Australasian Democracy

Part 1

Produced by Al Haines

AUSTRALASIAN DEMOCRACY

HENRY DE R. WALKER

LONDON

T. FISHER UNWIN

PATERNOSTER SQUARE

MDCCCXCVII

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PREFACE

The following pages have been written from the point of view of the year 1896, the greater part of which I spent in Australia. During the earlier months of the present year I was in New Zealand, but I was unable to continue my survey of general Australasian affairs.

A result of the limitation that I was compelled to impose upon myself will be observed in the apparent antiquity of the chapter dealing with Australian Federation; but this is not so great as might have been anticipated, the new Federal Convention having drafted a Bill which is based, to a large extent, upon that of 1891. For purposes of comparison I have, with the kind permission of the London agents of the Melbourne Argus, included an article in which that newspaper has summarised the provisions of the new Federal Constitution Bill.

I have also included a brief account of a visit to the Coolgardie goldfields which, though alien in purpose from the remaining chapters, may not be without interest as a record of personal impressions {viii} of a Province which has but recently felt the effects of a budding prosperity.

It has been suggested to me that I should attempt to discuss Australasian problems with reference to their applicability to Great Britain; but I have preferred to leave this task, of which the importance cannot be overstated, to persons of greater experience, and to confine myself to a record of Australasian action and to a comparison of the points of similarity or the reverse between the several Provinces. It will be seen, however, that, in some cases, as when dealing, for instance, with the results of payment of members and with the powers and privileges of Australasian Upper Houses, I have noted differences of conditions which must render deductions by analogy a matter of extreme difficulty.

The terms "Liberal" and "Conservative" are used to denote, respectively, the more and the less advanced parties in Australasian politics, and must not be taken to imply differences in opinion similar to those prevailing in Great Britain.

In conclusion, I would only say that my studies would have been impossible in the absence of kindly communicativeness on the part of politicians of all shades of opinion; and, on the social side, that I retain warm feelings of gratitude towards the committees of clubs and numerous acquaintances who extended to me the cordial hospitality of kinship.

H. DE R. WALKER.

23, CORK STREET, W., July 25, 1897.

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CONTENTS

LIBERALISM AND LABOUR IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA.

PAGE

Contrast between Western Australia and the Eastern Provinces--The Constitution of South Australia--The alliance between Liberalism and Labour--Joint action in the face of financial depression: Village Settlements, Progressive Taxation, the direct encouragement of production--The advocacy of an Elective Executive--The State and Religious Instruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

II.

DEMOCRACY AND ITS SAFEGUARDS IN NEW SOUTH WALES.

The necessity for safeguards against financial extravagance and political pressure--The Crown Lands Act--The appointment of independent Railway Commissioners--The Standing Committee on Public Works--The Public Service Board--The unemployed, their numbers and treatment--The democratisation of the constitution--The Labour Party, its history, successes and aspirations . . . . . . . . 34

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III.

PROBLEMS OF QUEENSLAND.

Part 2

The agitation of Central and Northern Queensland for separation from the South--The "Kanaka" traffic--White and coloured labour on the plantations--The Sugar Works Guarantee Act--The irregularity of employment in the sugar and pastoral industries--The conditions and opinions of the shearers--Assistance to dairymen and producers of frozen meat--The Labour Party, its history and prospects--Criticisms of the Government--The principles of State action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

IV.

THE LAND POLICY OF NEW ZEALAND.

Differences of conditions between Australia and New Zealand--The Public Works policy--Taxation on land--The Land Act of 1892--The Land for Settlements Acts--The Government Advances to Settlers Acts--The encouragement of settlement--The co-operative construction of Public Works--The unemployed--Continuity of policy . . . . . . . . . 82

CHARACTERISTICS OF VICTORIAN LEGISLATION.

Comparisons between the Australasian Upper Houses--Conflicts between the two Houses in Victoria--The proposed obviation of deadlocks--The utility of the Legislative Council--The antagonism between Town and Country--The Factory Acts, their justification and provisions--State Socialism: Railways, Irrigation Works, the encouragement of Mining, Subsidies and Bonuses, State advances to Settlers--The Unemployed and the Leongatha Labour Colony . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

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VI.

THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA.

Constitutional history--The relations of Church and State--Natural impediments to development--The construction of railways--The scarcity of water--the promotion of the mining and other industries--The absence of parties in Parliament . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156

VII.

DISCURSIVE NOTES ON TASMANIA.

The restriction of the immigration of coloured races--Betting and lotteries--The adoption of a modification of Hare's System of Voting--Conflicts between the two Houses of Parliament--Finance and Taxation--Land Grant Railways . . . . 170

VIII.

FEMALE SUFFRAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184

IX.

THE EVOLUTION OF A FEDERAL GOVERNMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . 212

SALIENT FEATURES OF THE AUSTRALASIAN DEMOCRACY.

Indirect effects of the discovery of gold--Causes of the financial crisis--The origin and extent of State Socialism--The thriftiness of the working classes--Labour Representation in Parliament--Parliamentary Government--Direct Taxation--Conciliation and Arbitration in Industrial disputes--Protection and its corollaries--The feeling towards Great Britain--General conclusions . . . . . . . . . . 244

XI.

A VISIT TO THE COOLGARDIE GOLDFIELDS IN MARCH, 1896 . . . . . 303

INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317

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LIBERALISM AND LABOUR IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA

Contrast between Western Australia and the Eastern Provinces--The Constitution of South Australia--The alliance between Liberalism and Labour--Joint action in the face of financial depression: Village Settlements, Progressive Taxation, the direct encouragement of production--The advocacy of an Elective Executive--The State and Religious Instruction.

The traveller who visited Western Australia in 1896 saw a country which was enjoying, owing to its goldfields, a phenomenally rapid development, with all its attendant advantages of a large increase in population, an expanding revenue, and abundance of employment. As he passed to the Eastern Provinces he found himself in the midst of communities which had been shaken to their foundations by the fall in the value of their staple products and the collapse of many banking institutions, and were putting forth strenuous efforts to restore the equilibrium between revenue and expenditure and to make a fresh start upon the path of prosperity. These efforts, varying in detail in different Provinces, have included the imposition {2} of additional taxation, provision for the unemployed, and, in some cases, direct encouragement of production. The policy pursued by South Australia is of particular interest as her Constitution gives the freest play to democratic influences.

The House of Assembly is elected on the basis of adult suffrage; the Upper House or Legislative Council by adults possessing a property qualification consisting of a freehold of the clear annual value of L50, a registered leasehold of L20, with three years to run or the right of purchase, or the occupation of a dwelling-house of the clear annual value of L25. No property qualification is required in candidates for election to either House, and the Members of both Houses are paid at the rate of L200 per annum. Adults, upon reaching the age of twenty-one in the case of the Assembly or possessing the requisite qualification in the case of the Council, can claim to be placed upon the electoral roll and are entitled to vote upon the expiration of six months after registration; upon removal to another constituency, the vote can immediately be transferred. Plural voting is forbidden under heavy penalties, and all the elections, except that for the Northern Territory, take place upon the same day.

These conditions have enabled the democratic element to obtain a preponderating voice in both Houses, by a majority of one in the Council and by a considerable majority in the Assembly. During {3} the last three years the Government has been in the hands of the Liberals under the Hon. C. C. Kingston, who has included in his cabinet two former Premiers in the persons of the Treasurer, the Hon. F. W. Holder, and the Minister of Education and Agriculture, the Hon. Dr. Cockburn. The Ministerialists have had the support of the Labour Party, which has been very successful with its candidates and now holds the balance of power. It was formed towards the close of the year 1890, after the failure of the maritime strike, in response to the feeling of the Trades Unions and other labour organisations that their objects would be obtained most easily by securing the direct representation of labour in Parliament. They were influenced also by the rejection by the Assembly of Dr. Cockburn's proposals for progressive taxation in spite of promises made by a majority of the members before their election. A political programme was, accordingly, drawn up, which is the accepted creed of the Labour representatives, who number six in the Council of twenty-four and twelve in the Assembly of fifty-four members. It has successively been modified, as measures previously advocated have been passed into law, and contains the following principal items: The cessation of the alienation of Crown Lands by the substitution of some system of leasing; the remission of the duties on articles not grown or produced in the Colony, any resulting deficiency in the revenue to be made up by increasing the tax on {4} land values; redistribution of seats on the basis of population; the encouragement of local industries by the extension of the State Export Department, so that producers may be able to obtain the full benefit of foreign markets; and Federation on a democratic basis. The Labour Party are opposed most strongly to the admission of coloured races and to assisted immigration, on the ground that the former would lower the status of the Australian workman, and the latter cause the supply of labour to exceed the demand and bring misery and destitution upon the poor. The relations of the Labour and Liberal members, which have been most cordial, are based upon mutual interdependence. The Liberals rely upon the support of the Labour members; the latter are not strong enough to take office, nor, I understand, do they wish to do so, and must support the Liberals in order to be able to mould the legislation to the shape that they desire. A prominent member of the Labour Party has thus summarised the position: "The hardest work in connection with some of the measures has been done by Liberals who, though not members of the Party, are generally found working in connection with that body. But it must be conceded that most of the planks which have been carried owe their early success to the fact of their adoption on the programme of the United Labour Party, and the persistent advocacy and solid votes of its members." The policy of the Party has created a great {5} amount of bitterness in the country, their successful advocacy of progressive taxation on incomes and land values and of other democratic measures having led them to be charged with being inimical to capital as such; but the Speaker of the Assembly, who is a Conservative, has stated in a recent speech that, "in speaking of the Labour Party, he wishes to do so with the greatest respect. They are a power in the House, and no Government could have retained office in the last Parliament without their support. The Labour representatives were picked men, clever in debate, unremitting in attention to their duties, and a credit to the districts they represented." The leader of the Party is Mr. J. A. McPherson, a native of Aberdeen, who migrated to Adelaide in 1882 and engaged in the printing trade. He identified himself with Trades Union affairs, was elected unanimously in 1890 to be Secretary of the Trades and Labour Council, and still holds that position. He entered the Assembly at a bye-election in 1892, and is regarded as one of the ablest and most energetic members of the Labour Party. Mr. McPherson has a popular supporter in Mr. E. L. Batchelor, the colleague of the Premier in the representation of West Adelaide, who has risen from subordinate employment on the Government railways to be, at the age of thirty, President of the Railway Association and Secretary of the Party. Mr. Batchelor is a man of broad views and a keen student, and has brought {6} forward a Bill for the institution of the initiative and referendum, which he considers to be suited to the small population of South Australia. The Party are fortunate in their leading men and show no signs of cleavage, their only serious difference of opinion having been in regard to the qualifications of Labour candidates. As long as solidarity can be maintained and the present leaders remain in the ascendant, no fear need be felt that they will subordinate the interests of the community to those of their own class, though they would be the first to admit that their main object is to protect the working man and to improve his position.

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