats of antelope skin, Head chief, how chosen, Heavy Collar, and the Ghost Woman, Runner, Help from animals, Hill where Old Man sleeps, Horned toad, Horns, Horses cause of war, killed at grave, when obtained, How the Blackfoot lived, Hunting, alone punished, Husband's personal rights in wife, power over wife, property rights in wife,

I-kun-uh'-kah-tsi, origin of, Implements of the dead, made of buffalo hide, Indian a man, sign language, tobacco, Indians and their Stories, Beaver, general ignorance about, Infants lost, I-nis'-kim, In-uhk'-so-yi-stam-iks, I-nuk-si'-kah-ko-pwa-iks, I-nuks'-iks, Invitation to feasts, I'-pok-si-maiks, I-sis'-o-kas-im-iks, I-so-kin'-uh-kin, Is'-sui, Is-ti'-kai-nah "It fell on them" creek, It-se'-wah,

Jackson, William,

Kah'-mi-taiks Kai'-nah, Kalispels, Kettles of stone, Kill Close By, Kipp, Joseph, Kit-fox, Kit-fox (society), Kit-foxes, Ki'-yis, Knats-o-mi'-ta, Knives of stone, Ko-ko-mik'-e-is, Kom-in'-a-kus, Ksik-si-num' Kuk-kuiks' Kut'-ai-[=i]m-iks, Kut-ai-sot'-si-man, Kutenais, Kut-o'-yis,

Ladles of horn, of wood, Lari p[=u]k'[=u]s Lesser Slave Lake, L'herbe, Liars, Life among the Blackfeet, Little Birds, Little Blackfoot, "Little Slaves," Lizards, Lodge for dreaming, of stone, Lodges, ancient, how made, decoration of, of chiefs of the I-kun-uk'-kak-tsi, Lone Eaters, Fighters, Medicine Person, Long Tail Lodge Poles, Lost Children, The, Lost Woman, The, Low Horn,

Mad Wolf, Maker, the, Mandans, Man-eater, Many Children, Lodge Poles, Horses, Medicines, March of the camp, of war party, Marriage, girl's outfit for, how arranged, of important people, poorer people, prerequisites for, prohibited within gens, Ma-stoh'-pah-ta-kiks, Material advancement, Mats, Mauls, how made, Measles, Medicine leggings, Medicine Lodge, the, man, Pipes and Healing, rock of the Marias, woman, Mexico, Mi-ah-wah'-pit-siks, Mi-aw'-kin-ai-yiks Mik-a'pi, Miles, General, Milk River, Missouri River, Mis-tai' Moccasins, Mo-k[)u]m'-iks, Monroe, Hugh, John, Morning Star, Mosquitoes, Mo-tah'-tos-iks Mother-in-law, meeting, not to be spoken to, Mo-twai'-naiks Mountains created, Mourning, chant, for the dead, Muddy River, Murder, penalty for Musselshell River, M[)u]t'-siks,

Na-ahks', Nai-ai', Name, changing, unwillingness to speak, Namp'-ski, Na'-pi, Nat-[=o]s', Nat-o'-ye, Na-wuh'-to-ski, Necklaces, New Mexico, Night red light, Ni-kis'-ta, Nimp'-sa, Ni'-nah, Ni-namp'-skan, Nin'-nah, Nin'-sta, Ni'-po-m[=u]k-i, Nis'-ah, Ni-sis'-ah, Nis-kum'-iks, Nis-k[=u]n', Nis-t[=u]m-o', Nit-t[=u]m-o'-kun, Nit'-ak-os-kit-si-pup-iks, Ni-taw'-yiks, Nit'-ik-skiks, Nit-o-k[=e]-man, Ni-tot'-o-ke-man, Ni-tot'-si-ksis-stan-iks, Nits'-i-san, Nits-o'-kan, Ni-tun', No parfleche, No-ko'-i, No'-ma, North Bloods, North, Major, North Saskatchewan River, Northwest Territories, Number of wives,

Oath, Indian, Obstinate (gens), Office not hereditary, Ojibwas, Ok-wi-tok-so-ka, Old Man, and the Lynx, character of, disappearance of, Doctors, known to other tribes, makes first weapons, makes fire sticks, sleeps, hill where, Stories of, Old Man's predictions, River, Sliding Ground, Origin of the I-kun-uh'-kah-tsi, medicine pipe, worm pipe, Orpheus and Eurydice, Other game, Owl Bear, Owls ghosts of medicine men, Owner's seat in lodge,

Paints, Parfleche soles of moccasins, Past and the Present, The, Pawnee coups, Hero Stories and Folk Tales, Pawnees, Peace with Gros Ventres broken, the Snakes, The, Pemmican, Penalty for adultery, for cowardice, for murder, for theft, for treachery, Penances, Pend d'Oreille, People created, Phrynosoma, Physical characteristics, Pictographs of coups, Piegans, Pi-kun'i, Pi-n[)u]t-u'-ye is-tsim'-o-kan, Pipe dance, medicine, of the Soldier Society, stems, Pipes, material of, Pis'kun, etymology of, bringing buffalo to, how constructed, of the Blackfeet, of the Crees, of the Sik'-si-kau, Pis-tsi-ko'-an, Places chosen for dreaming, Plants, medical properties of, Plunder from the south, Pomme blanche, Pottery, Power, dreaming for, of herbs, to bring on storms, Powers, animal, Prayers, in sweat house, to the Thunder, Preparations for burial, for dreaming, for the attack, for war parties, Presents to husband from father-in-law, to the sun, Product of the buffalo, Property buried with dead, of Brave Society, of deceased, disposition of, Psoralea esculenta, Puh-ksi-nah'-mah-yiks, Puk'-sah-tchis, Punishment for hunting alone, for infidelity, for stealing tobacco, Punk, P[=u]n'-o-ts[)i]-hyo, Purification by smoke,

Quarrels between the three tribes,

Rabid Wolf, wolves, Rabies, cure for, Race, the, Raven Band of the I-k[)u]n-uh'-kah-tsi, Bearers, Carriers, Ravens, Red Deer's River, Eagle, Old Man, River half-breeds, Round Robes, Religion, River, Badger, Belly, Big, Bow, Elbow, Elk, Milk, Missouri, Muddy, North Saskatchewan, Old Man's, Peace, person, Red Deer's, Saskatchewan, St. Mary's, Teton, Yellowstone, Roasting meat, Robes, Rock, The, Root-digger, Ross, Miss Cora M., Round, Running Rabbit, Russell, William,

Sacks, Sacred bundles, where kept, Sacred objects, things connected with eagle catching, Sacrifice, Sacrifices to sun, of war party, Sai'-yiks, Sak-si-nak'-mah-yiks, Salt, Sand Hills, Sarcees, Sarvis berries, Berry Creek, Saskatchewan River, Saskatoon Creek, Scarface, Schultz, J.W., Scout of war party, Screech Owl, Seats in lodge, Secret helper, Seeking the Sun's Lodge, Thunder's Lodge, Seldom Lonesome, Self-torturings in Medicine Lodge, Servants, Seven Persons, Seven Persons Creek, Shadow, Shelter for war party, to sleep under, Shepherdia argentea, Short Bows, Sign language, Signs, Signs and powers of animals, Sik-o-kit-sim-iks. Sik-o-pok'-si-maiks. Sik'-si-kau, Siks-ah'-pun-iks, Siks-in'-o-kaks (Blackfoot), (Blood), Sik-ut'-si-pum-aiks, Sin'-o-pah, Sioux, "Sits beside him" woman, Skeleton, Skidi tribe, Skull taken into eagle pit, Skunks, Sleeping for power, Small Brittle Fat, Small Leggings, Robes, Smallpox, Smell of a person, Smoking, rules in, Snakes, Snakes (tribe), Peace with, The, Snares, Social organization, Societies of the All Comrades, Soldiers, Song, antelope, beaver, buffalo, pipe, war party, Soul, Spai'-yu ksah'-ku, Spanish lands, Spear heads, Spears, Spoons, Sports of children, of adults, Spotted Tail's camp, St. Mary's River, Sta-au', Starvation winter, Steell, Major, Stockraising, Stolen by the Thunder, Stone bowls, kettles, knives, pointed arrows, Ston'-i-t[)a]pi, Stories of Adventure, of Ancient Times, of Old Man, Story of the Three Tribes, The, Story-telling, Striped-face, Struck by the Thunder, St[)u]'miks, Suicide among girls, Sun, Sun dogs, Sun River, Sun's Lodge, Sun's Lodge, seeking the, Surrounding buffalo, S[=u]'-ye-st[)u]'-miks, S[=u]'-ye-t[)u]ppi, Su-yoh-pah'-wah-ku, Sweat bath, Sweat lodge, houses for Medicine Lodge, Sweet-grass, Sweet Grass Hills, Swindling the Indians,

Tail-feathers-coming-in-sight-over-the-Hill, Tails, Taking horses, Temperament, Teton River, The Bad Weapons, Bears, Beaver Medicine, Blackfoot Genesis, Blackfoot in War, Buffalo Rock, Dog and the Stick, Elk, Fox, Ghosts' Buffalo, Past and the Present, Race, Rock, Theft from the Sun, Wonderful Bird, Theft from the Sun, The, penalty for, They Don't Laugh, Things sacred to the Sun, Three Tribes, The Story of, Thunder, bird, described, brings the rain, steals women, Tobacco, Indians', songs, Tobacco thief punished, Tongues for Medicine Lodge, Touchwood Hills, Training of children, Transmigration of souls, Trapping wolves, Treachery, penalty for, Treatment of dead enemies, of women, Trial by jumping, Trivett, Rev. S., Tsin-ik-tsis'-tso-yiks, Ts[)i]-st[=i]ks, T[)u]is-kis't[=i]ks, Turtles, Two Medicine (Lodge Creek), War Trails,

Under Water People, Persons, Uses of buffalo products,

Version of the origin of death, Visitor's seat in lodge,

War bonnet, bonnet of Bulls Society, clubs, how made, head-dress, journeys, duration of, journeys to the southwest, lodges, lodges, how built, systematized, with the Gros Ventres, War parties, Warrior's outfit, contributions to, Whiskey trading, White beaver, Breasts, Calf, Widows, Wife, standing of, duties of first, The Bad, Wind Maker, Sucker, Wolf Calf, Tail, Man, The, Road, song, Wolverine, Wolves, Wolves, rabid, Woman doctors, Woman, standing of, The Lost, Woman's dress, seat in lodge, Wonderful Bird, The, Wood for bows, Woods Bloods, Worm People, Pipe, Worms,

Yellowstone River, Young Bear Chief, women's dance, Younger sisters potential wives,

A NOTE ABOUT THE AUTHOR