CHAPTER XV. Hints on Taxidermy, Etc

HINTS ON TAXIDERMY, ETC

BY CLIVE PHILLIPPS-WOLLEY

That ‘the reward lies not in the prize but in the race we run’ is probably more true of sport than of any other pursuit, and yet even in big game shooting there are prizes to strive after which serve at any rate to remind the winners of the races they ran to obtain them. To the man who has won them fairly, the mighty antlers and fierce masks which hang in his hall or study are treasures beyond price. As to the men who buy such trophies, they are not of our guild, nor is it easy to comprehend them or their motives.

When the light is waning and the flames from a wood fire cover the walls of a hunter’s den with quaint shadows of the spolia opima of the chase, it is easy to explain to a kindred spirit the value set upon these hardly-earned treasures. To some they may be mere dry bones or hideous mummies; but out of them and their shadows the tired man, dozing by his hearth, can call up pictures from the deep primeval forest, the sheer snow mountains, or sweet and wild wind-swept upland; pictures such as no artist ever painted or poet fancied. Each head is to that dreamer a key to some locker in his memory. He has but to look at those antlers in the firelight, and the past comes back vivid and glorious, aglow with the colours of an Indian summer, or bright with the blossoms of an Alpine spring, mellow with the beauty distance lends, and painted by the strong happy hand of youth.

If age and feebleness come, shall there be no satisfaction to the old hunter in remembering the ibex he outclimbed, the stag whose senses were not keen enough to detect the stealthy approach of those now clumsy feet tottering to their rest; the grim foe, tiger or grizzly, upon whom his worn-out eyes once gazed without blenching, measuring the shot calmly, upon the success of which hung his life or the beast’s?

More than all the pleasures which the rich man feels as he surveys his Murillos or his Raphaels are the hunter’s, as his eyes wander over his antlered walls. He shot the beasts whose spoils are round him, and in the doing of it scenes were graven on his memory which can never be effaced; mental and physical qualities which, but for these silent witnesses, Age the doubter would persuade him that he never possessed, were tried and not found wanting.

But what can bought heads be to the buyer? Furniture for his rooms perhaps, and, even so, misleading; for if a house is to be worth anything, it should represent the tastes and life of the man who lives in it. As a rule, it is long odds that the owners of bought trophies cannot so much as remember the shape of the beasts whose horns they hang up, much less have they any associations connected with them. At the best, they are but costly rubbish; unfortunately they are worse than that. The demand for antlers and sheep’s horns insures a supply being secured in some way, and so it happens that in Canada to-day every up-country trader has been supplied with a printed list of the prices which will be paid for trophies, according to the number of inches they measure round the base or the length and span of the antlers.

In one trader’s house which I know there are nearly a hundred magnificent sheep’s heads waiting for a purchaser, most of which have been brought in by Stony Indians, whom no law can touch for shooting in season or out of season.

The damage done by this head-hunting is twofold: first, to the sportsman, whom it will eventually deprive of his game; secondly, to the country, as tending to rob it of the attractions which it possesses for a class which brings a great deal of money into it. A fair sheep’s head may be bought for twenty-five dollars, but many a hundred pounds of good English money has before now been distributed amongst the natives and traders of British Columbia in the attempt to obtain such a head by fair shooting. No doubt efforts have been made by the legislature to protect the game; but in those countries to which I have had access I have found that, though the laws were good enough, they were rendered useless through lack of men to enforce them.

In Canada no game laws can ever be of much avail as long as the Indian is allowed the privileges which he at present enjoys.

But the principal business of this chapter is to instruct the hunter in the best methods of preserving his trophies when fairly won, until such time as he can hand them over to one of our excellent practical taxidermists at home. In nine cases out of ten, the head is all that a man cares to preserve, and those who are wise will not cumber their houses with too many even of these with the masks on. In spite of infinite pains, moth and dust will corrupt the most carefully guarded collections. However, if you want to mount the head with skin and all complete, let your first care be to sketch or photograph it in profile before the skinner’s knife has touched it, in order that the man who sets up the trophy may have some idea of what it looked like in life.

If the hunter cannot sketch decently, a kodak is a good substitute for the pencil, or the proportions and various bumps and inequalities in the outline may be accurately preserved by laying the head upon a sheet of paper and tracing its outline with a simple instrument, consisting of two pieces of metal four or five inches in length, set at right angles to one another, with a socket at the angle into which a lead pencil is fixed, so that the point projects just far enough to make a mark upon the paper, when, with the lower side upon the paper and the upright side against the head, an outline of the profile is taken. Outlines or photographs should be made as soon after death as possible, before the muscles have time to sink and lose their natural prominence.

In skinning a horned head proceed as follows:--

Slit the back of the neck up the middle to a point between the horns, then make a crosscut from the base of one antler to the base of the other. This will give you a cut shaped thus, T. Now separate the skin from the skull round the base of each antler, and be careful not to cut the coat unnecessarily during the operation. Next turn the head over and begin at the other end, severing the inner side of the lips from the gums as high up as you can reach, and skinning the muzzle as far back as you can. Then peel off the whole mask from the antlers downwards to the muzzle, being specially careful not to slit the skin, either at the eyes or at the nostrils, which are the tenderest portions of it. Be careful to preserve a sufficiently long neck, and do not let your Indian or Tartar cut the beast’s throat (as he will do if you do not watch him), as nothing looks worse than a taxidermist’s stitches showing under the throat of a trophy.

If you have followed these directions, you will have preserved so far the entire lips of the animal. Now take your knife and slit the lips, separating the inner from the outer skin, and dress the cut so made thoroughly well with powdered alum. Having removed the skin from the skull, you may clean this part of the trophy, either by boiling it if you have a pot with you large enough for that operation, or if not, after whittling out the eyes, brains, and any flesh you can readily detach, you may hang it up in a tree, out of reach of coyotes to dry, until fit for packing. Before putting your skins and skulls apart to dry, mark them carefully with corresponding numbers, to prevent mistakes later on.

Should you wish, however, to skin a beast whole for mounting in some museum or elsewhere, you must proceed as directed by my friend, Mr. John Fannin, curator of the Museum of British Columbia, whose directions I have slightly altered to suit my purpose, and inserted below.

Turn the beast on to his back and make cut 1, from the point of the breastbone along the centre of the belly to the root of the tail, taking care only to cut through the skin, and not into the intestines. A few pieces of fine brush, laid on the inside of the skin as you peel it off, serve to protect the skin from any blood which may escape from the bullet wounds or elsewhere during the operation of skinning.

Next, make a cut from the hoof of each foreleg to the upper end of cut 1, making the incision down the hind part of each foreleg. Make a cut from the hoof of each hind leg, along the hinder part of it to the lower end of cut 1. Now skin round the legs; sever the leg bones at the knee and hock joints, leaving these bones with the hoofs attached to the skin, but with the skin freed down to the hoofs. Now skin the animal in the ordinary manner, using the edge and not the point of your knife, and on reaching the neck make the T shaped cut described above, along the top of the neck and between the antlers. This will allow the skin to be removed entirely from the head; but before proceeding with the head the skin should be removed from the body as far as the head, and the head severed at the neck joint.

Having washed any blood off the hair and detached every fragment of meat or fat which you can get off the skin, stretch it out upon the ground in some airy spot where it can dry naturally, unaffected by sun or fire. Dress the skin with powdered alum, or failing that with wood ashes, and don’t peg it out. When prepared in a solution of soda by the taxidermist at home, the alum-dried skin will become as pliable as kid and will resume its natural proportions, and these should satisfy any honest hunter.

The methods recommended in this chapter are of course only for preserving trophies in the field. All trophies should be sent home for final preparation as soon as possible, either prepared with alum and packed dry, or in a tub of pickle composed of alum and salt in the proportion of two-thirds of the former to one-third of the latter.

Some men make a practice of carrying a saw with them to divide antlers and skulls for greater convenience in packing, sawing the skull right through from crest to nose; but though trophies are undoubtedly somewhat easier to pack in this way, I do not recommend it, as a very heavy wapiti head of mine so treated is constantly annoying me now by breaking away from the rivets which should hold it, to come thundering upon the ground.

1, 2, and 3 indicate the brow, bay, and tray antlers respectively; 4, indicates the line along which a head should be measured for length; 5, the line along which to measure for span; 6, where to measure for girth.]

In sending skins home from temperate regions I have never found it necessary to use any preservative against insects other than the powdered alum with which the skins are dressed; but in hot climates more elaborate precautions are necessary, and a liberal dose of spirits of turpentine should be applied externally from time to time.

An application of spirits of turpentine put on with a liberal hand, and brushed in, the way of the hair, with a dandy brush at spring-time, will go a long way towards saving trophies from the ravages of moth.

A covering of fine glazed gauze, made like a nosebag, is useful as a protection to heads left stored in an unused room.

Here it may be convenient to set out the ordinary systems of measuring game trophies amongst English sportsmen.

Skins are measured from the snout to the tip of the tail, and from side to side under the forearms.

There is a system of measuring bear skins upon the American continent which may have given rise to some errors--to wit, measuring from the ‘heel to the snout.’

In measuring the heads of sheep, ibex, and such like, the chief points are the girth of the horns at the base, and the length of each of them from base to point measured along the outside edge of the curve.

In measuring stags’ heads the points to note are: (1) the number of points or tines, (2) the length of the horn measured from the skull along the outside curve of the beam to the tip of the longest tine, (3) the greatest width between the horns, and (4) the circumference of the beam between the bay and the tray points. The diagram on p. 419 illustrates these measurements, indicates the points named, and displays the normal growth of tines in a wapiti head.

A SHORT BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIG GAME SHOOTING, ETC.

Since it seems impossible that any one man should have a thoroughly comprehensive knowledge of all forms of sport in any given district, it has been thought well to give here a short list of the best books known to the present writer upon most of the topics dealt with in these pages, in order that those specially interested may see at a glance where to turn for further information. There are, of course, a vast number of books written upon sport in different parts of the globe; but it is hoped that those quoted below will be found to cover most of the ground. Where opinions vary it is left to the reader to compare evidence, and judge for himself.

This seems an appropriate opportunity for acknowledging, in as brief a space as possible, but as heartily as can be conveyed by written words, the indebtedness of those employed upon these volumes for the invaluable assistance rendered by a host of friends too numerous for special mention, for information given, and photographs sent. It is hoped that the use made of their contributions will be a sufficient reward for the trouble they have taken.

Books recommended for perusal

AFRICA

ANDERSON, C. J. Notes of Travel in South Africa. 1875.

” The Okavango River. 1861.

BAKER, SIR SAMUEL W. The Nile Tributaries of Abyssinia. 1867.

” The Albert N’yanza.

” Wild Beasts and their Ways.

BALDWIN, W. C. African Hunting from Natal to the Zambesi. 1863.

BOURKE (LORD MAYO). Sport in Abyssinia.

CUMMING, R. GORDON. Five Years of a Hunter’s Life in South Africa. 1850.

HARRIS, CAPT. C. Wild Sports of South Africa. 1844.

LE VAILLANT. Voyages, Chasses, Excursions en Afrique. 1869.

SELOUS, F. C. A Hunter’s Wanderings. 1881.

” Travel and Adventure in South-East Africa. 1893.

WILLOUGHBY, SIR JOHN. East Africa and its Big Game.

NORTH AMERICA

BAKER, SIR SAMUEL W. Wild Beasts and their Ways. 1890.

BUXTON, E. N. Short Stalks.

CATON. Antelope and Deer of America.

DODGE, COLONEL R. J. The Hunting Grounds of the Great West.

DUNRAVEN, LORD. The Great Divide.

PIKE, W. Barren Grounds of Northern Canada.

PHILLIPPS-WOLLEY, C. A Sportsman’s Eden.

ROOSEVELT, THEODORE. The Hunting Trips of a Ranchman.

ROWAN. Emigrant and Sportsman in Canada.

VAN DYKE. The Still Hunter.

WILLIAMSON, A. Sport and Photography in the Rocky Mountains. 1880.

SOUTH AMERICA

KENNEDY, W. R. Sporting Sketches in South America. 1892.

THE ARCTIC REGIONS

LAMONT, J. Seasons with the Sea-Horses. 1861.

” Yachting in the Arctic Seas. 1876.

CAUCASUS

PHILLIPPS-WOLLEY, C. Sport in the Crimea and Caucasus.

” Savage Svânetia.

CEYLON

BAKER, SIR S. W. Rifle and Hound in Ceylon. 1854.

INDIA AND THIBET

BALDWIN, J. H. Large and Small Game of Bengal. 1876.

FORSYTH, J. Highlands of Central India. 1871.

KINLOCH, COLONEL. Large Game Shooting in Thibet, the Himalayas, and Northern India.

MCINTYRE, D. Hindu Koh: Wild Sport in the Himalayas. 1889.

RICE. Indian Game. 1884.

SANDERSON, G. P. Thirteen Years among the Wild Beasts of India. 1878.

STERNDALE, R. A. Natural History of the Mammalia of India and Ceylon. 1884.

NORTHERN EUROPE

LLOYD. Field Sports of Northern Europe. 1830.

” Scandinavian Adventures. 1854.

SPAIN AND PORTUGAL

CHAPMAN, ABEL, AND BUCK, W. J. Wild Spain. 1892.

SARDINIA

BUXTON, E. N. Short Stalks.

TYROL

BAILLIE-GROHMAN, W. A. Tyrol and the Tyrolese. 1875.

TAXIDERMY, &C.

H. C. A. J. The Sportsman’s Vade Mecum. (Field Office) 1891.

LORD, W. B., AND BAINES, T. Shifts and Expedients of Camp Life. 1871.

WARD, ROWLAND. Sportsman’s Handbook to Practical Collecting. 1882.

” Horn Measurements and Weights of the Great Game of the World. 1892.

FOOTNOTES

The harpooner on this occasion, whose word I have never doubted, told me that once when he was hunting in King’s Bay, on the west coast of Spitzbergen, he saw a walrus take a ‘Hav-hest,’ i.e. fulmar petrel, which was sitting on the water, and was actually engaged in eating it when struck by the harpoon.

Sport in the Crimea and Caucasus and Savage Svânetia. Bentley & Son.

The revolver was a useless encumbrance, and the tent can be made many pounds lighter.--C. P.-W.

To deal exhaustively with all subjects connected with mountain hunting, in the Caucasus or elsewhere, would be to repeat much which has already been written by experts in the Mountaineering volume of this series. Rather than do this, I strongly recommend anyone who meditates a hunt in Alpine regions to procure that volume and read it carefully.--C. P.-W.

This was written before the author had had experience of the Paradox, the best of all weapons for bush shooting.--C. P.-W.

Since this was written Mr. St. G. Littledale has killed the aurochs as he killed the Ovis poli.

The term ‘Bavarian Tyrol’ one often hears used is entirely incorrect. There is but one Tyrol, and for more than five hundred years it has formed part of the Austrian Empire.

The above was written before the lamented and unexpectedly sudden death of this singularly versatile and able prince, who, without question, was also the greatest Nimrod of his time. His demise, in his seventy-sixth year, was one befitting his sportsman’s career, the apoplectic attack from which he never rallied overtaking him on his return from a stalk, in which he had killed two 14-point stags. His last words, murmured in a semi-conscious condition, were: ‘Let the drive commence.’

This difficulty the writer, after years of experimentalising, has overcome by using the hollow exclusively out of the right and the solid out of the left barrel of a rifle built expressly for this purpose.

The Editor is not responsible for the measurement of this jump. He assumes that it was measured by the gentleman named, and on his authority it is printed.--B.

Lawn-tennis shoes, with stout ribbed soles, are capital makeshifts for stalking purposes.

Under contracts for elk hunting on private ground it is generally arranged that the shooter shall keep the head, the hide if he pleases, and one haunch, the rest of the meat going to the proprietor or farmer of the land, by whom it is salted or smoked for winter consumption. But on State lands, the rights of which are periodically sold by auction, the shooter retains the whole carcase.

Knowledge of elk spoor, to be of any practical value, can only be learnt by experience: I have not therefore attempted any description of it.

To explain how such a tract, entirely mountainous, may be conveniently hunted, I may mention that there are eight specially built huts and four small farmhouses which serve as quarters.

Unless the Caucasian zubr, of which Mr. St. George Littledale had recently killed a specimen, be (as the Caucasians maintain) identical with the Lithuanian beast.--C. P.-W.

A tiger of this length would only weigh about 300 lbs. not cleaned.

Tigers have been shot in the Caucasus west of the Caspian.

Note to Appendix C, Sterndale’s Mammalia.

Sterndale’s Mammalia.

Measured between uprights and not following curves of body

Several good sportsmen even recommend the plan for tigers.

Measured between uprights

There are no true bison in India, both gaur and buffalo having thirteen pairs of ribs, while the true bison has fourteen pairs.

This antelope is also found in the Caucasus, between Tiflis and the Caspian, where it is also locally known as djêrân.--C.P.W.

Such a crutch is in general use amongst Caucasians.--C. P.-W.

This head was not destined to grace my walls, but is now reposing in a palace in St. Petersburg, her Imperial Majesty the Czarevna having expressed a wish to have one of my trophies.--ST. G. L.

This admirable volume contains much information upon other beasts besides the Sardinian moufflon, little known and not treated of elsewhere, e.g. Capra ægagrus, Ovis tragelaphus (the Barbary sheep) and the red deer of Asia Minor.

INDEX TO THE SECOND VOLUME

‘A’ tent, the, 395

Abyssinia, 325

Adam zad (sloth bear), 186

Afghan Boundary Commission, 321

Afghanistan, 312, 315, 321

Air cushions, 386

Akershus, Norway, 125

Alaghir, Caucasus, 49

Albania, 77

Aleknanda river, India, 325

Alexander II. of Russia, 168

Alichur Pamir, 374

Allahabad, 226

Allia (elephant), 228

Almanzor, Spain, 179

Alpenstocks, 29, 57

Alpine stag. See Red deer

Alpine tent, Whymper’s, 385

Altai, the, 73, 74, 75, 291

Altyn-Tagh, the, 299

American stag, the Great, 36

Ammunition. See Rifles

Amsterdam Island, Spitzbergen, 19

Anar (native fireworks), 189

Anay (elephant), 228

Andalusia, 177-179

Andorra, 179

Antelope, Caucasian (Antilope saiga), 44, 45

Antelope, Indian (Antilope Bezoartica), 345; native methods of hunting, 347; stalking, 349; pugnacity of the bucks, 352; measurements, 357

Antelope, Mongolian (Antilope subgutturosa), 74

Antelope, Saiga (Saiga tartarica), characteristics, 340; measurements, 343

Antelope, Thibetan (Pantholops Hodgsonii), 335; characteristics, 339; measurements, 343

Antlers and horns, traffic in, 415

Ants, red, danger of, in tiger shooting, 214

Aoula (Phyllanthus emblica), 354

Aparejo, the Mexican, 381, 382

Arakan, 234, 334

Aranjuez, 176

Ararat, 52

Araxes, the, 44

Arco, Count, 81, 116

Arcot rogue elephant, the, 233

Arctic regions, sport in the, 11; walrus hunting, 3-15; bear hunting, 15-21

Arkar (female poli), 367

Arná (Arni), buffalo, 253

Arundo phragmites (Caucasian reed), 31

Asia Minor, 228, 321

‘Asian,’ the, quoted. See Measurements

Assam, game in, 221, 228, 233, 234, 240, 248, 253, 254, 258, 262, 265, 267

Astor, game in, 277, 302, 303, 311, 312, 313, 315, 368

Asturias, the, 175-178

Attock, 315

Augustus, Elector, 116

Aurochs (Bos bonasus), Caucasian, 65; former range of, 65; hunting, 66-71; measurements, 70; description, 72; in Biolvitskia forest, habits, 167; measurements, 167; a typical drive, 170-172

Austria, Emperor of, 85, 98

Austria, the late Crown Prince of, 116

Austria, Upper, 78; red deer in, 112, 117

Authorities for measurements of game. See Measurements

Baikal, Sea of, 291

Baillie-Grohman, W. A., on the chamois, 77-111; on the Alpine stag, 112-122

Baker, Colonel James, on the battery, 412

Baker, Sir Samuel W., on lions, cheetahs and tigers, 211; on African elephants, 233; his choice of rifles and bullets, 397, 398, 406

Baksan, the, Caucasus, 41

Baku, 45

Baldwin, Captain, on a tiger’s method of killing, 211

Balkar pastures, Caucasus, 42

Balkaria, 42

Ball-guns, 399-401

Balsam boughs, for camp bedding, 386

Baltistan, 299

Ban bakri (gooral), 329

Ban Bhains (buffalo), 253

Banteng (Burmese wild ox), 248

Baral (Barut), burrel, 299

Barasingh (Cashmerian deer), 36, 374; sambur, 257; swamp deer, 265

Barhamputra, 265

Barking (rib-faced) deer. See Deer

Barse (Caucasian lynx), the, 42, 43

Battery, for arctic sporting, 3; for wild boar, 35; for red deer, 119; for elk, 152; for bears, 160; rifles and their ammunition, 394; the Express, and bullets suited for, 394-399; ball-guns, 399; the Paradox, 399-401; small-bores for elephant shooting, 401; systems of actions for rifles, 402-404; selection of battery, 403; the recoil heelplate, 404; spare weapons, 404; spare limbs, 405; turnscrews, 405; triggers and stocks, 405, 406; cartridges, 405; rebounding locks, 406; loops for slings, 407; stops to hammers, 407; brass cases, 407; tins for cartridges, 407; the ‘Shikari’ rifle case, 408; rifle sights, 408-412

Bavaria, King of, 94

Bavarian Highlands, chamois shooting in, 78; attitude of poachers and keepers, 80; shooting season, 80; size of stags in, 117

Bavarian keepers, 80, 94, 97

Bear, brown, Caucasian, 40; his haunts, 40; characteristics, 41; Norwegian, 155; Russian, 154; food, 154; size, 154; tenacity of life, 154; methods of hunting, 155; sporting incidents with, 156-160

Bears, Indian-Beluchistan (Ursus gedrosianus), 193; black, Himalayan (Ursus torquatus), 186; habitat, 186; method of shooting, 187; measurements, 194; Burmese (Ursus malayanus), 193; measurements, 194; piebald (Ailuropus melanoleucos), 194; measurements, 194; sloth (Ursus labiatus), 186; habitat, 188; method of hunting, 189; measurements, 194; snow (Ursus Isabellinus), 186; habitat, 186; method of hunting, 188; measurements, 194

Bear, Polar. See Polar bear

Bears, Russian, driving, 161; arranging for a hunt, 161; cost of same, 162; ‘ringing,’ 162; a typical drive, 164-167

Bears, Spanish, 176; hereditary hunting, 177

Bedding, hemlock, 386

Bees, danger of, in tiger shooting, 214

Bells for pack-horses, 380

Belts for cartridges, 387

Beluchistan, 193, 304, 315, 321, 362

Beluchistan bear. See Bears, Indian

Bena (musk deer), 283

Bengal, 213

Bezoar stone, 109

Bhalu (sloth bear), 186

Bheria (Indian wolf), 225

Bhootan, 240, 265, 325

Bibliography of big game shooting, 421

Biddulph, Major, 342

Bielaia river, Caucasus, 38

Bielowicza (Biolvitskia), Lithuania, 38, 39, 65, 167, 168

Bikanir Desert, 345, 346, 355, 362

Bind-hund (leash hound), the, 135, 144

Bir Shumshir, Maharajah of Nepal, 201

Bird Bay, Spitzbergen, 12

Bison. See Gaur

Black bear, the Himalayan. See Bears, Indian

Black Point, Spitzbergen, 14, 15

Black Sea, coast of the, 32, 34, 41, 42, 44, 50

Blanford, W. T., 283; asserts Ovis Poli and O. Karelini to be the same species, 291

Blankets, 385

Blyth, Mr., on the burrel, 299; on the colour of the serow, 334

Boar, wild (Sus indicus), 237

Boathooks, 10

Boats used for walrus hunting, 9

Bodok (rhinoceros), 234

Bombay (Presidency), tiger hunting in, 203, 205, 206

Boom (markhor), 309

Boonji Plain, 302

Boorendo Pass, 299

Boortsa eurotia (Pamir shrub), 373

Boots, 28

Borneo, 236

Boz Pasang (ibex), 321

British Columbia, essentials of a camp outfit in, 378; sporting expenses, 415

British Museum, specimens in, 221, 238, 239, 249, 260, 266, 268, 283, 313, 315, 331, 335, 340, 341

Brooke, Sir Victor, on the ibex, 180; his big tusker, 233; on the barasingh, 276

Brow-antlered or Eld’s deer. See Deer

Brown bear. See Bear, brown

Bucardo (Aragonese ibex), 179

Buckskin gloves, 389

Buffalo, Indian (Bubalus arni), habitat, 253; method of shooting, 254; measurements, 256

Bukowina, the, 114

Bullets. See Rifles

Bunchowr (yak), 249

Burmah, game in, 196, 218, 228, 233, 234, 240, 248, 253, 258, 262, 268, 269, 288

Burmese bears. See Bears, Indian

Burmese wild ox (Gavæus sondaicus), 248

Burrel (Capra cylindricornis or pallasi), 64, 302; Barbary (Ammotragus tragelaphus), 302; Ovis Nahura, vel Burhel, 299; habitat, 299; habits, 300; measurements, 305

Burrhel, Caucasian, 51

Buskerud, Norway, 125

Cabra montés (Andalusian ibex), 179

Cæsar, on the elk, 123

Cambridge Museum, 186

Camp: the equipage and its transport, 377; in British Columbia, 378; buying and hiring pack ponies, 379; weight each animal should carry, 379; horse furniture, 380; use of the horse bell, 380; hobbling and picketing ponies, 380; pack-saddles, 380; sweat-pads and saddle-blankets, 381; tying on packs, 381; the packman and cook, 382; manteaux, 382, 386; cinches and ropes, 382; bags and labels, 382; carrying matches, 383; arrangement of packs, 383; list of stores and requisites for five men for two months, 383, 384; kitchen gear, 385; ‘sleeping outfit,’ 385; tents, 385; sleeping bags and blankets, 385; air-cushions, 386; making a bedstead, 386; brush beds, 386; character of clothing, 387; foot-gear, 387; cartridge belts, 387; hunting-knife fastening, 388; knickerbockers and trousers, 388; list of clothing for a two months’ expedition, 389; early starting, 389; dealing with the pack ponies, 390; midday halts, 391; choice of site for pitching, 392; avoidance of Indian camping grounds, 392; use of horse blankets for human night covering, 392; duties when camped, 393; medicines, 393

Campione, M. (forest ranger at Biolvitskia), 169-172

Canada, game laws in, 416

Cantabrian highlands, Spain, 177

Cape Leigh Smith (Storö), 9

Capercailzie, 146

Capra ægagrus, 64

Capra caucasica, 52, 53

Capra cylindricornis, 52, 53, 55

Capra pallasi, 52, 53

Capra sibirica, 74

Carnicero (Spanish bear), 177

Carpathians, the, chamois in, 77, 81

Carpeto-Vetonico mountains, (Spain), 179

Cartridge belts, 387

Cartridge tins, 407

Cartridges, 405, 407

Cashmere, shikaris and coolies in, 184; sport in, 274, 275, 277, 312, 313, 325, 332, 333, 334

Cashmere stag (Cervus cashmirianus; Cervus Wallichii), 274; antlers, 275; habitat, 277; calling season, 278; method of stalking, 280; measurements, 284

Caspian Sea, 50, 196, 342

Castile, 179

Caucasian brown bears, 40-42, 58

Caucasus, sport in the, 22; modes of reaching, 23; outfit for, 24; guides, 25; conduct towards natives, 26; sleeping in the mountains, 26; camp necessaries, 28; foot gear, 28; cost of an expedition, 29; language, 29; interpreters, 30; the north-west, 30; hunting the wild boar, 31-35; the ollèn, 35-37; the roe, 37; superstitions in, 38; the zubre, 38, 39; southern slopes of, 39; its vegetation, 39; the brown bear, 40-42, 58; varieties of bear, 41; the barse, 42; plains of, 44; djerân, 45-47, 342; mountaineers of Marmisson, 48, 342; mountain game of the, 48; home of the Ossete and the tûr, 49; chamois, 50; tûr, burrhel, 51; Hircus ægagrus, 52; modes of hunting tûr, 53; clothing for, 56; mountaineering necessaries in Ossetia, 57; stalking tûr, 58; a tûr shooting adventure, 59-63; mountain mists, 62; superstitions of natives, 63; the aurochs, 65-72; ibex, 321

Cayuses, 380, 392

Central Alps, 117

Central Asia, 363, 373

Central India, bear in, 188, 190; lions, 195; method of hunting tigers in, 203; notes on game in, 211, 213, 219, 222, 224, 228, 240, 253, 254, 259, 265, 267, 353

Central Indian horse, their method of panther-hunting, 221

Central Provinces, India, 360

Ceumern, Governor-General de, 169, 172

Ceumern, Madame de, 169

Ceylon, game in, 196, 218, 221, 228, 240, 253, 257, 262, 288, 328

Chakrata, India, 219

Chamba, Himalayas, 219, 325

Chamois, Caucasian, 50, 51

Chamois, Spanish (Antilope rupicapra), 175, 176, 179

Chamois, Swiss, 77

Chamois, Tyrolean, 77; sport in peasant shoots, 78; poachers and keepers, 80; shooting season, 80; heads and horns, 81; preserves and peasant-shoots, 82; cost of a preserve, 83; rights of chase, 84; stalking, 85; a typical stalk, 86-92; another stalking incident, 93-97; rifles and kit for stalking, 98-100; driving, 100-109; jumping powers, 105; history of, 109

Changchmeno Valley, 250, 335

Chanko (Thibetan wolf), 226

Cháorang (four-horned antelope), 356

Charsingha (four-horned antelope), 356

Chatterton, Mr., death of, 255

Chenab, the, 345

Chikara (Indian gazelle), 355

China, 331

Chiru (Choos), Thibetan antelope, 335

Chita, or hunting leopard (Felis jubata), its method of striking its prey, 211; habitat, 222; used for hunting antelopes, 222; habits, 222; measurements, 225

Chital (Chitra), spotted deer, 264

Chittagong, 248

Choka (four-horned antelope), 356

Chota soor (pigmy hog), 237

Christian, Norway, 125

Christiania, 123-125

Chumatung, on the Indus, 300

Chumba, Himalayas, 184, 188, 215, 329

Cinches for packing, 382

Cintra hills, 179

Circassia, 31, 38, 39

Clothing, for arctic sporting, 3; for the Caucasus, 56; for the Tyrol, 100; for North America, 387; list of, for a two months’ expedition, 389

Cobbold, Mr., 73

Cocoa, advantages of, for sporting expeditions, 384

Cook and packman, in a sporting expedition, 382, 383

Cookson, Lieut.-Col. Fife, on a tiger’s method of stalking a bait, 209

Coolies, Indian, number required in shooting expeditions, 183

Cooper, Frank, 37

Corpse Rocks, Spitzbergen, 20

Cossack boar hunters, 32

Cossim Bazar Island, 197

Crampons, 99

Crasova, Novgorod, 164

Crimea, 38

Crocodile, Indian method of catching, 238; measurements, 239

Cumberland, Major, 283, 342

Daghestan, 35, 37, 52

Danes Island, Spitzbergen, 18, 19

Danford, Mr., his estimate of the altitudes preferred by the Persian and Sindh ibex, 321

Dashkat (Datchnar) valley, 313

Daudpore, 197

David, Père, discovers a piebald bear, 194; and the burrel, 299; the Thibetan capricorn, 334; the Budorcas taxicolor, 335

Day’s march with pack ponies, routine of, 389-393

Deer, barking, or rib-faced. See Deer, rib-faced

Deer, brow-antlered or Eld’s (Rucervus vel Panolia Eldii), 268; method of hunting, 269; measurements, 273

Deer, rib-faced, or barking (Cervulus aureus, vel Muntjac), habitat, 288; characteristics, 288; curious clicking noise emitted by, 289; measurements, 290

Deer, sambur. See Sambur

Deer, Schomburgk’s (Rucervus Schomburgkii), 266; measurements, 273

Deer, Spanish fallow (Cervus dama), 176

Deer, spotted (Axis maculatus), 264; stalking, 264; gregarious, 264; measurements, 271

Deer, swamp (Rucervus Duvaucelli), 265; antlers, 266; habits, 267; measurements, 272

Deesa, 362

Dera Ghazi Khan, 315

Dera Ismail Khan, 315

Dewanna (Kirghiz hunter), 366, 369-373

Deyhra Doon, 228, 262, 265

Diamond-hitch in packing, 381, 382

Dinapore, 236

Djerân, Caucasian (Gazella gutturosa), 44, 45

Djik-vee (tûr), 54

Doda (four-horned antelope), 356

Dog, wild, Indian (Cuon rutilans), 226; destructive character, 227; measurements, 227

Dogs, for hunting elk, 135-148; Russian, 165

Dolomites, the, chamois in, 81; injury done by peasant-shoots in, 82

Donkh (Dhong), yak, 249

Dras, India, 277

Dress. See Clothing

Duff, Captain, on yak stalking, 250

Dufferin, Lord, 168

Dumba, Constantine (Secretary to Austrian Embassy), 163, 165

Dunsmuir, Mrs., Victoria, B.C., 18

Durand, Sir E., on tiger hunting, 200

Edinburgh, Duke of, 113

Ee (Thibetan lynx), 224

Egypt, 322

Eichwald, in the Caucasus, 30

Ekaterinodar, 34, 35

Elbruz, 23, 26, 28, 30, 31, 38

Eld’s deer. See Deer, Brow-antlered

Elephants, their treatment of dead animals, 214; Indian (Elephas indicus), habitat, 228; points of difference from African species, 228; best mode of shooting, 229; charging, 229; dimensions, 232; measurements, 233; small-bores for shooting, 401

Elias (Lapp hunter), 144

Elk, Scandinavian, 123; ancient writers on, 123; Government protection of, 124; number killed yearly in Norway, 124, 125; period during which it is legal to kill, 125; local enactments in Sweden regarding, 125; comparison with the moose, 126; determining the age, 126; antlers, 127-129; bodily measurements, 130; weight, 131; vocal sounds emitted by, 131; the rutting season, 132; non-gregarious, 134; methods of hunting, 135; driving, 135; hunting with the loose dog, 136; with the leash hound, 138; disadvantages of hunting with the loose dog, 142; best stalking ground, 144; Passop, the Lapp dog, at work, 145; stalking, 146-150; intelligence, 149; a hunting incident, 150, 151

Elk hounds, 137-148

Ellis, Hon. C., 291

Epirus, the, chamois in, 77, 81

Erskine, Colonel, on the habitat of the swamp deer, 265, 266

Esquimaux dogs, 137

Estremadura, 176, 179

Europe, forests of Central and Northern, 114

European wolf (Canis lupus), 226

Express bullets, 368

Express rifle, 98, 394-399, 409, 410. See Battery

Falkova, Novgorod, 163

Fannin, John (curator of the Museum of British Columbia), his directions for skinning beasts whole, 417

Field-glasses, 99, 147, 370

‘Field Sports of the North of Europe,’ 135

Finmarken, 125

FitzHerbert, Major, on hogdeer shooting, 263, 346; adventures with black buck, 351, 352

Flannel clothing, 387

Foot gear, 28, 387, 389

‘Forest and Stream,’ Yo’s articles on packing, 382

Forsyth, Captain, his division of tigers into three classes, 197, 199, 200; on the damage done by them, 198; and their method of killing their prey, 211; thinks panthers escape in drives by taking to trees, 220; on the habits of the bison in the rainy season, 240; on the bull nylghao, 245; on the habitat of the buffalo, 253; on the use of dogs in buffalo hunting, 257; 267

‘Fortnightly Review,’ quoted, on elk hunting, 144

Fosbery, Colonel, V.C., his invention of the Paradox gun, 399-401

Four-horned antelope (Tetraceros quadricornis), 356

Fox, 146; Spanish, 176

Franz Joseph Land, 8

‘Freeshooters of the Alps,’ 80

Gaindá (Gairá, Gonda), rhinoceros, 234

Galicia, 175

Gamsbart (beard of the chamois), 82

Ganges, the, 325, 329

Garrod, Professor, 248

Gártope, 339

Gat, the, Spitzbergen, 20

Gaur (Gavæus gaurus), habitat, 240; characteristics, 240; method of hunting, 242; measurements, 246

Gazella gutturosa, 44, 45

Gazelle, Thibetan (Gazella picticaudata), 342; measurements, 344; difficult to stalk, 345

Ghauts, Western, 245

Ghayal (gayal), or crocodile, 238

Ghor khur (wild ass), 362

Ghour (wild ass), 362

Gilgit, 315, 319, 368

Gilgit, Yassim, Chitral, and Badakshan route to the Pamir, 365

Gloves, 57; buckskin, 389

Goa (serow), 332; Thibetan gazelle, 342

Gōn (Gond, Goen, Goenjak, Gaoni), swamp deer, 265

Goolga (Ovis Poli), 299

Gooral (Nemorhædus Goral), 329; best way of hunting, 331; Chinese, 331; Japanese, 331; measurements, 337

Gor (rhinoceros), 234

Greenaway, Major, 332

Grizzlies, 18, 42

Grodno, 168

Gulcha (Poli rams), 366

Gulf of Bothnia, 134

Gun cases, 408

Günther, Dr., 73

Gurais, India, 277

Gurwhal, India, 184, 257, 288, 289, 325, 329, 333

Guzerat, 194

Hakke-piks (boathooks for ice work), 10

Haldwani, India, 265

Half-moon Island, Spitzbergen, 18

Halj (serow), 332

Halleberg, the, 136

Hamilton, Dr. F. Buchanan, 248

Hammerfest, 2

Hammerless guns, 402

Hangal (Cashmere stag), 274

Hans (Tyrolese stalker), 93-97

Haramook, India, 277

Harness for leash hounds, 138

Harpooners, 12

Harpoons, 9

Harput (snow bear), 186

Hati (elephant), 228

Hedemarken, 125

Hemlock for brush bedding, 386

Henry Express, 160, 169; double, 371

Heran (Thibetan antelope), 335

Himalayas, the: best weapon for hunting in, 182; tents, 183; transport, 183; expenses, 184; rule regarding shooting grounds, 185; game in, 215, 218, 240, 257, 261, 262, 265, 274, 299, 303, 309, 319, 325, 329, 332

Hindu Kush, 374

Hinlopen Straits, 8, 9, 18

Hinter Authal, Tyrol, 105

Hinter Riss, Tyrol, 81, 101

‘Hints to Travellers,’ Royal Geographical Society’s, 377, 395

Hircus ægagrus (ibex), 52, 53

Hoang-ho river, 292

Hobbles for horses, 380

Hodgson, B. H., on the horns of the Sikkim stag, 283; on the early breeding of musk deer, 287; on the burrel, 299

Hog, the pigmy (Porcula salvania), habitat, 237; measurements, 238

Hogdeer (Axis porcinus), 261; habitat, 262; method of shooting, 262; measurements, 271

Hohe Geschnürr, Tyrol, 95, 96

Hohenlohe, Prince Hermann, 105

Holland & Holland, gunmakers, 13, 98

Hopenöerne, 9

‘Horn measurements,’ Mr. Rowland Ward’s. See, largely cited, under Measurements

Horns, different manner of twisting, between wild and domestic animals, 315

Horse blankets, 392

Horse furniture, 380

Howard, Colonel, 188; on bear hunting, 190; on the comparative measurements of European chamois, 331, 355. See Measurements

Hudson Bay blankets, 385

Hungary, North, red deer in, 114, 117

Hunneberg, the, 136

Hunting-shirts, Indian, 387

Hyæna, striped (Hyæna striata), 227; measurement, 228

Hyderabad, 222

Ibex (Capra caucasica), 51, 55, 56, 57, 64

Ibex (Capra sibirica), 74

Ibex, European (Capra ibex), 322; measurements, 324

Ibex, Himalayan (Capra sibirica), 318; habitat, 319; method of stalking, 319; measurements, 323

Ibex, Neilgherry (Hemitragus hylocrius), 328; measurements, 336

Ibex, of Persia and Sindh (Capra ægagrus), 321; measurements, 324

Ibex, Spanish (Capra hispanica), 174, 175, 179; dimensions of heads, 180; (Capra pyrenaica), 322

Imu (serow), 332

Inderöen, 125

India, shooting in: best weapons, 182; outfit, 183; transport, 183; rule regarding shooting grounds, 185; bear, 186; lion, 194; tiger, 196; panther, 218; leopard, 222; lynx, 224; wolves and wild dogs, 225; hyænas, 227; elephant, 228; rhinoceros, 233; Malay tapir, 236; wild boar, 237; pigmy hog, 237; crocodiles, 238; gaur, 240; wild ox, 248; yak, 249; buffalo, 253; sambur, 257; hogdeer, 261; spotted deer, 264; swamp, deer, 265; Eld’s deer, 268; Cashmere stag, 274; Sikkim stag, 282; musk deer, 283; barking or rib-faced deer, 288; wild sheep, 291; burrel, 299; shapoo, 302; oorial, 304; markhor, 309; ibex, 318; ther, 325; gooral, 329; serow, 332; takin, 334; Thibetan antelope, 335; Saiga antelope, 340; Thibetan gazelle, 342; Indian antelope, 345; rifles and bullets suitable for sport in, 398, 399, 401

Indian gazelle (Gazella Bennetti), 335

Indian, North American, camping grounds, character of, 392

Indus, the, 300, 303, 304, 308, 312, 315, 345

Ingur, the, 39

Inn Valley, Tyrol, 82, 101

Interpreters, 30, 369

Irtish, Upper, Siberia, 65

Isar, the, 101

Izard (French chamois), 179

Jackals, 41

Jagla (ther), 325

Javato (Spanish boar), 176, 177

Jemtland, 125, 126

Jerdon, Dr., on snaring black bear, 188; on the eyes of the gaur, 241; on the spotted deer, 265; 266, 288; on nylghao, 353; on mouse deer, 360

Jerow (sambur), 257

Jeypur, 222

Jhangal (serow), 332

Jhank (spotted deer), 264

Jharál (ther), 325

Jhelum, the, 304, 325, 345

Jhula (ther), 325

Jolsva, Hungary, 115

Joshimath, 300

Jumbo (the Zoological Gardens elephant), 233

Jumna, the, 329

Jung Bahadur, the story of his device to secure food for his army, 253

Jungli Bukra (rib-faced deer), 288

Jungli-kutta (wild dog), 226

Kabardah plains, Caucasus, 31

Kachin hills, 329

Kajnag mountains, 313, 325, 329

Kakur (rib-faced deer), 288

Kala Bhalu (black bear), 186

Kale (ibex), 318

Kamish (Caucasian reed), 31, 33, 35

Kamtchatka, 292

Kara Kirghiz hunters, 366-376

Kara Korum, the, 364

Karakash, 250

Karatan, 291

Kareim (brigand), 52

Karelin (Russian explorer), 368

Kariâs, 44, 45, 46, 47

Kart (ther), 325

Kashgar, 342

Kashmir, Maharajah of, presents Sir Frederick Roberts with poli head, 374

Kastura (musk deer), 283

Kayeek (ibex), 321

Kharwee (a jungly growth), 243

Khatmandu, 253

Khelat, 309

Kherdecht (wild ass), 362

Khokand, 364, 365

Khyenhsen (rhinoceros), 234

Kielang, India, 223

Kilmorey, Earl of, 155; his account of a bear drive in Russia, 161-167

King’s Bay, Spitzbergen, 9 note

Kinloch, Colonel, his ‘Large Game Shooting,’ 183; on the snow and black bear, 187-215; panther, 221; wolves, 226; elephant, 232; disbelieves in wild gayal, 248, 255; thinks the Sutlej the boundary of the sambur, 257; describes the hogdeer as the rabbit of Indian battues, 261; swamp deer, 266; musk deer, 288; kakur, 289; supports the theory that markhor eat snakes, 309; and that there are four varieties of it, 313; on the horns of the markhor, 315; on ther, 327; serow, 333; and the Thibetan antelope, 339; on nylghao, 354; on ravine deer, 356. See Measurements

Kirghiz, the, 73; as hunters, 366, 370, 376

Kirghiz yourts, 374

Kishengunga river, India, 275, 277

Kishtwar, 325

Kitchen gear for a sporting expedition, 395

Klapjagt (an elk drive), 135

Knife fastenings, 388

Knives, 388

Kodor, the, 39

Kolenati, cited, 44

Koulan (wild ass), 362

Kras (ther), 325

Kraus Haven, Spitzbergen, 15

Kuban river, 30, 31, 33, 35, 37, 38, 39

Kuch (oorial), 304

Kuda-ayer (Malay tapir), 236

Kuenluen mountains, 299

Kumaon, 288

Kûr, the, 44

Kurrè (elk hound), 140, 141

Kutais, 30, 53

Kutch, 194, 362

Kyang (Equus hemionus) 361; measurements, 362

Laba, the, 38

Labels for packs, 382

Ladak, game in, 283, 292, 293, 298, 299, 300, 302, 342, 345, 364

Ladak, Kara Korum, Shahdula, and Yarkand route to the Pamir, 364

Lady Franklin’s Bay, Spitzbergen, 12

Lagá Bagá (panther), 218

Lahoul, India, 184, 223, 325

Lake Kallsjön, Sweden, 141

Lake Tsomoriri, 342

Lake Wenern, 136

Lakhar baghar (striped hyæna), 227

Lal Bhalu (snow bear), 186

Lamb, Captain, on tiger hunting, 207; on buffalo stalking, 254

Lamchitta (clouded panther), 221

Lamont’s ‘Yachting in the Arctic Seas,’ 6

Lance used in walrus hunting, 10

Langour, 332

Lansdell, Rev. Dr. H., 365

Lapp elk hunters, 130, 133, 144, 145, 147, 150, 151

Lappen (flags) for chamois driving, 101, 104-106

‘Large and Small Game of Bengal,’ Captain Baldwin’s, 211

‘Large Game Shooting,’ Colonel Kinloch’s, 183

Leash hounds for hunting elk, 137-148

Leh, 249, 303

Leigh Smith, Mr., 18

Lenkoran, 34, 43-45

Leopard, 43; or chita (Felis jubata), habitat, 222; used for hunting purposes, 222; measurement, 225; the snow, or ounce (Felis uncia), 223; measurements, 225

Lesghians, the, 49, 52, 68-71

Licences for shooting in Spain, 175

Lidder river, 274

Lilghao (nylghao), 353

Linzinthung Plains, the, 250

Lion, Indian (Felis leo), almost extinct, 194; habits, 195; measurements, 195; method of striking prey, 211

Lithuania, 167

Littledale, St. George, 22; on the ollèn, 36; his game trophies, 52; tûr shooting, 55, 59-63; shooting the Caucasian aurochs, 65-72; on the Ovis argali of Mongolia, 73-76; stalking the Ovis Poli of the Pamir, 363-376

Littledale, Mrs., 66, 67, 68, 365, 368

Lloyd, Mr., on elk driving, 135

Lokketone, or Lokton (elk’s call), 131, 132

Lower Bengal, 355

Lulliapoora, India, a bear hunt at, 190

Lyman rifle sight, 98

Lynx, the, 43

Lynx (Felis pardina), 176

Lynx, red (Felis caracal), 224

Lynx, Russian, 164

Lynx, Thibetan (Felis Isabellina), 224

Macintyre, General, his plan for sitting up over a tiger, 209; 261, 300, 330

McMaster, Mr., cited, 265

Macrae, Mr., 248

Madras (Presidency), method of tiger hunting in, 203, 205, 206; 245; importance of the Neilgherry ibex in, 328, 353

Maha (sambur), 257; swamp deer, 265

Mahouts, conduct of, while tiger hunting, 199

Maikop, 38

Mains (buffalo), 253

Malabar coast, 355

Malay Peninsula, 234, 236, 240, 258, 268, 288, 334

Malo Vyschera, Novgorod, 163, 164

Mamisson Pass, 48, 49, 51

‘Mammalia of India,’ Sterndale’s, 334. See Measurements

Manipur, 234, 268

Mansarovárá Lake, 335

Mansel, Major, adventure with a tiger, 207

Manteaux (waterproofed canvas pack coverings), 382, 386

Maral (Daghestan deer), 37

Maral Bashi, 342

Marco Polo, on the Ovis Poli, 363, 364

Markhor (Capra megaceros, vel Falconeri), 309; difficult to shoot, 310; varieties of, 312; habits, 313; habitat, 315; measurements, 316

Marten, 146

Masaknaba (musk deer), 283

Mason, Mr., on the Malay tapir, 236

Matches, mode of carrying, 383

Maximilian, Emperor, 100, 111

Measurements of game, tables of: Ailuropus melanoleucos, 194; Antilope Bezoartica, 357; Arakanese capricorn, 337; Axis porcinus, 271; A. maculatus, 271; Bos grunniens, 252; Bubalus arni, 256; Budorcas taxicolor, 338; Canis lupus, 227; Canis pallipes, 227; Canis laniger, 227; Capra megaceros, 316; Capra Jerdoni, 317; Capra sibirica, 323; Capra ægagrus, 324; Capra ibex (Tyrol), 324; Capra sinaitica, vel nubiana, 324; Capra wali, 324; Capra jemlaica, 336; Cervulus aureus, 290; Cervus cashmirianus, 284; C. affinis, 285; C. maral, 285; C. Eustephanus, 285; Cuon rutilans, 227; Elephas indicus, 233; Equus hemionus, 362; Felis leo, 195; F. tigris, 212, 216; F. pardus, 225; F. diardii, 225; F. jubata, 225; F. uncia, 225; Gavæus gaurus, 246; G. sondaicus, 249; Gazella gutturosa, 344; G. subgutturosa, 344; G. picticaudata, 344; G. Bennettii, 358; Hemitragus hylocrius, 336; Hyæna striata, 228; Meminna indica, 359; Nemorhædus Goral, 337; Nemorhædus bubalinus, 337; Ovis Ammon, 294; O. Poli, 296; O. Hiensi, 297; O. nigrimontana, 297; O. nivicola, 297; O. Brookei, 297; O. Nahura, 305; O. Vignei, 306; O. cycloceros, 307; O. Blanfordi, 307; Panolia Eldii, 273; Pantholops Hodgsonii, 343; Porcula salvania, 238; Portax pictus, 358; Red deer from Tyrol, &c., 286; Rhinoceros indicus, 235; R. sondaicus, 235; R. lasiotis, 235; R. sumatrensis, 235; Rucervus Duvaucelli, 272; R. Schomburgkii, 273; Rusa Aristotelis, 270; Saiga tartarica, 343; Tapirus malayanus, 237; Tetraceros quadricornis, 359; Ursus Isabellinus, 194; U. torquatus, 194; U. labiatus, 194; U. malayanus, 194

Measurements of game trophies, systems of, 420

Medicines for sporting expeditions, 393

Mergui, 237

Metal adornments, disadvantages of, in sporting, 388

Mingrelia, 37

Mingrelia, Prince of, 53

Mists, mountain, 62

Moccasins, 28, 378, 384, 387, 389

Moidl (Tyrolese herd-girl), 93-97

Mongolia, the yellow goat of, 341

Monte Rosa, 104

Mooghan, the, 44, 47, 48

Moose, American, comparison with the elk, 126

Moravian missionaries, 223

Morier, Sir Robert, 364

Moscow Zoological Gardens, 39

Mountain spectres, 63

Moupin, Thibet, 299

Mouravitchka (Caucasian bear), 41

Mouse deer (Meminna indica), 360

Muggar (crocodile), 238

Mundla, India, 266

Munkacs, Carpathian Alps, 115

Münster, Count Alexander, 163, 165

Muntjac (rib-faced deer), 288

Musk-deer (Moschus moschiferus), habitat, 283; value of the musk-pod, 287; measurements, 287

Mussulmans, as servants in shooting expeditions, 185

Mysore, 328, 346, 353

Nain, norn (gooral), 329

Nain Tal, India, 265

Naltchik, 24, 31

Namdal, 125

Namsos, Norway, 144

Nanga Parbat, Astor, 368

Napo (namoo), burrel, 299

Natural History Museum, Kensington, heads of tûr in, 51-53

‘Natural History of India,’ Sterndale’s, 334. See Measurements

Neilgherries, 328

Nepal, method of hunting the tiger in the Terai, 199; ringing tigers, 200; 213, 221, 233, 234, 237, 240, 253, 254, 262, 265, 267, 283, 325, 339

Nepal, Bir Shumshir, Maharajah of, 201

Nerbudda, the, 253, 266

Nicolaïevitch, Alexei (Russian bear hunter), 164, 165

Nicolaïevitch, Dmitri (Russian bear hunter), 164

Nicolaïevitch, Ivan (Russian bear hunter), 164

Nilghao (nylghao), 353

Niti Pass, 250, 253, 300, 339

Nordenskjöld, on Polar bears, 17

Nordland, 125

Nortalash (Russian Lapps), 154

North Africa, 228

North America, clothing for, 387; method of transporting freight in, 379

North Cape, Spitzbergen, 12

North East Land, 8, 9

North-West Provinces, India, 222, 345, 353

Norway, elk in, 124, 125, 127, 128, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 144, 148; brown bear hunting in, 155

‘Nouveau voyage vers le Septentrion,’ quoted, 123

Novaya Zemlya, 1

Novgorod, 163

Nowgong, India, 228

Nyan (Ovis Ammon), 291

Nylghao (Portax pictus), 353; haunts, 353; hunting, 354; in captivity, 354

Ollèn (Caucasian red deer), habitat of the, 35; characteristics, 36; growing scarcity of, 37

Oorial (Ovis cycloceros), habitat, 304; measurements, 307; best mode of hunting, 308

Oorin (shapoo), 302

Orissa, 265

Ossetes, the, 49, 50

Ossetia, 41, 57

Oude, Nabob Vizier of, 210

Oudh, 265

Ounce, or snow leopard (Felis uncia), 223; fierce enemies of ibex, 224; measurements, 225

Overalls, canvas, 388

Ovis Ammon, 366

Ovis Argali, the, of Mongolia, 73-76

Ovis Blanfordi, 309

Ovis Poli, the, 38, 73-76; of the Pamir, 363; Marco Polo on its home, 363; narrative of a stalk, 366-373; Karelin and Severtzoff’s introduction of, to Europe, 368; a stalk in the Southern Pamir, 373-376; head in the possession of Sir Frederick Roberts, 374; vitality, 375

Ox, Burmese wild (Gavæus sondaicus), 248; measurements, 249

Pack-ponies, routine of a day’s march with, 389

Pack-saddles, 380

Pamir, the, 73, 74, 291; Marco Polo’s description of, 363; Chinese pilgrims’ account, 364; routes to, 364, 365; Russian opposition to English travellers, 364; character of the country, 365; stalking the Ovis Poli in, 366-376; the Boortsa eurotia, 373; Kirghiz yourts, 374

Pangi, India, 224

Pangong Lake, 250

Panther (Felis pardus), habitat, 218; a universal nuisance, 218; methods of killing, 219; measurements, 225

Panther, clouded (Felis diardii vel macrocelis), 221; measurement, 225

Para (hogdeer), 261

Paradox, the, 35 note, 399-401, 405

Parfleches, 380

Pasang (ibex), 321

Passop (Lapp dog), 145, 151

Patiala, Maharajah of, adventure with a trapped tiger, 210

Paul, Mr., 196

Peasant-shoots, 78; in North Tyrol, 82

Pechinka Fiord, 156

Pegu, 334

Percy, Lieut.-Col. Reginald Heber, on Indian shooting, 182 et seq.

Percy, Major Algernon Heber, on brown bear hunting, 154-169; shooting aurochs at Biolvitskia, 167-173

Persia, 228, 283, 321, 342

Peshawur, 304

Phasis, the, 35

Phillipps-Wolley, Clive, on shooting bear and tûr in the Caucasus, 22-64; on the equipment and transport of a camp, 377-393

Phoca hispida, 9

Picket pegs, 380

Picos de Europa, Cantabrian highlands, 179

Piebald bear of Eastern Thibet. See Bears

Pigmy hog. See Hog, pigmy

Pij (gooral), 329

Pike, Arnold, on walrus and polar bear hunting, 1-21

Pilibhit, India, 265

Pilis Mountains, Carpathians, 115

Pir Punjal Mountains, 313, 325, 327, 329

Pisai (mouse deer), 360

Pisora (mouse deer), 360

Plains of India, the: best weapons for use in, 182; tents, 183; outfit, 183; transport, 183; servants, 185; shooting-grounds, 185

Plastouns (Caucasian boar hunters), 32

Plaza de Almanzor, 179

Pliny, on the elk, 123

Poland, 167

Polar bear, 15; food, 16; habits, 17; size and weight, 18; haunts, 18; phases of hunting, 19-21

Ponies, buying and hiring, in North America, 379; weight to carry, 379

Poti, 35

Pottinger, Sir Henry, Bart., on the Scandinavian elk, 123-153

Prejevalski, M., 299

Prince Consort, the, 100

Provisions for five men for a two months’ expedition, 383

Punjab, 222, 345

Purdey muzzle-loading rifle, 159

Putney Hills, India, 245

Pyrenees, the chamois in, 77, 81; Spanish, 177, 179, 180

Quetta, 309, 315

Rache (markhor), 309

Radauc, 115, 116

Rabcha, 39, 40

Radde, Prof., on the wild boar, 31; on the ollèn, 36; on the barse, 43

Rajpootana, 345, 356

Ram Hun (wild dog), 226

Ramoo (serow), 332

Rass (Ovis Poli), 291

Ratibor, Duke of, 115

Ratwa (rib-faced deer), 288

Ravi, the, India, 345

Ravine deer (Indian gazelle), 355

Rebeco (Spanish chamois), 179

Recoil heelplates, 404

Red deer, Austro-Alpine, 83; modern compared with mediæval bags, 113; in Northern Hungary, 114; antlers, 115, 116; stalking, 117-122; rutting season, 118; its call, 118-122

Red deer, Caucasian, 35-37

Red deer, Spanish (Cervus elaphus), 176; haunts, 178; measurements of antlers, 178, 179

Red Forest (Krasnoe Lais), Ekaterinodar, 34, 35

Reech (sloth bear), 186

Reid, Sir Charles, cited, 196

Rekis-öerne, 9

Reha (striped hyæna), 227

Rests, shooting from, 411

Rhinoceros: R. indicus; R. sondaicus; R. lasiotis; R. sumatrensis, habitat of the four varieties, 233; points of difference between the Asiatic and African, 234; method of hunting, 234; measurements, 235

Rib-faced or barking deer. See Deer

Rice, Colonel, 269

Richters, Dr. F., 322

Roberts, Sir Frederick, poli head in his possession, 374

Roe-deer (Cervus capreolus), 37; Spanish, 175, 176

Rohan, Prince, 115, 116

Rondu, 303

Roos (Rous), musk-deer, 283

Roosh (Ovis Poli), 291

Ropes for packing, 382

Ross, Edward, on the battery, 412

Ross’s telescope, 367

Roz (nylghao), 353

Rubashevsky, Colonel, 34

Rücksack, the, 87, 94, 99

Russia, bears in, driving, 161; arranging for an expedition in the province of Novgorod, 161; sledging, 163; cold at night, 163; account of the drive, 164-167; the dirge descriptive of the death of the bear, 166

Russia, the Czarevna of, 373 note

Russian Central Asia, 364

Russian Lapland, brown bear hunting in, 154

Russian Lapps, their dread of bears, 154, 156, 159

Sabine, Captain, on Polar bears, 17

Saddle-blankets, 381, 382

Safed chita (snow leopard), 223

Saghalien, island of, 196

Saiar Mountains, the, 74

St. Petersburg, 161, 162, 163, 172

St. Trefan’s Lake, Lapland, 156

Saiga antelope. See Antelope

Sál forest, India, 266, 267, 268

Salabhir (serow), 332

Salmon, 154

Salt range, Jhelum, 308

Salzburg, 120

Samarcand, 291

Sambur (Rusa Aristotelis), habitat, 257; characteristics, 258; methods of hunting, 258; not prolific, 261; measurements, 270

Sammlung, the, castle of Moritzburg, 116

Sanderson, G. P., quoted, 197, 198; on a tiger’s method of killing, 211; 212, 213, 215, 218, 220, 221; on elephant shooting, 229; and charging, 231; 232, 240, 242, 244, 248, 253, 345; on nylghao, 353. See Measurements

Sand-grouse, 44

Sano-banel (pigmy hog), 237

Santander, 175

Saxe-Coburg, Duke of, 81, 113; death of, 85 note; a ‘treibjagd’ in his preserves, 101

Saxe-Coburg Gotha, Prince Philipp of, 115

Saxony, Elector George of (1611-1656), 113

Saxony, King of, 116

Scandinavian elk. See Elk, Scandinavian

Scandinavia, elk hunting in, 123-153

‘Scandinavian Adventures,’ 135

Schoenborn, Count, 115

Schomburgk’s deer. See Deer

‘Scientific Results Second Yarkand Mission,’ 342

Sclater, Mr., on Capra ægagrus, 53; on the shapoo and oorial, 302, 322

Scotland, 100, 114, 117

Selous, F. C., on the battery, 412

Senckenberg Museum, Frankfort, 186, 322

Serow (Nemorhædus bubalina), characteristics, 332; habitat, 332; scarce and wary, 333; measurements, 337

Seven Islands, Spitzbergen, 12

Severtzoff, M., on the habitat of the Ovis Poli, 291; first introduces the animal to Europe, 368

Sewalik Mountains, India, 240, 259, 329

Shahdula, 364

Shapoo (Ovis Vignei), characteristics, 302; habitat, 303; difficult to hunt, 303; measurements, 306; points in its favour, 361

Shaw, O., his large bag of wild sheep, 299; shoots a serow with a white mane, 334

Sheep, wild (Oves Poli, Ammon, &c.), habitat, 291; characteristics, 292; difficulty of shooting, 298; measurements, 294-297, 305-307

Sheikh Budin, 315

Sher-babbar (lion), 194

Shigar, 303

‘Shikari’ rifle case, 408

Shikaries, their mistake in stalking, 320

Shillingford, C. A., of Munshye, 196

Shillingford, F. A., 196; on the measurements of tigers, 212; on their age, 213

Shou (Sikkim stag), 282

Siagosh (red lynx), 224

Siam, 228, 234, 236

Sierra da Estrella, 179

Sierra de Gredos, 179

Sierra Morena, the, 178

Sierra Nevada, 180

Sights for rifles, 98, 408-412

Sikkim, 237, 332

Sikkim stag (Cervus affinis, vel Wallichi, Cervus Eustephanus), 282; measurements, 285

Sinaitic Peninsula, 322

Sindh, 321, 332, 333, 362

Sindh river, 274

Singh (lion), 194

Sirmoor Rajah, the, 233

Siwash (North American Indian hunter), 382

Skeen (ibex), 318

Sledging in Russia, 163, 164

Sleeping bags, 26, 385

Slings, rifle, 407

Sloth bear. See Bears

Small-bores for elephant shooting, 401

Snapo (Snamoo), burrel, 299

Snow bear. See Bears

Sooroo, India, 277

South European Alps, 114

Southern India, 188, 206, 222, 228, 240; sambur hunting in, 260; 265

Spain, large game in, 174; expense of sporting, 174; driving, 174, 176, 178; game laws, 175; licences, 175; close-time, 175; varieties of game, 176; hunting wild boar, 176; hereditary bear hunting, 177; red deer, 178; chamois, 179; ibex, 179; 180

Spiti, 325

Spitz dog, 137

Spitzbergen, 1, 2, 7, 12, 14, 15, 18, 19

‘Sportsman’s Guide to Kashmir and Ladak,’ Major Ward’s, 183

‘Sportsman’s Vade Mecum,’ by K. C. A. J., 183

Spotted Deer. See Deer

Srinugger, 277

Steigeisen (crampons), 99

Sterndale, R. A., on tigers, 196; 212, 215, 218, 219, 220; on the chita, 222; 224, 228, 233; on the Malay tapir, 236; 248, 258, 265, 263, 268, 276, 287, 299, 334, 341; on nylghao, 354; on four-horned antelopes, 356; on mouse-deer, 360; on the wild ass, 362. See Measurements

Stian (snow leopard), 223

Stick-rests, 355

Stocks of rifles, 405, 406

Stony Indians, 415

Stor Fjord, Spitzbergen, 18

Stordal, 125

Stores, list of, for an expedition in North America, 383

Stoves, 163

Strecke (Tyrolese venery custom), 107

Styria, 78, 117, 120

Suez, 322

Sukhoum, 35, 40

Suleiman mountains, 321

Sumatra, 236, 334

Sunderbuns, the, 234, 253, 254, 266

Sungrai (Eld’s deer), 268

Sutlej, the, 250, 253, 257, 319, 345

Svânetia, 23, 27, 41, 42, 48, 50, 51, 53, 55

Swamp-deer. See Deer

Sweat-pads, 381, 382

Sweden, elk in, 124, 125, 134, 135, 136, 143, 208

Switzerland, laws to prevent extermination of chamois in, 77

Syrian bears, 42

Tabatgai Mountains, the, 73

Tahr (ther), 325

Takin (Budorcas taxicolor), 334; characteristics, 334; measurements, 338

Taman, Caucasus, 31

Tangrol (ibex), 318

Tapir, the Malay (Tapirus malayanus), 236; measurements, 237

Ta-ra-shu (Malay tapir), 236

Tartars, nomad, 44; hunting the djerân, 46, 47; their jealous guardianship of their frontier, 249

Taurus mountains, 321

Tavoy, 237

Taxidermy, 413; price of heads, 415; preserving heads with the skin on, 416; sketches and photographs, 416; skinning a horned head, 416; skinning a beast whole, 417; drying and dressing skins, 418; precautions in packing for transport home, 419; preservation of trophies, 420; measurements, 420

Tchegem, the, 41

Tcherkess, the, 40, 56, 67

Teeb, Caucasus, 49

Teleki, Count, his choice of rifles and bullets, 397

Tenasserim, 234, 336

Téndwá (panther), 218

Tengri Khan, 291

Tennis shoes for stalking, 28, 371, 387

Tentes d’abri, 395

Tents, for the Pamir, 374; 385

Terai, the Nepal. See Nepal

Terek, the, 41

Thamin (Eld’s deer), 268

Theodosia, 38

Ther (Capra jemlaica), habitat, 325; characteristics, 326; measurements, 336

Thian Shan mountains, 283, 291

Thibet, 194, 249, 283, 292, 299, 334, 335, 345

Thibetan antelope, 335

Thibetan wolf. See Wolf

‘Thirteen Years among the Wild Beasts of India,’ Sanderson’s, 345

Thomas, Mr. (British Museum), 64

Tiflis, 30, 44, 45, 342

Tiger (Felis tigris), the, 44; habitat, 196; of three classes, 197; damage done by, 198; howdah shooting, 199; driving, or beating, 203; sitting up over kills, 208; its method of attacking and killing prey, 211; breeding, 212; age, 213; measurements, 215

‘Tiger Shooting in the Doon and Ulwar,’ Lieut.-Col Fife Cookson’s, 209

Tlee, Mamisson valley, Caucasus, 49

Tockmack, 291

Toledo, 179

Tonse river, 329

Transcaspian railway route to the Pamir, 364, 365

Transport of camp equipage, 379

Triggers, 405

Tromsö, 2, 3, 5

Trondhjem, North and South, 125

Trophies, the trade in, 415; forwarding home, 418; systems of measurement, 420

Tscherek, the, 41

Tschuddi, on chamois, 81, 104

Tsoing (Burmese wild ox), 248

Tuapsè, 40

Tungmar (clouded panther), 221

Tûr, Caucasian, habits and chase of, 51-63

Turatch (sand-grouse), the, 44, 45

Turnscrews, 405

Turkestan, 226, 283, 291

Tyrol, the, chamois in, 77; poachers and keepers, 80; shooting season, 80; preserves and peasant-shoots, 82; cost of a preserve, 83; rights of chase, 84; chamois stalking, 85-97; rifles and kit for stalking, 98-100; chamois driving, 100-109; 282, 289, 322

Tyrolese keepers, 102

Tytler, Major, on the wild ass, 362

Unthia Bagh (lion), 194

Ursus arctos (bear of Northern Europe), 114

Ursus maritimus, 15-21

Urup, the, 38

Værdal, 125

Vaillant, M., his exploits in South Africa, 232

Valasjok river, 154

Veerubof, Colonel, 31

Victoria Lake, Pamir, 374

Vladikavkaz, 23, 24

Voroneze, 23, 24

Wa (burrel), 299

Wales, Prince of, elk hunting in Sweden, 136

Walker, Colonel C. S., 128, 132

Walouieff, M., 168

Walrus, the, 1; wanton destruction of, 2; size and weight, 3, 4; utilisation of blubber, 4; feeding grounds, 4; tusks, 4; how to kill, 6; winter retreats, 7; habits, 7; breeding season, 8; mode of attacking, 8; boats, apparatus and crew employed in hunting, 9-12; harpooning, 12-14; a typical hunt, 14

Wapiti, 36, 37

Ward, Major, 183, 219; on sambur shooting, 261; on the Cashmere stag, 276; 277, 280, 282, 287, 288; on hunting the Ovis Ammon, 298; 301, 319, 333, 341, 345

Ward, Rowland, 64, 233. See Measurements

Waugh, Sir Andrew, his big tiger, 196

Wenersborg, 136

Western Ghauts, India, 355, 360

Weyprecht and Payer’s expedition, 17

Whitbread, Mr., 73

Whymper’s Alpine tent, 395

Wiide Bay, Spitzbergen, 18

Wild ass, Assyrian (Equus hemippus), 362; Equus onager, 362

Wild boar in the Caucasus, 31; guides for hunting, 32; its cunning and ferocity, 33, 34; modes of hunting, 34; habitat, 35; Spanish, 176, 177

Wild dog, 44, 45. See Dog

Wild ox. See Ox

Wild sheep. See Sheep

Williameenoff, General, 43

Williamson, Mr., quoted, 196; on sitting up over a tiger, 210; 226, 257, 353

Wolf, European (Canis lupus), 226; measurement, 227

Wolf, Indian (Canis pallipes), 225; measurement, 227

Wolf, Spanish, 176

Wolf, Thibetan (Canis laniger; Canis niger), 226; measurement, 227

Wolves, 34, 44, 45; distinction between European, Thibetan, and Indian, 226

Yak (Poephagus grunniens), 249; characteristics, 250; account of a successful stalk, 250; measurements, 252

Yalta, 38

Yang-se-kiang river, 292

Yarkand, 339, 342, 364

‘Yo,’ on packing, 382

Yourts (Kirghiz tents), 374

Yuz (hunting leopard), 222

Zaizau, 74

Zaruchi, Novgorod, 164

Zelentchuk, the, 38, 39

Zik (clouded panther), 221

Zillerthal, the, 95

Zubr (aurochs), 38, 39, 69, 167 note

Zubr grass, 172

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