Appendix V

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Besides the published writings of Audubon, I have included in this Bibliography such references to his life and times as occur in the text or which possess some degree of merit; all other important literary and historical authorities are cited in footnotes to the text. The titles appear in a single numerical series, but the arrangement under each head is strictly chronological. All references to this list in the text are indicated usually by title, with the name of the author, and always by Arabic numerals, in correspondence with the series which follows. If some chaff has been admitted to this garner, no corn, I hope, has been thrown into the fire.

a. Principal Works

1. AUDUBON, JOHN JAMES:

The Birds of America, from Original Drawings by John James Audubon, Fellow of the Royal Societies of London & Edinburgh and of the Linnæan & Zoölogical Societies of London, Member of the Natural History Society of Paris, of the Lyceum of New York, &c. &c. &c. 4 vols. colored plates, double elephant folio. Published by the Author. London, 1827-1838.

Issued without text, titles excepted, to subscribers, in 87 Numbers of 5 plates each, or 435 copper-plate engravings, colored by hand, and representing 1,065 life-size figures of 489 supposedly distinct species of birds. Titles the same, except that in volumes II-IV, after "New York," in list of societies following author's name, is added, "of the Philosophical Society and the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia." Begun at Edinburgh in autumn of 1826, and completed in London, June 20, 1838.

A more detailed citation is:

Vol. I. Parts 1-22, pll. i- cx, 1827-30. Vol. II. Parts 23-44, pll. cxi- ccxx, 1831-34. Vol. III. Parts 45-66, pll. ccxxi- cccxxx, 1834-35. Vol. IV. Parts 67-87, pll. cccxxxi-ccccxxxv, 1835-38.

More exact data on publication of individual plates are:

1827 pll. 1- 25 1828 pll. 26- 50 1829 pll. 51- 75 1830 pll. 76-100 1831 pll. 101(?)-125 1832 pll. 126-155(?) 1833 pll. 156-185 1834 pll. 186-235 1835 pll. 236-285 1836 pll. 286-350 1837 pll. 351-400 1838 pll. 400-435

The first ten plates were executed by William Home Lizars, Edinburgh, 1826-7, but were later retouched or reëngraved (?) by Robert Havell, Junior, who produced all the rest in London; printed on Whatman's drawing paper, size (untrimmed), 39½ x 29½ inches, and colored after the originals. A considerable number of the plain plates were dispersed, and at least one complete set exists in this state (see Note, Chapter XXVI, Vol. II, p. 7, and also Chapter XXXII, Vol. II, p. 190); scientific and common names, with legends of author and engraver, and eventually the date of publication, were given on each plate. Issued to subscribers at two guineas a Part, and sold in Europe at £182, 14s; in America, at $1,000. The Turkey Cock (Plate No. 1) now brings upwards of $140, and perfect sets upwards of $4,000, according to binding and state. Total number of original sets probably did not exceed 190 or 200.

2. AUDUBON, JOHN JAMES, F. R. SS. L. & E. [with list of societies]:

Ornithological Biography, or an account of the habits of the Birds of the United States of America; accompanied by descriptions of the objects represented in the work entitled The Birds of America, and interspersed with delineations of American scenery and manners. 5 vols. roy. 8vo. Edinburgh, 1831-1839.

Vol. I (original ed.). Preface dated "March 1831." Pp. i-xxiv, 1-512, and 1-16, including "Prospectus," "Contents" to Vol. I, and names of subscribers to The Birds of America. Text to accompany plates i-c of the large folio. Adam Black, 55 North Bridge (with names of agents; Neill & Co. Printers, Old Fishmarket), Edinburgh, MDCCCXXXI.

Vol. I (American reprint). Pagination the same. Judah Dobson, Agent, 108 Chestnut St., and H. H. Porter, Literary Rooms, 121 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, MDCCCXXXI. Copyright by R. Harlan, M.D., 1831. Printed by James Kay, Jun. & Co., Printers to the American Philosophical Society, No. 4 Minor St.

Vol. I (American reprint). The same, but bearing the imprint of E. L. Carey and A. Hart, Chestnut St., Philadelphia, MDCCCXXXV.

Vol. II (original ed.). Preface dated "1st December 1834." Pp. i-xxxii, 1-588. Text of plates ci-cc. Adam and Charles Black. Edinburgh, MDCCCXXXIV.

Vol. II (American reprint). The same, but with imprint of Hilliard, Gray, and Company. Boston, MDCCCXXXV.

Vol. III (original and only ed., as are IV and V). Preface dated "1st December 1835." Pp. i-xvi, 1-638, with 9 woodcuts. Text to plates cci-ccc. Same imprint as Vol. II. Edinburgh, MDCCCXXXV.

Vol. IV. Preface dated "1st November 1838." Pp. i-xxviii, 1-618. Text to plates ccci-ccclxxxvii. Imprint, the same. Edinburgh, MDCCCXXXVIII.

Vol. V. Preface dated "1st May 1839." Pp. i-xl, 1-664, with 98 woodcuts. Text to plates ccclxxxviii-ccccxxxv. Same imprint. Edinburgh, MDCCCXXXIX.

According to Stone, 5 species recognized in the folio are suppressed in the "Biography"; 26 new names are given, and 502 species are recognized, but as 11 were more or less hypothetical, 491 remain in supposedly good standing.

3. AUDUBON, JOHN JAMES, F. R. SS. L. & E. Member of various scientific associations in Europe and America:

A Synopsis of the Birds of North America. Pp. i-xi, 1-359. 8vo. Adam and Charles Black, Edinburgh; Longman, Rees, Brown, Green and Longman, London. MDCCCXXXIX.

A methodical index to the birds of America, with special reference to the large folio plates and Ornithological Biography; 45 families and 139 genera are defined; 5 new names are added, making the total number of recognized species 491.

4. AUDUBON, JOHN JAMES, F. R. SS. L. & E. (&c., &c.):

The Birds of America from Drawings made in the United States and its Territories. 7 vols. of text and plates, roy. 8vo. Published by the Author and J. B. Chevalier. New York and Philadelphia, 1840-1844.

The "Birds in Miniature," or first octavo edition of text and plates combined; issued to subscribers in 100 Parts, each with 5 lithographic colored plates, at $1.00 a Part.

Vol. I. Parts 1-14; pll. 1-70; pp. i-viii, 9-256. 1840. Vol. II. Parts 15-28; pll. 71-140; pp. i-viii, 9-206. 1841. Vol. III. Parts 29-42; pll. 141-210; pp. i-viii, 9-236. 1841. Vol. IV. Parts 43-56; pll. 211-280; pp. i-viii, 9-324. 1842. Vol. V. Parts 57-70; pll. 281-350; pp. i-viii, 9-348. 1842. Vol. VI. Parts 71-84; pll. 251-420; pp. i-viii, 9-460. 1843. Vol. VII. Pts. 85-100; pll. 421-500; pp. i-x, 9-374. 1844.

In this "miniature" edition, the "delineations of American scenery and manners" are omitted, the text revised, and the nomenclature made to conform with the Synopsis; the plates of the large folio were broken up, and their accessories reduced, so that but one species appears on each; 7 species, described in the Biography and Synopsis are figured for the first time in an Appendix, in which also appear 17 species that had been neither figured nor described before, thus bringing the total number of birds represented on the octavo plates to 500; four of the largest birds receive two plates each, thus leaving the number of distinct species figured at 496, while the 12 species herein described brings the total number of species recognized by Audubon in 1844 to 508. The plates of this edition are rearranged and renumbered to conform with the new arrangement of the text, which was considerably improved. The series begins with the California Vulture, and ends with Baird's Bunting.

Vols. I-V were published by J. J. Audubon, New York, and simultaneously issued by J. B. Chevalier, Philadelphia; Vols. VI-VII, published by J. J. Audubon, 77 Williams St., New York, and 34 North First St., Philadelphia.

The Numbers or Parts were issued in blue paper covers, or drab when without plates (7 x 11 inches), on which were printed the "Prospectus," lists of subscribers and agents, besides other information which the author wished to convey to his patrons. The printer's legend at the right lower corner reads: "Lithd. Printed & Cold. by J. T. Bowen, Philada." Parts in original covers are extremely rare; a set in this condition was offered in 1914 at $750.

5. AUDUBON, JOHN JAMES, and BACHMAN, REV. JOHN:

The Viviparous Quadrupeds of North America. 2 vols. of 150 lithographic, colored plates; imp. folio. Published by J. J. Audubon, New York, 1845-1846.

Vol. I. Parts 1-15, pll. 1-75, 1845. Vol. II. Parts 16-30, pll. 76-150, 1846.

Issued to subscribers in 30 Parts of 5 plates each, size 28 x 22 inches, at $10 a part, or $300, without text except titles, tables of contents, and names on plates; 76 of the originals by J. J. Audubon, and 74 by J. W. Audubon, assisted by V. G. Audubon. Author's and printer's legends read: "Drawn from Nature by J. J. Audubon, F. R. S. F. L. S.," and "Lith. Printed & Cold. by J. T. Bowen, Phila. 1842[-1845]."

6. AUDUBON, JOHN JAMES, F. R. S. (&c., &c.), and BACHMAN, REV. JOHN, D. D. (&c., &c.):

The Viviparous Quadrupeds of North America. 3 vols., roy. 8vo. Published by J. J. Audubon and V. G. Audubon, New York, 1846-1854.

Issued to subscribers, as text to foregoing:

Vol. I. Pp. i-xvi, 1-390. Text only. Published by J. J. Audubon, New York, 1846.

Vol. I (European ed.). The same as foregoing with imprint of Wiley & Putnam, London, 1847.

Vol. II. Pp. 1-336. Text only. Published by V. G. Audubon, 1851.

Vol. III. Pp. i-vi, 1-350. Text, with 6 colored plates. Published by V. G. Audubon, 1854.

7. AUDUBON, JOHN JAMES, F. R. S. (&c., &c.), and BACHMAN, REV. JOHN, D. D. (&c., &c.):

The Quadrupeds of North America [in "Miniature"]. 3 vols., roy. 8vo., with 155 colored plates. Published by V. G. Audubon, New York, 1854.

Vol. I. Nos. 1-10, pll. i-l, pp. i-viii, 1-384. Vol. II. Nos. 11-20, pll. li-c, pp. 1-334. Vol. III. Nos. 21-31, pll. ci-clv, pp. i-vi, 1-348.

First and only edition of the text and plates reduced to octavo size; most of the plates lithographed, printed and colored by J. T. Bowen. In Vol. I the introduction is cut down, the list of subscribers omitted, and tables of contents and genera placed at end; Vol. II is same as first edition, with omission of subscribers' lists; Vol. III same as in first edition, except for omission of table of genera at back. All plates in Vol. I, and 28 in Vol. II, or 78 in all, are by J. J. Audubon, and 77 are by J. W. Audubon.

8. AUDUBON, JOHN JAMES, F. R. S. (&c., &c.):

The Birds of America, from Drawings made in the United States and their Territories. Vols. I-VII, roy. 8vo. Published by V. G. Audubon, New York, 1856.

The second octavo edition of the Birds, with 500 plates, published without change, except in pagination. The portrait of Audubon, which appears in this or in some of the later editions, was engraved by H. B. Hall after the painting by Henry Inman.

9. AUDUBON, JOHN JAMES:

The Birds of America; from Original Drawings by John James Audubon, Fellow of the Royal Societies of London & Edinburgh, &c., &c., &c. Reissued by J. W. Audubon. 1 vol. of 106 double elephant folio plates, in chromolithography, by J. Bien, 180 Broadway, representing 151 of the original copper plates. Roe Lockwood & Son, Publishers. New York, 1860.

The only (and partial) reissue of the original folio; plates, in many instances double, renumbered to correspond with the octavo edition, with backgrounds often simplified or changed, and much inferior to the original hand-colored engravings; the plates are dated "1858" or "1859." Checked by the Civil War, the residual stock of plates found a ready sale thirty years later. Citation from copy in the Public Library, New York City. (See Appendix III, Document No. 3).

10. AUDUBON, JOHN JAMES:

The Birds of America, from Drawings made in the United States and their Territories, by John James Audubon, F. R. S., &c., &c. Reissued by J. W. Audubon. Vols. I-VII, roy. 8vo. Text only. Roe Lockwood & Son, Publishers. New York, 1861. Vol. I, pp. i-viii, 11-246; Vol. II, pp. i-viii, 11-200; Vol. III, pp. i-viii, 9-234; Vol. IV, pp. i-viii, 9-322; Vol. V, pp. i-viii, 9-346; Vol. VI, pp. i-viii, 2-456; Vol. VII (not seen).

Issued as the letterpress of the imperfect folio (see No. 9) described above. According to Sabin, quoted by Coues (see No. 181 of this Bibliography), only 4 royal octavo volumes of this text was issued; the present citation is from the 6 volumes in the Public Library of New York; all are without plates, and it should be noted that Vols. I and II, and III and IV are bound as two volumes. In 1914 a set of this edition, in seven volumes, bound in cloth, was advertised by a bookseller in New York at $40. (See Appendix III, Document No. 3).

11. AUDUBON, JOHN JAMES:

The Birds of America ... Reissued by J. W. Audubon, in 7 vols., imper. 8vo., with 500 colored plates, 10 x 7 inches. Roe Lockwood & Son. New York, 1861.

Third complete octavo edition, to be distinguished from the 7 vols. (No. 10) referred to above, and the V. G. Audubon reissue of 1856 (No. 8). Reference partly from Coues.

12. AUDUBON, JOHN JAMES:

The Birds of North America: a popular and scientific description of the Birds of the United States and their Territories. New edition. New York, 1863.

Not seen, but given on the authority of Coues.

13. AUDUBON, JOHN JAMES:

The Birds of America ... 8 vols. 8vo. New York, 1865.

According to Coues, a later edition of J. W. Audubon's reissue of 1861, but in 8 instead of 7 volumes.

14. AUDUBON, JOHN JAMES, F. R. S. (&c., &c.):

The Birds of America, from drawings made in the United States and their Territories. Vols. I-VIII, imper. 8vo. George R. Lockwood, late Roe Lockwood & Son, 812 Broadway, New York. No date. (1871.) Vol. I, pp. i-viii, i-xv (memoir), 11-246, pll. 1-70; Vol. II, pp. i-vii, 11-199, pll. 71-140; Vol. III, pp. i-viii, 9-233, pll. 141-210; Vol. IV, pp. i-viii, 9-321, pll. 211-280; Vol. V, pp. i-viii, 9-346, pll. 281-250; Vol. VI, pp. i-vii, 9-298, pll. 351-394; Vol. VII, pp. i-vii, 9-285, pll. 395-440; Vol. VIII, pp. i-viii, 9-256, pll. 441-500. (Pagination taken from Coues.)

Sixth and last complete octavo edition of text and plates, being a reissue of the 1865 edition. In the biography, signed "G. R. L[ockwood]., 1870," it is stated that Jean Audubon died "at Rochefort on the Loire [sic], where he had a large estate" at the age of ninety-five, and that J. J. Audubon was born on his father's plantation at New Orleans in 1780. This memoir was issued separately as an advertising pamphlet by J. L. Sibole ("Fine Book Dealer, 109 So. 15th. Street, New York"), to exploit the octavo editions of the Birds and Quadrupeds (pp. 1-15, paper cover, no date).

b. Minor Papers and Reprints

15. AUDUBON, JOHN JAMES:

"On the Hirundo fulva of Vieillot." Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York, vol. i, pp. 163-166. New York, 1824.

16. AUDUBON, JOHN JAMES:

"Facts and Observations connected with the permanent residence of swallows in the United States." Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York, vol. i, pp. 166-168. New York, 1824.

17. AUDUBON, JOHN JAMES (a citizen of the United States):

"Account of the Habits of the Turkey Buzzard (Vultur aura) particularly with the view of exploding the opinion generally entertained of its extraordinary power of Smelling." In a letter to Professor Jameson. [Note.] This communication was originally intended to be sent to a friend unacquainted with the habits of birds—J. J. A. Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, vol. 2 (Oct.-Apr.), pp. 172-184. Edinburgh, 1826-1827. Dated "Edinburgh, Dec. 7, 1826."

18. AUDUBON, JOHN JAMES:

"Observations on the Natural History of the Alligator." In a letter to Sir William Jardine, Baronet, &c. Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, vol. 2, (Oct.-April), pp. 270-280. Edinburgh, 1826-1827.

Gives the first account of the nesting habits of the American alligator.

19. AUDUBON, JOHN JAMES:

"Account of the Carrion Crow or Vultur atratus." Edinburgh Journal of Science, vol. vi (Nov.-April), pp. 156-161. Edinburgh, 1826-1827.

Notices the nesting and other habits, and maintains that this species, like the Turkey Buzzard, is guided to its food by sight and not by smell.

20. AUDUBON, JOHN JAMES:

"Notes on the Habits of the Wild Pigeon of America, Columba migratoria." Edinburgh Journal of Science, vol. vi (Nov.-April), pp. 256-265. Edinburgh, 1826-1827.

Read before the Royal Society of Edinburgh, February 19, 1827.

21. AUDUBON, JOHN JAMES:

"Notes on the Rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus), in a letter addressed to Thomas Stuart Traill, M. D., &c." Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, vol. 3 (April-Oct.), pp. 21-30. Edinburgh, 1827.

Read before the Wernerian Society of Natural History, February 24, 1827. Reproduced in Journal of the Franklin Institute and American Mechanics' Magazine, vol. ii, N. S., pp. 32-37. Philadelphia, 1828. Later repudiated by the editor; see Thomas P. Jones, "The Romance of the Rattlesnake," No. 93 of this Bibliography.

22. AUDUBON, J. J.:

"Account of the Method of Drawing Birds employed by J. J. Audubon, Esq., F. R. S. E." In a letter to a friend. Edinburgh Journal of Science, vol. viii, pp. 48-54. Edinburgh, 1828.

22a. AUDUBON, JOHN JAMES:

"Journey up the Mississippi." The Winter's Wreath for 1829, pp. 104-127. Liverpool and Philadelphia, 1828.

23. AUDUBON, JOHN JAMES:

"Notes on the Bird of Washington—(Falco Washingtonia) or Great American Sea Eagle" (with figure). Loudon's Magazine of Natural History, vol. i, pp. 115-120. London, 1828-1829.

Dated "London, April, 1828."

24. AUDUBON, JOHN J.:

"The Flood of the Mississippi." Edinburgh Literary Journal. February, 1831, pp. 140-142.

See "Episode" entitled "A Flood," Ornithological Biography, vol. i.

25. AUDUBON, J. J.:

"An Account of the Habits of the American Goshawk (Falco palumbarius, Wils.)." In a letter to Sir William Jardine, Bart. Edinburgh Journal of Natural and Geographical Science, vol. 3 (March), pp. 145-147. Edinburgh, 1831.

26. AUDUBON, JOHN JAMES:

"Improvements in the Navigation of the Mississippi." Edinburgh Literary Journal, March 26, 1831, pp. 194-195.

See Ornithological Biography, vol. i.

27. AUDUBON, JOHN JAMES:

"Hunting the Cougar, or the American Lion." Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, vol. 11, pp. 103-115. Edinburgh, 1831.

See "The Cougar," Ornithological Biography, vol. i. "It having been remarked, and rather sharply, that in our article on 'Audubon's Ornithological Biography,' we have overrated that gentleman's talents, we, in our own vindication, and as proofs of Audubon's descriptive powers, submit to the judgment of our readers the above sketch, taken at random from his work." (Editor's note.)

28. AUDUBON, J. J.:

"Account of a Hurricane in North America." Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, vol. 12 (Oct.-April), pp. 278-281. Edinburgh, 1831-1832.

See "The Hurricane," Ornithological Biography, vol. i.

29. AUDUBON, J. J.:

"The Ohio." Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, vol. 12, pp. 122-126. Edinburgh, 1832.

See the same, Ornithological Biography, vol. i.

30. AUDUBON, J. J., and BACHMAN, REV. JOHN, D. D.:

"Descriptions of New Species of Quadrupeds inhabiting North America." Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences, vol. viii, pt. ii, pp. 280-329. Philadelphia, 1839-1842.

Read, Oct. 5, 1841.

31. AUDUBON, J. J., and BACHMAN, J.:

"Descriptions of New Species of Quadrupeds inhabiting North America." Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, vol. i (Oct., 1841), pp. 92-103. Philadelphia, 1843.

32. AUDUBON, JOHN JAMES, and BACHMAN, JOHN:

"Description of a new North American Fox, genus Vulpes, Cuv., (Utah)." Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, vol. vi, pp. 114-116. Philadelphia, 1852-1853.

33. AUDUBON, JOHN JAMES:

"Earthquake in Kentucky." Reproduced in Magazine of American History, vol. 16, pp. 342-344, with portrait. New York, 1886.

See "The Earthquake," Ornithological Biography, vol. i.

c. Epistolary Articles

34. AUDUBON, JOHN JAMES:

"Letter to the Editor" (No. 1). Dated "St. Augustine, East Florida, Dec. 7, 1831." Monthly American Journal of Geology and Natural Science, vol. i, pp. 358-363. Philadelphia, 1832.

35. AUDUBON, J. J.:

"Letter from J. J. Audubon to the Editor" (No. 2). Dated "Bulowville, East Florida, December 31, 1831." Monthly American Journal of Geology and Natural Science, vol. i, pp. 407-414. Philadelphia, 1832.

36. AUDUBON, J. J.:

"Letter to the Editor" (No. 3). Monthly American Journal of Geology and Natural Science, vol. i (June), pp. 529-537. Philadelphia, 1832.

37. AUDUBON, J. J.:

"Letter from J. J. Audubon to William MacGillivray." Edinburgh Journal of Natural History, vol. i (for Dec., 1838), p. 171. Edinburgh, 1835-1839.

Dated, "On board the Crusader, Cote Blanche, 18 April, 1837."

d. Translations

38. BAZIN, EUGÈNE:

Scènes de la Nature dans les Etats-Unis et le Nord de l'Amérique. Ouvrage traduit d'Audubon, avec Preface et Notes du Traducteur. T. 1-2, pp. 1-460, 1-512. 8vo. Paris, 1857.

Selections from the Ornithological Biography, with Introduction; dedicated to Charles Lucien Bonaparte.

39. (ANON.):

"Drei Ziegenmelker Nordamerika's." Naumannia: Archiv für die Ornithologie, vorzugsweise Europas, herausg. von E. Baldamus, pp. 158-163. Stuttgart und Leipzig, 1858.

e. Autobiography

40. AUDUBON, MARIA R.:

"Audubon's Story of his Youth." Scribner's Magazine, vol. xiii, pp. 267-287, illust. New York, 1893.

First appearance of autobiographical sketch, entitled, "Myself, J. J. Audubon." Reproduced also in Audubon and his Journals (see No. 86), vol. i.

f. Journals

41. DEANE, RUTHVEN:

"Extracts from an Unpublished Journal of John James Audubon." The Auk, vol. xxi, pp. 334-338. Cambridge, 1904.

Including entries for fourteen days, extending from October 12, 1820, to November 25, 1821.

42. (ANON.):

"A Story of Meadville from John J. Audubon, F. R. S., August 28, 1824." Pamphlet (in blue paper cover), pp. 1-4. Dated April 9th, 1846.

An early version, taken from the original journal, and probably given by Audubon himself to some of his friends, possibly Spencer F. Baird, who visited him in both early and late April of this year. For passages not since reproduced, see Vol. I, p. 341. Citation from copy in the Public Library, New York City.

For fuller journal records, see Audubon and his Journals (No. 86), including "European Journals," (1826-1827), vol. i, pp. 79-242; the "Labrador Journal," 1833, vol. i, pp. 343-446; and the "Missouri River Journals," 1843, vol. i, pp. 447-532, and vol. ii, pp. 1-196.

g. Familiar Letters

43. COUES, ELLIOTT:

"Behind the Veil." Bulletin Nuttall Ornithological Club, vol. v, pp. 193-204. Cambridge, 1880.

Gives interesting letters by Audubon and MacGillivray, which are reproduced in the present work.

44. GORDON, MRS.:

"Christopher North": A Memoir of John Wilson. New York, 1894.

For letter of J. J. Audubon to J. Wilson, no date [Jany. 1, 1836], see pp. 363-364.

45. SHUFELDT, R. W., and AUDUBON, M. R.:

"The Last Portrait of Audubon, together with a Letter to his Son." The Auk, vol. xi, pp. 309-313. New York, 1894.

46. RHOADS, S. N.:

"Auduboniana," The Auk, vol. xx, pp. 377-383. Cambridge, 1903.

Gives three letters to Edward Harris, partly reproduced in the present work.

47. DEANE, RUTHVEN:

"Unpublished Letters of John James Audubon and Spencer F. Baird," The Auk, vol. xxi, pp. 255-259. Cambridge, 1904.

First installment.

48. DEANE, RUTHVEN:

(a) "A Hitherto Unpublished Letter of John James Audubon," The Auk, vol. xxii, pp. 170-171. Cambridge, 1905.

(b) See also "An Unpublished Letter of John James Audubon to his Family," The Auk, vol. xxv, pp. 166-169. Cambridge, 1908.

49. DEANE, RUTHVEN:

"Unpublished Letters of John James Audubon and Spencer F. Baird," I, The Auk, vol. xxiii, pp. 194-209. Cambridge, 1906.

Second installment.

50. DEANE, RUTHVEN:

"Unpublished Letters of John James Audubon and Spencer F. Baird," II, The Auk, vol. xxiii, pp. 318-334. Cambridge, 1906.

Third installment.

51. DEANE, RUTHVEN:

"Unpublished Letters of John James Audubon and Spencer F. Baird," III, The Auk, vol. xxiv, pp. 53-70. Cambridge, 1907.

Fourth installment.

52. DALL, WILLIAM HEALEY:

Spencer Fullerton Baird: A Biography. Pp. i-xvi, 1-462. 8vo. 19 illust. Philadelphia and London, 1915.

Reproduces eighteen letters of Audubon to Baird, dating from June 13, 1840, to February 11, 1847.

53. THAYER, JOHN E.:

"Auduboniana," The Auk, vol. xxxiii, pp. 115-118, 4 plates. Cambridge, 1916.

Reproduces four original water-color drawings, and two letters addressed to Dr. George Parkman, dated "New York, June 20th," and "August 13th 1841."

54. GRINNELL, GEORGE BIRD:

"Some Audubon Letters," The Auk, vol. xxxiii, pp. 119-130. Cambridge, 1916.

Gives two letters written to Victor G. Audubon from New York, April 28 and Sept. 9, 1833.

* * * * *

See also Caledonian Mercury, November 3, 1831, for letter to Joseph B. Kidd (No. 163), Brewer (No. 79), Bachman (No. 191), Günther (No. 204), Deane (No. 225), and Alexander Bliss, in Autograph Leaves of our Country's Authors, for facsimile letter of Audubon to Thomas Sully, dated "Manchester (England), Sept. 16, 1826" (Baltimore, 1864).

h. Biographies

55. CHRISTOPHER NORTH (JOHN WILSON):

"Noctes Ambrosianae," No. XXX, Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine, vol. xxi (Jan.), pp. 112-105 (sic). Edinburgh, 1827.

56. (ANON.):

"Biographical Sketch of John James Audubon," with portrait (drawn and engraved by J. Brown); insert in G. Cuvier and P. A. Latreille, The Animal Kingdom, vol. i, pp. 197*-204*. London, 1830.

57. LANDER, SIR THOMAS DICK, BART., and BROWN, CAPT. THOMAS:

Biographical Sketch, with engravings by Joseph B. Kidd. Pp. i-x, 1-184, 16mo. Edinburgh, 1833.

Mainly extracted from vol. i of the Ornithological Biography; refers to the false rumor of Audubon's death in October, 1831, and to his plan of forming a Gallery of Paintings in Natural History, started in association with Kidd.

58. (ANON.):

"Biographical Sketch of J. J. Audubon." Miscellany of Natural History, vol. i. 1833.

Not seen.

59. DUNLAP, WILLIAM:

History of the Rise and Progress of the Arts of Design in the United States. 2 vols. New York, 1834. For John James Audubon, see vol. ii, pp. 402-408.

60. (ANON.) GODWIN, PARKE:

"John James Audubon." United States Magazine and Democratic Review, N. S., vol. x, pp. 436-450. New York, 1842.

See also Out of the Past; Critical and Literary Papers, pp. 89-110 (New York, 1870), and Homes of American Authors; for the last, see No. 68.

61. GRISWOLD, RUFUS W.:

The Prose Writers of America, article "Audubon." Philadelphia, 1847.

62. LESTER, C. EDWARDS (editor):

The Gallery of Illustrious Americans, containing the Portraits and Biographical Sketches of Twenty-four of the most eminent Citizens of the American Republic since the death of Washington. Plates from daguerreotypes by Brady; engraved by D'Avignon. Published from 205 Broadway, New York, by G. P. Putnam, D. Appleton & Company, and C. S. Francis & Company. New York, 1850.

Issued in 24 Parts. For John James Audubon, see Part No. 7; reproduced in Spooner's Biographical History of the Fine Arts, vol. i, pp. 53-55 (New York, 1867). See also No. 196.

63. PHILARÈTE-CHASLES:

Etudes sur la Littérature et les Moeurs des Anglo-Américains au xixe siècle. Pp. i-viii, 1-516. Paris, 1851. See "Audubon. Le Voyageur et le Naturaliste," pp. 68-106.

An excellent review by an experienced French critic and author, who appears to have met Audubon and to have attended one of his exhibitions in Edinburgh.

64. (ANON.) THORPE, COL. THOMAS B.:

"Incidents in the Life of Audubon," Godey's Lady's Book, vol. xlii, pp. 306-309, with portrait. Philadelphia, 1851.

65. GRISWOLD, RUFUS W.:

"John James Audubon," International Monthly Magazine, vol. ii, pp. 469-474. New York, 1850-1851.

66. CAP, P. A.:

"Jean Jacques Audubon," L'Illustration, vol. xviii, pp. 70-71, illust. Paris, 1851.

67. (ANON.):

"Audubon, the Naturalist," Gleason's Pictorial, vol. iii, p. 196, with portrait of Audubon as a young man. Boston, Sept. 25, 1852.

Audubon is said to have been born in New Orleans, May 4, 1780, and "in 1810 he embarked in a skiff with his wife and young child for his only companions, and with his gun and pencil for baggage, and commenced an adventurous and wandering life—the life of a hunter and naturalist, which he did not abandon until 1834."

68. GODWIN, PARKE:

"John James Audubon," in The Homes of American Authors. New York, 1853.

See also "The Home of Audubon," The Leisure Hour, vol. 2, pp. 300-303 (London, 1853), and Little Journeys to the Homes of American Authors, New York and London, 1896.

69. SMILES, SAMUEL:

Brief Biographies. Boston, 1861. See "Audubon the Ornithologist," pp. 171-197.

70. ST. JOHN, MRS. HORACE:

Life of Audubon, the Naturalist in the New World. His Adventures and Discoveries. Pp. i-xiv, 1-172. London, 1856.

71. ST. JOHN, MRS. HORACE:

Life of Audubon, the Naturalist of the New World. His Adventures and Discoveries. Revised and corrected, with additions, and illustrated with engravings by J. W. Orr from original designs. Pp. 1-24, 1-312. Boston, 1856.

First American edition, followed by others in 1861, 1864, 1870, 1876 and later; citation from edition of 1864.

72. BUCHANAN, ROBERT (editor):

The Life and Adventures of John James Audubon, the Naturalist. Edited from materials supplied by his widow. 8vo. Pp. i-viii, 1-366. Portrait and vignette on title. London, 1868.

This was followed by a second and third English edition in 1869, the latter without frontispiece, but with vignette stamped on cover. The editor assumed no responsibility for the fidelity of his record, which was based on a manuscript by the Rev. Charles Coffin Adams, of New York. Reproduced in "Everyman's Library," with an Introduction by John Burroughs (originally appearing as a review of Buchanan's work in 1869; see No. 153). 12mo. Pp. i-xx, 1-336. London and New York (no date).

73. AUDUBON, LUCY (editor):

The Life of John James Audubon, the Naturalist. Edited by his Widow. With an Introduction by James Grant Wilson. 8vo. Pp. i-x, 1-444. Portrait, and vignette on title. New York, 1869.

Reprinted at various times; citation from a copy bearing date of 1906. This work is a reproduction, with but slight changes, of Buchanan's rendering of the original Adams manuscript.

74. DUYCKINCK, EVERT AUGUSTUS:

"John James Audubon," in the National Portrait Gallery of Eminent Americans, illustrated from paintings by Alonzo Chappel. 2 vols., 4to. New York, 1862.

For Audubon, see vol. i, pp. 47-54.

75. PARTON, JAMES:

Peoples' Book of Biography, or Short Lives of the most interesting Persons of all Ages and Countries. Hartford, 1869. For Audubon, see pp. 163-167.

A second edition appeared under the title Illustrious Men and their Achievements, &c. (New York, 1881).

76. (ANON.):

"Audubon," Chambers' Journal, vol. 46, pp. 85-89. London and Edinburgh, 1869.

A compilation from Buchanan's Life.

77. (ANON.):

"The Life of John James Audubon, the Naturalist," Harper's New Monthly Magazine, vol. xxxix, pp. 613-614. New York, 1869.

78. AUDUBON, MARIA R.:

"Reminiscences of Audubon by a Granddaughter," Scribner's Monthly Magazine, vol. xiii, pp. 333-336. New York, 1876.

79. BREWER, THOMAS M.:

"Reminiscences of John James Audubon," Harper's New Monthly Magazine, vol. lxi, pp. 666-675. New York, 1880.

Reproduces a number of interesting letters.

80. (ANON.) LARRABEE, W. H.:

"Sketch of J. J. Audubon," Popular Science Monthly, vol. xxxi, pp. 687-697, with portrait. New York, 1887.

See also reprint in Pioneers of Science in America. Sketches of their lives and Scientific Work. From the Popular Science Monthly, with additions. "John James Audubon, 1780-1851," pp. 152-156. New York, 1896.

81. PENTZ, JACOB:

"The Audubons." Shooting and Fishing, May 11, 1893, illust. New York.

Interesting reminiscences and portraits of John Woodhouse Audubon and his family, with whom the author lived for a number of years.

82. ELLIOT, DANIEL GIRAUD:

"The Life and Services of John James Audubon," Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol. xiii, pp. 43-57. New York, 1893.

An address delivered before the New York Academy of Sciences, April 26, 1893.

83. GODWIN, PARKE:

"John James Audubon," in Commemorative Addresses, pp. 149-192.

An interesting sketch by one who had known Audubon as early as 1842, but replete with errors in dates and questions of fact; condensed from earlier papers. See Nos. 60 and 68.

84. MITCHELL, DONALD G.:

American Lands and Letters. 2 vols. London, 1897, 1899. For Audubon, see vol. i, pp. 204-213.

85. BRADFORD, MARY FLUKER:

Audubon. Pp. 1-72, illust. New Orleans, 1897.

Originally read before the Quarante Club, and privately printed in the interests of a fund for the erection of a monument to Audubon in New Orleans, a project which has since been realized (see Vol. I, p. 13).

86. AUDUBON, MARIA R.:

Audubon and His Journals, with zoölogical and other notes by Elliott Coues. With 37 Illustrations, including 10 Portraits of Audubon, and 3 hitherto unpublished Bird Drawings. 2 vols., 8vo. Vol. i, pp. i-xiv, 1-532; vol. ii, pp. i-viii, 1-554. With reproduction of diplomas, etc. New York, 1898.

The first volume of this excellent work is devoted to a biography of the naturalist, pp. 1-78, and to his Journals (see No. 42); the second continues the Journals, and reproduces most of the "Episodes" from the Ornithological Biography.

87. BURROUGHS, JOHN:

John James Audubon. Pp. i-xviii, 1-144. With portrait. 16mo. and (large paper) 8vo. Boston. 1902.

Citation from second edition of 1904.

88. MERRIAM, C. HART:

"John James Audubon," Popular Science Monthly, vol. lxx, pp. 301-303, with portrait. New York, 1907.

Delivered on the occasion of the unveiling of marble busts of ten eminent scientific men at the American Museum of Natural History, December 29, 1906.

89. MERRIAM C. HART:

"John James Audubon," Bird Lore, vol. 9, pp. 3-5. New York, 1907.

89a. STONE, WITMER:

"John James Audubon," in Leading American Men of Science, ed. by David Starr Jordan, pp. 71-87. New York, 1910.

90. BAKEWELL, REV. GORDON:

"Reminiscences of John James Audubon." Publications of the Louisiana Historical Society, vol. v, pp. 31-41. New Orleans, 1911.

An address delivered before the Louisiana Historical Society, November 16, 1910. Affirms, on the testimony of Bernard de Marigny, that Audubon was a Louisianian by birth. See Vol. I, p. 69 of the present work.

i. Reviews and Criticism

91. (ANON.) BREWSTER, DAVID:

"Mr. Audubon's Ornithology of the United States of America," Edinburgh Journal of Science, vol. vi, p. 184. Edinburgh, 1826-1827.

This highly commendatory paper by David Brewster, and that by Robert Jameson, which follows, gives the first formal announcement of Audubon's work in the scientific journals of the day.

92. (ANON.) JAMESON, ROBERT:

"Mr. Audubon's great work on Birds of the United States of America," Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, vol. 2, pp. 210-211. Edinburgh, 1826-1827.

The editor stated that Audubon had spent twenty-two years in the study of American birds, and that the engravings, of which several had already appeared, would be accompanied by a quarto volume of letterpress, containing all his observations on the natural history of the species, in the form of letters, an example of which was given in the paper on the Turkey Buzzard in the present number of that Journal (see No. 17).

93. (ANON.) JONES, THOMAS P.:

"The Romance of the Rattlesnake," Franklin Journal and American Mechanics' Magazine, vol. ii (August), N. S., p. 144. Philadelphia, 1828.

This notorious attack upon Audubon's veracity was followed by Waterton (see No. 115), and referred to by Victor Audubon (see No. 118), in his reply. Audubon's original article (see No. 21) was published by this editor, who knew so little of its author that not even his name was given correctly.

93a. CUVIER, GEORGES:

"Rapport verbal fait à L'Académie Royale des Sciences, sur L'Histoire naturelle des Oiseaux de L'Amérique Septemtrionale, de M. Audubon," Le Moniteur, 1re. octobre. Paris, 1828.

For extracts from Cuvier's report, see Chapter XXIII, p. 413.

94. (ANON.):

"Ueber die Abbildungen von Vögeln," in Froriep, Notizen, Bd. xxi, col. 49-54. Berlin, 1828.

95. W [ILLIAM]. S[WAINSON].:

"Some Account of the Work now publishing by Mr. Audubon," Loudon's Magazine of Natural History, vol. i, pp. 43-52 (May). London, 1828-1829.

Dated at "Tittenhanger Green. April 11, 1828." A highly laudatory article on Audubon's plates, quoted in his "Prospectus" of The Birds of America.

96. (ANON.):

"Report of a committee appointed by the Lyceum of Natural History of New York to examine the splendid work of Mr. Audubon upon the Birds of North America; May, 1829," American Journal of Science and Arts, vol. xvi, pp. 353-354. New Haven, 1829.

Applauds The Birds of America, and recommends that the Lyceum become a subscriber.

97. "ORNITHOPHILUS":

"Remarks on Audubon's Birds of America, and Ornithological Biography," Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, vol. 10, pp. 317-332. Edinburgh, 1830-1831.

A highly favorable and elaborate review, mistakenly attributed to Swainson. Reprinted in the National Gazette and Literary Register, vol. xii (June 10), Philadelphia, 1831. In an editorial note it is said that the Ornithological Biography is about to be reprinted in Philadelphia by James Kay, Jr., & Company.

98. CHRISTOPHER NORTH (JOHN WILSON):

"Audubon's Ornithological Biography Introduction," Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine, vol. xxx, pp. 1-16 (July). Edinburgh, 1831.

The second of Wilson's articles in praise of Audubon; reprinted with his later reviews of the same work in Critical and Miscellaneous Essays, vol. v, pp. 91-149.

99. CHRISTOPHER NORTH (JOHN WILSON):

"Audubon's Ornithological Biography. Second Survey. Wilson's American Ornithology," Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine, vol. xxx, pp. 247-280. Edinburgh, 1831.

100. (ANON.):

"Ornithological Biography ... By John James Audubon. &c. &c. Edinburgh, 1831," Edinburgh Literary Journal or Weekly Register of Criticism and Belles Lettres, April 16, 1831, pp. 248-249.

101. (ANON.) FEATHERSTONHAUGH, G. W.:

"Ornithological Biography." By John James Audubon, F. R. S. Published by Judah Dobson and H. H. Porter, Literary Rooms, Philadelphia," Monthly American Journal of Geology and Natural Science, vol. i, September, pp. 136-139. Philadelphia, 1831.

102. (ANON.):

"Ornithological Biography," American Quarterly Review, vol. x, pp. 245-258. Philadelphia, 1831.

103. (ANON.):

"The Birds of America ... By John James Audubon, F. R. S. ... vol. i, folio. London, 1831. Ornithological Biography ... 1 vol. 8vo. Edinburgh, 1831," Quarterly Review, vol. xlvii, pp. 332-366. London, 1832.

In the same article are reviewed Jameson's edition of Wilson's American Ornithology, and Part II of Swainson's and Richardson's Fauna Boreali-Americana.

104. WATERTON, CHARLES:

"On the Faculty of Scent of the Vulture," Loudon's Magazine of Natural History, vol. v (April), pp. 233-241. London, 1832.

Signed "Walton Hall, Dec. 21, 1831"; the first of nineteen critical and polemical articles extending over a period of five years, and directed against Audubon and his friends.

105. (ANON.) PEABODY, W. B. O.:

"Audubon's Biography of Birds. Ornithological Biography of Birds ... Philadelphia, 1831," North American Review, vol. xxxiv, pp. 364-405 (April). Boston, 1832.

The first of three able articles by the same anonymous writer which appeared in this Review. See Nos. 130 and 143.

106. (ANON.) FEATHERSTONHAUGH, G. W.:

"Audubon, Author of The Birds of America, and Ornithological Biography," Monthly American Journal of Geology and Natural Science, vol. i, pp. 456-468 (April). Philadelphia, 1832.

A laudatory review, in which the author professes to give "a true history of a conspiracy, got up to utterly break down and ruin the reputation of one of the most remarkable men America ever produced."

107. ABERT, JOHN:

"Habits of Climbing of the Rattle-snake. Extract of a letter from Col. Abert, of the U. S. Topographical Engineers, to Dr. Harlan of Philadelphia," Monthly American Journal of Geology and Natural Science, vol. i, pp. 221-223. Philadelphia, 1832.

Dated "Washington, Oct. 21, 1831." Supports Audubon's account of the climbing habits of the rattlesnake, which had become the subject of acrimonious dispute.

108. (ANON.):

"Audubon," The Athenæum, vol. for 1833, pp. 817-818. London, 1833.

In number for November 23. An account, partly from private sources and partly from a New York newspaper, of Audubon's present researches and plans, with detailed comment on his Florida and Labrador expeditions.

109. HUNTER, PERCEVAL:

"Means by which the Vulture (Vultur Aura, L.) traces its Food," Loudon's Magazine of Natural History, vol. vi, pp. 83-88. London, 1833.

Dated "Oxford, Jul. 2, 1832." Defends Audubon's account of lack of sense of smell in the Vulture, published in 1826 (see No. 17).

110. WATERTON, CHARLES:

"The Means by which the Turkey Buzzard traces its Food," Loudon's Magazine of Natural History, vol. vi, pp. 162-163. London, 1833.

Signed "Walton Hall, Jany. 1, 1833." A caustic reply to the last. Reprinted in Essays in Natural History, chiefly Ornithology, First Series. London, 1838.

111. WATERTON, CHARLES:

"Remarks on Mr. Audubon's Account of the 'Habits of the Turkey Buzzard (Vultur Aura), particularly with the View of exploding the Opinion generally entertained of its extraordinary Powers of Smelling,'" Loudon's Magazine of Natural History, vol. vi, pp. 163-171. London, 1833.

A characteristically flippant article, ending thus: "But here I will stop: I have been too long on carrion,—'neque enim toluare vaporem ulterius potui' (Ovid Met., ii, 301)."

112. WATERTON, CHARLES:

"The Gland on the Rump of Birds," Loudon's Magazine of Natural History, vol. vi, pp. 274-277. London, 1833.

Denial that birds ever oil their feathers in preening, as Audubon had maintained for the eagle. Reprinted, with many controversial articles, which follow, in Essays on Natural History, First Series, referred to above.

113. AUDUBON, V. G.:

"[Mr. Audubon, Jr.] in Reply to Mr. Waterton's Remarks on Audubon's Biography of Birds," Loudon's Magazine of Natural History, vol. vi, p. 369. London, 1833.

Signed "121 Great Portland St., Jn. 7, 1833." Victor Audubon's defense of his father, who was then in America.

114. R[OBERT] B[AKEWELL]:

"Observations on Mr. Waterton's Attacks on Mr. Audubon," Loudon's Magazine of Natural History, vol. vi, pp. 369-372. London, 1833.

Signed "Hampstead, Jn. 10, 1833."

115. WATERTON, CHARLES:

Signed "Walton Hall, July 6, 1833"; Refers to Dr. Jones' "Romance of the Rattlesnake" (see No. 93), and quotes a letter by George Ord, in explaining why Swainson did not write the "Biography of Birds."

116. WATERTON, CHARLES:

"Mr. Audubon again," Loudon's Magazine of Natural History, vol. vi, pp. 465-468. London, 1833.

A reply to Robert Bakewell, in which the author says that his only object in attacking Audubon was to defend his own account of the vulture.

117. SWAINSON, WILLIAM:

"Mr. Audubon, and his Work, the 'Biography of Birds': Mr. Swainson in reply to Mr. Waterton," Loudon's Magazine of Natural History, vol. vi, p. 550. London, 1833.

Dated Sept. 17, 1832.

118. AUDUBON, V. G.:

"Mr. Audubon, and his Work, the 'Biography of Birds': Mr. Audubon, jun., in Reply to Mr. Waterton," Loudon's Magazine of Natural History, vol. vi, pp. 550-553. London, 1833.

Signed "121 Great Portland, Sept. 19, 1833." Quotes articles by Jones, Featherstonhaugh and Abert; see Nos. 93, 101, 106 and 107.

119. WATERTON, CHARLES:

"Retrospective Criticism," embracing the following minor articles: "Mr. Audubon, and his Work, the Biography of Birds" (signed "Walton Hall, Nov. 7, 1833); "Mr. Audubon, jun."; "Aerial Encounter of the Eagle and the Vulture" (see the "Biography of Birds," vol. i, p. 163) (signed "Walton Hall, Nov. 7, 1833"); "Audubon's Humming-bird" (see the "Biography of Birds," vol. i, p. 248) ("Walton Hall, Nov. 19, 1833"); "The Virginian Partridge," Loudon's Magazine of Natural History, vol. vii, pp. 66-74. London, 1834.

The three last reprinted in Essays on Natural History, First Series, referred to above.

120. WATERTON, CHARLES:

"Retrospective Criticism," embracing the following minor articles: "The Vulture's Nose" ("Walton Hall, March 6, 1834"); "Audubon's Claim to the Authorship of the Biography of Birds"; "Audubon and his Ornithology"; "The Passenger Pigeon" ("Walton Hall, Jany. 19, 1834"). Loudon's Magazine of Natural History, vol. vii, pp. 276-283. London, 1834.

The first and last articles reprinted in Essays on Natural History, First Series, referred to above.

121. (ANON.):

"The Birds of America. No. XXXVII. By J. J. Audubon, Esq. Coloured Plates. Elephant folio. London, Havell," Athenæum, vol. for 1834, p. 350 (May 10). London, 1834.

At the same time was also reviewed Part ii of A Manual of the Ornithology of the United States, by Thomas Nuttall.

122. (ANON.):

"The Birds of America. By J. J. Audubon, F.R.S., F.L.S. Parts XLI, XLII, XLIII. London, Havell," Athenæum, vol. for 1834, pp. 653-654. London, 1834.

Describes the Wood Duck (Plate ccvi) as perfect, and compliments the engraver, Robert Havell, on "the accuracy with which he has appreciated and retained the spirit of the originals."

123. (ANON.) HALL, JAMES:

"American Ornithology," The Western Monthly Magazine, vol. ii, pp. 337-350 (July). Cincinnati, 1834.

A comparative review of the ornithological works of Alexander Wilson, Thomas Nuttall, and John James Audubon, very laudatory of the first two but condemnatory of the last, by Judge Hall, whose brother, Harrison Hall, was an interested publisher of Wilson's work. "How shall we venture to dissent from the almost unanimous expression of public sentiment, which has set him [Audubon] up as a sort of 'greatest and best,' against whom to speak in dispraise, would be a species of treason. Yet it must be done, and it is our vocation to do it: the critic must not be silent when the interests of science require, and the honor of his country demands, that he should proclaim the truth.... The exaggerations contained in these sketches ["Episodes"] are such as to weaken our confidence in the entire work."

124. BACHMAN, JOHN:

"Retrospective Criticism. Remarks in defence of the Author of the Birds of America," Loudon's Magazine of Natural History, vol. vii, pp. 164-175. London, 1834.

A reply to Waterton, and an appeal for as much justice for Audubon as was shown to Wilson, his predecessor. Dated "Charleston, Dec. 31, 1833."

125. BACHMAN, JOHN:

"An account of some experiments made on the habits of the Vultures inhabiting Carolina,—the Turkey Buzzard and the Carrion Crow, particularly as it regards the extraordinary powers of smelling usually attributed to them," Journal of the Boston Society of Natural History, vol. i, pp. 15-31. Boston, 1834.

Bachman did not deny the power of smell to the vultures, but maintained that they were guided to their prey by sight alone.

126. (ANON.):

"Audubon's Birds of America and Ornithological Biography," Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, January, 1835.

"All is life, health, and beauty. Never before were birds so represented, and if ever again they will be, still Audubon will be the chief of a school, of whom it will be said that it studied nature. Turn now to any volume of plates that you can find, and what presents itself? not a bird surely, but an effigy stuffed with straw, and more worthy of being burnt, than that of a Tory statesman by a radical mob."

127. BACHMAN, JOHN:

"Defence of Audubon," Bucks County Intelligencer, 1835.

Not seen.

128. (ANON.):

"Ornithological Biography ... Volume ii, published at 25s.," Loudon's Magazine of Natural History, vol. viii, pp. 184-190. London, 1835.

129. TAYLOR, RICHARD C.:

"On the Geology and Natural History of the North-Eastern Extremity of the Alleghany Mountain Range, in Pennsylvania, United States," Loudon's Magazine of Natural History, vol. viii, pp. 529-541. London, 1835.

Confirms Audubon's account of the climbing habits of the rattlesnake.

130. (ANON.) PEABODY, W. B. O.:

"Audubon's Biography of Birds; Ornithological Biography," North American Review, vol. xli, pp. 194-231. Boston, 1835.

131. CHRISTOPHER NORTH (JOHN WILSON):

"Audubon's Ornithological Biography," Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine, vol. 37, pp. 107-124. Edinburgh, 1835.

132. WATERTON, CHARLES:

"On Snakes, their Fangs, and their Mode of procuring Food," Loudon's Magazine of Natural History, vol. viii, pp. 663-668. London, 1835.

Reprinted in Essays on Natural History, First Series, referred to above.

133. WATERTON, CHARLES, Esquire, of Walton-Hall:

"A Letter to James [Robert] Jameson, Esq." [followed by 21 lines of fine print, giving titles and membership in scientific societies]. Pp. 1-14. Wakefield, 1835.

Privately printed, and designed mainly to hit Audubon and his snake stories over Jameson's shoulders. Signed, "Walton-Hall, January 27, 1835." "Should you honor me—— with a reply, I promise you that I will take an immediate and dispassionate notice of it; and I will address to you a second, a third, and a fourth letter, and so on. As you have first attacked me through Audubon, through him I will continue to point my dart at you.... This mode of carrying on the warfare will answer well my ends. It will give me an opportunity of again bringing on the stage certain individuals with whom I have not yet quite squared up accounts; and, at the same time, I trust it will be to you a kind ... of hint, a warning—lest you make another false step in your exertions to sound again in the public ear, O Candour! whither art thou fled? Certainly not to Walton Hall.... Pray, sir, where were your brains (whither had they fled? Certainly not to Walton Hall) when you received, and approved of, a narrative at once so preposterous and so palpably fictitious?" Reprinted in Essays on Natural History, edited by Norman Moore (London, 1871). Citation from pamphlet in Library of British Museum.

134. WATERTON, CHARLES, Esquire, of Walton-Hall:

"Second Letter to Robert Jameson, Esq." [with same titles as in last]. Pp. 1-16. Wakefield, 1835.

Ridicules in particular Audubon's accounts of the Vulture, the Passenger Pigeon, and a hurricane in North America. Signed "Walton-Hall. March 2nd, 1835."

135. WATERTON, CHARLES:

"Audubon's Plates of the Birds of America," Loudon's Magazine of Natural History, vol. viii, pp. 236-238. London, 1835.

Accuses Audubon of misrepresentation in his statements of the time required to produce his drawings.

136. (ANON.):

"Ornithological Biography, or an Account of the Habits of the Birds of the United States of America ... By J. J. Audubon. vol. ii &c. First Notice," Athenæum, London, January 3, 1835, pp. 5-7.

The same: "Second Notice," Athenæum, January 17, pp. 43-45.

The same: "Third Notice," Athenæum, January 31, pp. 87-89.

"There is amply sufficient remaining in Audubon's pages, for fully a dozen more notices, were we disposed to follow the exhausting system."

137. (ANON.):

"Ornithological Biography ... vol. iii, First Notice," Athenæum, pp. 41-42, January 16, 1836. London.

The same: "Second Notice," Athenæum, January 23, 1836, pp. 62-63.

138. WATERTON, CHARLES, Esq., Walton-Hall:

"An Ornithological Letter to William Swainson, Esq., F.R.S. &c. &c." Pp. 1-16. Wakefield (Richard Nichols, Bookseller), 1837.

Signed "Walton-Hall, March 10, 1837," and reprinted in Moore's edition of Essays on Natural History, referred to above. A long and bitter tirade against both Swainson and Audubon. "You have seen fit to laud one man exceedingly, for his zoological acquirements, who to my certain knowledge, paid other people for the letterpress and drawings, which were to appear in his work." Citation from pamphlet in British Museum Library.

139. (ANON.):

"Ornithological Biography ... by John James Audubon. vols. i-iii," Oken's Isis, Bd. xxx, pp. 922-928. Leipzig, 1837.

140. SELLS, W.:

"On the Habits of the Vultur aura, with notes on the dissections of the two heads of two specimens by R. Owen," Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, Pt. v, pp. 33-35. London, 1837.

Favors the view that the vulture is guided to food by the sense of smell.

141. (ANON.):

"Ornithological Biography ... vol. iv...." Athenæum, London, Dec. 1, 1838, pp. 849-852.

142. (ANON.):

"Ornithological Biography ... vol. v...." Athenæum, London, vol. for 1839, p. 77.

143. (ANON.) PEABODY, W. B. O.:

"Audubon's Ornithological Biography," North American Review, vol. i, pp. 381-404 (April). Boston, 1840.

144. (ANON.):

"Audubon's Ornithology. A Synopsis of the Birds of North America. Edinburgh, 1839. The Birds of America. London and Edinburgh, vol. 1. New York, 1840," American Journal of Sciences and Arts, vol. xxxix, pp. 343-357. New Haven, 1840.

145. ORD, GEORGE:

Report of meeting held September 18, 1840.

146. (ANON.):

"The Birds of America ... vol. ii, octavo edition ... published by J. J. Audubon, and J. B. Chevalier," American Journal of Science and Arts, vol. xlii, pp. 130-136. New Haven, 1842.

"Mr. Audubon has now nearly a thousand subscribers to his work; an instance of liberal support of a work on natural history certainly without a parallel in the New World, and hardly with one in the Old."

147. (ANON.):

"A Synopsis of the Birds of North America, by J. J. Audubon. London, 1839," Oken's Isis, Bd. xxxvii, pp. 713-718. Leipzig, 1844.

148. WINTERFIELD, CHARLES:

"American Ornithology (The Birds of America and Ornithological Biography)," The American Review: A Whig Journal, vol. i, pp. 262-274. New York, 1845.

149. WINTERFIELD, CHARLES:

"About Birds and Audubon," The American Review: A Whig Journal, vol. i, pp. 371-383. New York, 1845.

Refers to a meeting with Audubon on a canal boat in Pennsylvania, when the latter was returning from his Missouri River expedition in 1843. See No. 173.

150. WINTERFIELD, CHARLES:

"A Talk about Birds and Audubon," The American Review: A Whig Journal, vol. ii, pp. 279-287. New York, 1845.

Interesting reference to "the great fire [of July 19, 1845] which so lately devastated so large a part of this proud city [New York]," in which the copper plates of Audubon's Birds were thought to have been destroyed (see Chapter XXXV, p. 267).

151. (ANON.):

"Audubon, the Naturalist," Athenæum, London, vol. for 1856, p. 283.

Review of Mrs. Horace St. John's Life of Audubon (see No. 71).

152. (ANON.):

"The Life and Adventures of John James Audubon," Athenæum, London, vol. for 1868, pp. 833-834. Review of Buchanan's Life (see No. 72).

153. (ANON.) BURROUGHS, JOHN:

"The Life of Audubon ... edited by Mrs. J. J. Audubon" [see No. 73], The Nation, vol. ix, pp. 13-14. New York, 1869.

Reprinted in Buchanan's Life of Audubon, "Everyman's Library" (see No. 72).

154. (ANON.):

"The Adventures of Audubon," ... Edinburgh Review, vol. cxxxii, pp. 250-275. Edinburgh, 1870.

Review of Buchanan's Life.

155. SHUFELDT, R. W.:

"Shedding Horns of Antelope," Shooting and Fishing, New York, March, 1896.

For critical articles by the same author, see also the following: "On the Terrestrial Attitudes of Loons and Grebes," The Ibis, London, January, 1898; "Audubon's Figure of the Mountain Partridge," Field and Stream, New York, September 1899; "Scaup Duck," Shooting and Fishing, New York, November 26, 1903; and "The Nest of the Orchard Oriole," The Wilson Bulletin, Oberlin, June, 1903.

156. (ANON.):

"A Great Naturalist," Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine, vol. clxiv, pp. 58-69. Edinburgh, 1898.

Review of Audubon and his Journals.

157. (ANON.) MERRIAM, C. HART:

"Audubon," The Nation, vol. LXVI, pp. 151-152. New York, 1898.

See also Science, N. S., vol. VII, pp. 289-296, with plate. New York, 1898.

Reviews of Audubon and his Journals.

158. M, L. C.:

"Audubon," Nature, vol. lvii, pp. 286-287. London, 1896-1898.

A dour review, in which the writer remarks that Audubon's Birds of America "has great artistic merit but less scientific value than a good series of photographs from life."

159. HUTT, W. N.:

"Audubon the Original Nature Fakir," Scientific American, vol. xcviii, p. 59. New York, 1908.

A feeble echo of the slanderous charges brought against Audubon by Thomas P. Jones in 1828 (see No. 93).

160. COLLES, GEORGE W.:

"A Defense of Audubon," Scientific American, vol. xcviii, p. 311. New York, 1908.

An excellent rejoinder to the egregious article quoted above.

161. BURNS, FRANK L.:

"Alexander Wilson," Pts. I-VIII, The Wilson Bulletin, vols. xx-xxii. Oberlin, 1908-1910.

See particularly, I. "The Audubon Controversy," vol. xx, pp. 3-18, and II. "The Mystery of the Small-headed Flycatcher," vol. xx, pp. 63-79.

j. Auduboniana and Miscellanea

162. (ANON.):

"Wilson the Ornithologist," The Literary Gazette, and Journal of Belles Lettres, Arts and Sciences, London, Saturday, September 3, 1831, p. 574.

A grotesque notice, based on a rumor, said to have originated in a Philadelphia newspaper, of the death of Audubon in America, but confounding his identity with that of Alexander Wilson, whose death had actually occurred at Philadelphia eighteen years before. In the issue of October 15, the editor acknowledged his error in resurrecting and then killing Wilson, but explained that the obituary was intended for Audubon.

163. BROWN, CAPT. THOMAS:

"Mr. Audubon," Caledonian Mercury, Edinburgh, Thursday, November 3, 1831.

Quotes a letter written by Audubon, to Joseph B. Kidd and dated "New York, Sept. 7, 1831," four days after his death had been announced in England. In its issue of September 8, this paper had already corrected the London editor's error respecting Wilson.

164. (ANON.) FEATHERSTONHAUGH, G. W.:

"Audubon's Expedition to California and the Rocky Mountains," Monthly American Journal of Geology and Natural Science, vol. i, p. 229. (November.) Philadelphia, 1831.

165. (ANON.):

"Mr. Audubon," New York Mirror, vol. 10, p. 325. New York, April 20, 1833.

166. (ANON.):

"Audubon and his Labrador Expedition." Editorial in the National Gazette and Literary Register, Philadelphia, vol. xiii, No. 3808, September 10, 1833.

"We wish him a degree of success and prolongation of vigor equal to his great merits; indeed, for the past at least, success is fully assured."

167. (ANON.):

"Mr. Audubon," National Gazette and Literary Register, Philadelphia (extracted from the Boston Patriot), vol. xiii, No. 3919, September 10, 1833.

Welcomes Audubon on his return to Boston, and gives detailed account of his successful Labrador expedition.

168. MACGILLIVRAY, WILLIAM:

A History of British Birds, indigenous and migratory, 5 vols., 8vo. Illust. London, 1837-1852.

See Practical Ornithology, 6th. Lesson: "Ornithologus [Audubon], and Physiophilus [MacGillivray]," pp. 462-474 (1839).

169. SWAINSON, WILLIAM:

Taxidermy, Bibliography, and Biography. The Cabinet Cyclopædia, conducted by the Rev. Dionysius Lardner. 12mo. London, 1840. For "J. J. Audubon, Animal Painter," see pp. 116-117.

170. FREILIGRATH, F.:

"Epistel an Audubon nebst einer Antwort aus Amerika." Pp. 1-16, 18mo. Philadelphia, 1844.

This rare little pamphlet bears on its cover a woodcut of an Indian brandishing a gun and knife: the poem begins:

"Mann der Wälder, der Savannen! Neben rother Indier Speer, An des Mississippi Tannen Lehntest du dein Jagdgewehr!"

and the response:

"Audubon, den Vogelfänger Sangst du an, mit Herzeleid; Freiligrath, o grosser Sänger! Deine Lieder fliegen weit."

See also J. Bayard Taylor, "Audubon. From the German of Ferdinand Freiligrath," Graham's American Monthly Magazine, vol. xxvi, p. 264. This poem consists of twenty stanzas, the first four and best of which are:

Man of forests and savannas! On the Mississippi's tide, Leanest thou thy hunting-rifle Oft the Indian spear beside;

With the forest's tawny chieftains Thou the friendly pipe dost light— Seest the wandering pigeon's journey And the eagle's silent flight.

With thy shot thou lam'st his pinion; And the trackless region through, On the mighty river's mirror Pliest thou thy swift canoe.

O'er the green and grassy prairie Boldly flies thy fiery steed; Deer and forest-fruits the manna God has given thee in thy need!

Ferdinand Freiligrath (1810-1876), well known German lyric poet and apostle of democracy, was more than once forced to flee his native land on account of his political sentiments; he went to England seven years after Audubon had finally settled in America, and that country became his refuge for over twenty years; his translations from the English included Longfellow's poem of "Hiawatha."

171. (ANON.):

"Mort de Jean Jacques Audubon, célèbre naturaliste américain," illust., L'Illustration, Paris, vol. xvii, No. 416, February 28, 1851, p. 128.

172. (ANON.):

"John James Audubon," Harper's New Monthly Magazine, vol. ii, pp. 561-563 (March). New York, 1851.

173. WEBBER, CHARLES WILKINS:

Romance of Natural History; or Wild Scenes and Wild Hunters. 8vo.; pp. 1-8, 17-610. Philadelphia, 1852.

An abridgment of the author's Wild Scenes and Wild Hunters, 1851, and also issued under the title The hunter naturalist; also published as The Romance of forest and prairie life; narrative of perilous adventures & wild hunting scenes (H. Vizetelly. London, 1853). Gives an anecdote of meeting Audubon on a canal boat in Pennsylvania, when he was returning from the Upper Missouri in 1843 (see No. 149) and is quoted here for no other reason.

174. AUDUBON, JOHN WOODHOUSE:

Illustrated notes of an expedition through Mexico and California. Pp. 1-48, 4 plates, plain or colored. J. W. Audubon. New York, 1852. Reprinted as Extra Number 41 of The Magazine of History, with Notes and Queries. Pp. 1-83, 4 colored plates (including frontispiece). W. Abbatt. Tarrytown, 1915.

It was planned to issue this work monthly in ten numbers, if it should receive sufficient public support. The drawings are exquisitely reproduced, and as works of art are deserving of the highest praise. See No. 219.

175. A. A[TKINS].:

Memoir of J. G. Children, Esq., including some unpublished poetry of his father and himself. Printed for private distribution. Pp. 1-314. Westminster, 1853.

Refers to Audubon's relations with Children, and to his naming of "Sylvia childreni," which later proved to be an error.

176. NOLTE, VINCENT:

Fifty Years in both Hemispheres: or Reminiscences of a Merchant's Life. London, 1854.

English edition of a work originally published at Hamburg in the same year. See particularly his version of the meeting with Audubon in 1810, and of their descent of the Ohio in Nolte's flatboat to Louisville in the winter of that year.

177. WALLACE, W. ROSS:

"Audubon's Hymn in the American Forests," Harper's New Monthly Magazine, vol. xix, p. 619 (October). New York, 1859.

178. STODDARD, CHARLES A[UGUSTUS].:

"A Noble Woman's Life: A Memorial Sermon to the late Madame Audubon." Printed by request. Pp. 1-24, 18mo. Anson D. F. Randolph & Co., 770 Broadway, cor. 9th St., New York, 1874.

179. F.:

"Audubon's Birds of America," Magazine of American History, vol. 1, pp. 252-253. New York and Chicago, 1877.

Reproduction of a note by J. Prescott Hall concerning Audubon's subscribers.

180. LOCKWOOD, SAMUEL:

"Audubon's Lily Rediscovered," Popular Science Monthly, vol. x (April), pp. 675-678. New York, 1877.

Records the rediscovery of Audubon's long lost and discredited yellow water lily, Nymphæa flava, by Mrs. Mary Treat, in Florida, in the summer of 1876. Originally figured by Audubon, with the Common American swan, on Plate ccccxi, of The Birds of America, in 1838.

181. COUES, ELLIOTT:

Birds of the Colorado Valley, Bibliographical Appendix: "List of Faunal Publications relating to North American Ornithology," pp. 567-746. 8vo. Washington, 1878.

Gives full citations of the various editions of Audubon's works. "It takes an inspired idiot to be a good bibliographer" (Coues).

182. WADE, JOSEPH M.:

"Letter to J. M. Wade on Audubon's Mill," Ornithologist and Oölogist, vol. 8, p. 79. Boston, 1883.

183. JORDAN, DAVID STARR:

"Rafinesque," Popular Science Monthly, vol. xxix, pp. 212-221 (June). New York, 1886. Reproduced in Pioneers of Science in America, edited by William Jay Youmans (New York, 1896).

184. SHUFELDT, R. W.:

"On an old Portrait of Audubon, painted by himself, and a word about some of his early Drawings," The Auk, vol. iii, pp. 418-430, with portrait. New York, 1886.

185. SAUNDERS, FREDERICK:

The Story of Some Famous Books. For Audubon, see pp. 141-144. London, 1887.

186. STARLING, EDMUND L.:

History of Henderson County, Kentucky. 8vo., pp. 1-832. Henderson, 1887.

Gives an account of Audubon's mill and of his other business ventures at Henderson, but when departing from local records is inaccurate and unreliable.

187. MARTIN, D. S.:

"Audubon's Grave," Science, vol. x, pp. 68-69 (Aug. 5). New York, 1887.

Refers to the project set on foot to raise funds for erecting a monument to the naturalist.

188. SHUFELDT, R. W.:

"Audubon's Grave," Science, vol. x, p. 108 (Aug. 28). New York, 1887.

Proposes that the remains of Audubon should eventually rest in the crypt of the Cathedral of St. John the Divine, New York City.

189. (ANON.):

Announces the appointment of a committee by the New York Academy of Sciences to secure funds for the erection of the proposed monument.

See also the same, vol. x, p. 278 (Dec. 9).

190. SHUFELDT, R. W.:

"Audubonian Sketches," The Audubonian Magazine, published in the interests of the Audubon Society for the protection of birds, vol. i (January), pp. 267-271, illust., and vol. ii (February), pp. 3-6, illust. New York, 1888.

See files of the same magazine, vol. i, pp. i-xi, 1-288, February, 1887-January, 1888, and vol. ii, pp. i-vi, 1-264, February, 1888-January, 1889, New York, for various comments on Audubon's life and services.

191. BACHMAN, C. L.:

John Bachman, D.D., LL.D., Ph.D. 8vo, pp. i-xii, 1-436, with portrait. Charleston, 1888.

Reproduces numerous letters which passed between the Bachman and Audubon families.

192. LOOMIS, LEVERETT M.:

"A Forgotten Volume," The Auk, vol. viii, p. 230. New York, 1891.

193. (ANON.):

"Report of the Audubon Monument Committee of The New York Academy of Sciences," Transactions of the Academy, vol. xiii, pp. 23-69. New York, 1893.

194. SHUFELDT, R. W.:

"Audubon the Naturalist," illust., The Great Divide, San Francisco, September, 1893.

"More about Audubon the Naturalist," ibid., February, 1894.

195. DUKE, BASIL W.:

"Audubon," Southern Magazine, vol. iii, August, 1893, pp. 3-19, portrait and illust. Louisville, 1893-1894.

196. SHUFELDT, R. W., and AUDUBON, M. R.:

"The Last Portrait of Audubon, together with a letter to his son," The Auk, vol. xi, pp. 309-313, portrait. New York, 1894.

The original of D'Avignon's engraving, published in 1850; see No. 62.

197. HEALY, GEORGE P. A.:

Reminiscences of a Portrait Painter. Chicago, 1894.

Gives an account of his successful manœuvres to obtain sittings for his portrait of Audubon in 1838.

198. CALL, RICHARD ELLSWORTH:

The Life and Writings of Rafinesque. Filson Club Publications, No. 10. 4to. Pp. i-xii, 1-227. Louisville, 1895.

Takes Audubon severely to task for his treatment of Rafinesque at Henderson in the summer of 1818; see pp. 24-29.

199. "RENIGNOLDS" (E. R. SHATTUCK):

"Audubon's Plates sold for Junk," Forest and Stream, New York, September 12, 1896.

200. BAKEWELL, W. G.:

Bakewell-Page-Campbell. Being an account of the descendants of John Bakewell, of Castle Donnington, Leicestershire, England, born in 1638, &c., &c. Wm. H. Johnston & Company. Pittsburgh, 1896.

Gives genealogy of the Bakewells, and of the families of J. J., J. W. and V. G. Audubon.

201. COUES, ELLIOTT:

"Letter by Audubon to Charles Bonaparte, dated New York, May 1, 1833," The Osprey, vol. ii. Washington, 1897.

202. ROZIER, FIRMAN A.:

Rozier's History of the early Settlement of the Mississippi Valley. 8vo., pp. 1-338. St. Louis, 1898.

See Part X for some account of the business relations of Audubon with the author's father, Ferdinand Rozier.

203. COUES, ELLIOTT:

"William Swainson to John James Audubon, The Auk, vol. xv, pp. 11-13. Cambridge, 1898.

Letter dated "Tettenhanger Green, 2d October 1830"; reprinted in The Osprey, vols. iv and v (Washington, 1900).

204. GÜNTHER, ALBERT:

"The unpublished correspondence of William Swainson with contemporary naturalists (1806-1840)," Proceedings of the Linnæan Society, 112th session, pp. 14-24. London, 1900.

Lists twenty-four letters of Audubon to Swainson, dating from 1 May, 1828, to 11 Jany., 1838, with brief reference to their contents. For abstract of this paper see Theodore Gill, "Swainson's Correspondence." The Osprey, vol. v, pp. 29-30 (Washington, 1900).

205. GILL, THEODORE:

"Correspondence of and about Audubon with Swainson," The Osprey, vol. v, pp. 23-25. Washington, 1900.

206. GILL, THEODORE:

"William Swainson and his Times," The Osprey, vols. iv and v. Washington, 1900.

207. (ANON.):

"Recent Sales of Audubon's Works," The Osprey, vol. v, pp. 31 and 63. Washington, 1900.

Copy of The Birds of America sold by Bangs, February 6, 1896, for $1,250, and another by Sotheran, London, 1892, for £345 (about $1,725), the first with the Ornithological Biography included.

207a. BOHEMIAN (C. S. BOUTCHER):

"Early Days in the Lehigh Valley," Black Diamond Express, vol. iv, pp. 3-15. New York, 1900.

Describes Audubon's visit to Mauch Chunk in 1829, and gives also a detailed account of the copy of The Birds of America formerly the property of David Eckley, of Boston, and then in possession of Robert H. Sayre, of South Bethlehem, Pennsylvania (for which see Chapter XXVI, p. 7).

208. (ANON.):

"Audubon in the [American] Museum [of Natural History]," with explanatory notes by Maria R. Audubon, The American Museum Journal, vol. 1, pp. 82-84, with portrait. New York, 1900-1901.

Describes portrait of Audubon painted by his sons towards the close of his life, and given to the Museum by Mr. Fordham Morris, of New York, an oil painting of wild turkeys, the original of which was made by Audubon in 1826 for the Royal Institution of Liverpool, and several other paintings and plates. In vol. ii, page 42, of the same journal is reproduced an unpublished painting of the Red-eyed Vireo by Audubon.

209. DEANE, RUTHVEN:

"Unpublished Letters of William MacGillivray to John James Audubon," The Auk, vol. xviii, pp. 239-249. Cambridge, 1901.

210. COUES, ELLIOTT:

"Auduboniana and Other Matters of Present Interest," Bird Lore, vol. iii, p. 9. New York, 1901.

210a. CLARK, EDWARD B.:

"Relics of Audubon," Chicago Evening Post, February 7, 1901.

An account of Auduboniana and other literary rarities in possession of Mr. Ruthven Deane.

211. MACGILLIVRAY, WILLIAM:

A Memorial Tribute to William MacGillivray, M.A., LL.D. Ornithologist; Professor of Natural History, Marischal College and University, Aberdeen. 4to, pp. i-xvi, 1-204, with illust. Edinburgh, 1901.

Contains sketch of MacGillivray's life and work, with an account of the monument placed over his grave, and of a beautiful memorial tablet inscribed to his memory at Marischal College, with an unpublished "Journal" by MacGillivray, and extracts from his other writings.

212. BUTTERWORTH, HEZEKIAH:

In the Days of Audubon; A Tale of the "Protector of Birds." Illustrated. Pp. x-xii, 1-236. New York, 1901.

213. JOB, HERBERT K.:

"Following Audubon among the Florida Keys," Outing, vol. xliii, pp. 71-79, illust. New York, 1903.

214. HOWE, REGINALD HEBER:

"Audubon's 'Ornithological Biography,'" The Auk, vol. xxi, p. 286. Cambridge, 1904.

Note on volume i of the American edition, bearing the imprint: "Philadelphia: Judah Dobson, Agent, 108 Chestnut Street; and H. H. Porter, Literary Rooms, 121 Chestnut Street. MDCCCXXXI." See also Ruthven Deane, The Auk, vol. xxiv, 1907, p. 111, and Nathaniel E. Janney, the same, p. 349.

This writer at one time proposed to bring out a revised edition of the Ornithological Biography, but the project was abandoned from lack of support.

215. (ANON.):

"[John James Audubon]; Notice of the Commemoration of the one hundred and twenty-fifth anniversary of his birth," The Auk, vol. xxii, p. 334 (July). Cambridge, 1905.

See Chapter I, Note 6.

216. DEANE, RUTHVEN:

"John James Abert to John James Audubon" (hitherto unpublished letters), The Auk, vol. xxii, pp. 172-175. Cambridge, 1905.

217. DEANE, RUTHVEN:

"William Swainson to John James Audubon" (a hitherto unpublished letter), The Auk, vol. xxii, pp. 31-34. Cambridge, 1905.

218. DEANE, RUTHVEN:

"William Swainson to John James Audubon," The Auk, vol. xxii, pp. 248-258. Cambridge, 1905.

219. AUDUBON, JOHN W.:

Audubon's Western Journal: 1849-1850. Being the MS. record of a trip from New York to Texas, and an overland journey through Mexico and Arizona to the gold-fields of California. With a biographical memoir by Maria R. Audubon, and edited by Frank Heywood Hodder. Map, portrait, and original drawings. Pp. 1-250, 8vo. Cleveland, 1906.

For the original edition of Part 1 of J. W. Audubon's Journal, see No. 174 of this Bibliography.

220. CLAIBORNE, F.:

Simple Love and Occasional Pieces in Verse, with A Notice of Audubon. Pp. 1-60. New Orleans, 1906.

221. STONE, WITMER:

"A Bibliography and Nomenclator of John James Audubon," The Auk, vol. xxiii, pp. 298-312. Cambridge, 1906.

Most complete and accurate analysis of Audubon's ornithological works yet given.

222. (ANON.):

"Abstract of Audubon's Account Books, kept at Philadelphia, while the Octavo edition of the Birds was being issued," Evening Post, New York, Saturday Supplement for December 29, 1906.

223. (ANON.):

"Original Account Book of J. J. Audubon," The Nation, vol. lxxxiv, p. 12 (June 3). New York, 1907.

See the preceding; gives interesting data regarding the issue of the first octavo edition of The Birds of America in parts, at Philadelphia, 1840-1844.

224. DEANE, RUTHVEN:

"Unpublished Letters of Introduction carried by John James Audubon on his Missouri River Expedition," The Auk, vol. xxv, pp. 170-173. Cambridge, 1908.

225. DEANE, RUTHVEN:

"The Copper-Plates of the Folio Edition of Audubon's 'Birds of America,' with a brief Sketch of the Engravers," The Auk, vol. xxv, pp. 401-413. Cambridge, 1908.

226. MERRIAM, C. HART:

"The King Cameos of Audubon," The Auk, vol. xxv, pp. 448-450, with plate. Cambridge, 1908.

226a. MERRITT, DIXON L.:

"Audubon, the Ornithologist, in Kentucky," The Taylor-Trotwood Magazine, vol. 10, pp. 293-298. Nashville, 1909.

226b. DERBY, EARL OF:

In letter, to Audubon, dated January 17, 1835. Reproduction of "The Eagle and the Lamb." Forest and Stream, June 26, 1909, pp. 1011-1012. New York, 1909.

227. SHUFELDT, R. W., M.D.:

"An hitherto unpublished painting by Audubon," The Wilson Bulletin, N. S., vol. xii, pp. 3-5, illust. Oberlin, 1910.

Oil painting of cock and hens, but original in poor state of preservation.

228. FITZPATRICK, T. J.:

Rafinesque. A Sketch of his Life with Bibliography. 8vo., pp. 1-242, with portrait and reproductions of rare titles. Historical Department of Iowa, Des Moines, 1911.

Cites 939 separate publications by Rafinesque, numerous manuscripts and 134 Rafinesquiana.

229. ARTHUR, STANLEY CLISBY:

"John James Audubon, and the Birds of Louisiana," Times-Picayune, New Orleans, May 2, 1915.

Gives an account, with illustrations, of "Fontainebleau," and of the house at Mandeville which is regarded as "the probable birthplace" of Audubon.

230. ARTHUR, STANLEY CLISBY:

"Audubon in West Feliciana," Times-Picayune, New Orleans, August 6, 1916.

Follows Audubon's footsteps in Louisiana, and gives an interesting account, with illustrations, of the plantation houses at which Mr. and Mrs. Audubon lived at various intervals from 1821 to 1829.

231. RHOADS, SAMUEL N.:

"More Light on Audubon's Folio 'Birds of America,'" The Auk, vol. xxxiii, pp. 130-132. Cambridge, 1916.

232. WILLIAMS, GEORGE ALFRED:

"Robert Havell, Junior, Engraver of Audubon's 'The Birds of America,'" Print-Collector's Quarterly, vol. 6, No. 3 (October), pp. 225-257, illust. Boston, 1916.

Presents a genealogy of the Havell family, and gives an excellent analysis of the work of the eminent engraver.

233. (ANON.):

"More Buried Treasure in a Noted Basement," New York Tribune, Sunday, March 11, 1917.

An appeal for a better treatment of the originals of Audubon's Birds of America. "The original charter of the New York Historical Society signifies that the organization was formed to preserve the history of the United States, and especially the history of the City of New York. If Audubon's wonderful drawings of the birds of America are not United States history and New York City history rolled into one, then what, in the name of Herodotus, Father of History, is?"

234. TOWNSEND, CHARLES W.:

"In Audubon's Labrador," The Auk, vol. xxxiv, pp. 133-146, illust. Cambridge, 1917.

INDEX

Abert, John James, on Audubon's plans, ii, 3; his career and the rattlesnake episode, ii, 3, 77; "Abert's squirrel," ii, 4, 64, 155.

Abolitionists (Les Amis des Noirs), activity in France, i, 43; their opposition to white planters and fomenting of rebellion in Santo Domingo, i, 49.

Academy of Natural Sciences (Philadelphia), introduction of Audubon to, i, 328; foundation and work of, i, 333; notice of meeting of, i, 333; Waterton on rejection of Audubon by, ii, 87.

Accipiter cooperi, i, 330.

Adams, Rev. Charles Coffin, history of his manuscript on the Life of Audubon; his career and writings, i, 18; ii, 300.

Adams, John Quincy, i, 396.

Adelaide, Queen of England, patronage of, i, 391.

Allston, Washington, i, 336.

American Ornithologists' Union, number of species of American birds recognized by (in 1910), ii, 215; doubtful species in "Check-List" of, ii, 215.

American Ornithology, story of the author, production and publication of, i, 202-219; original drawings for, i, 213; the engraver and publisher of, i, 213, 217; the Prospectus and character of, i, 217; the issue and patronage of, i, 217; death of the author of, i, 219; publication of the last volume of, i, 223; second American edition of, i, 223; diary of the author of, i, 224; Audubon's charge against the author of, i, 226; counter charge of Ord in defense of the author of, i, 227.

American Philosophical Society, Audubon to Sully on his rejection by, i, 362; his later membership in, i, 363; Harlan on rejection of Abert by, ii, 3-4; 27.

Anthus spraguei, Sprague's Titlark, ii, 253.

Antonio de Sedella, Father, portrait of, i, 319, 321; Governor Claiborne on, i, 319.

"Ark." See Flatboats.

Arthur, Stanley Clisby, i, 314; on the bird-life of the St. Francisville region, i, 315; ii, 318; on Audubon and West Feliciana, i, 322-323; 338.

"Articles of Association" of Audubon and Ferdinand Rozier, description and reproduction of original of, i, 146-148; ii, 344-349.

Ashburton, Lord, Baron (Alexander) Baring, ii, 242.

"Astur (Falco) Stanleii," i, 354, 417. See "Stanley Hawk."

Athenæum (London), on Audubon, ii, 84-85, 140, 199-200; advertisement of The Birds of America, ii, 201.

Aubinais, M., i, 55.

Audibon (or Audubon?), Pierre, in the American Revolution, i, 24.

Audubon, Anne, suit by, i, 28, 263.

Audubon, Catherine Françoise. See Mme. Jean Louis Lissabé.

Audubon, Claude, and his family, i, 27.

Audubon, Dominica, suit by, i, 28, 263.

Audubon, Jean, his command at Yorktown and checkered career, i, 24; his parentage and father's family, i, 26-28; birth and baptism, i, 27; beginning of life at sea and capture at Louisburg, i, 28; a prisoner in England, i, 28; enters French Merchant marine and begins his voyages to New Foundland, i, 29; enlists in French navy and appears at Nantes, i, 30; reënters merchant marine and begins voyages to Santo Domingo, i, 30; his ships and commands, i, 31; his marriage, i, 32; fight in Le Comte d'Artois and capture by the English, i, 32; prisoner in New York, and release, i, 32; joins the American Revolution and commands a ship at the siege of Yorktown, i, 34; later commands in the United States and fight with a British privateer, i, 34; residence in the West Indies, i, 36; travels in the United States and purchase of "Mill Grove," i, 36; joins the National Guard at Les Cayes, i, 37; epitome of Santo Domingo career, i, 37; engagement with Coirond Brothers with interests at Les Cayes and St. Louis, i, 38; rapid rise to wealth as planter, sugar refiner, and slave dealer, i, 39; light cast by his dealings in slaves, i, 39; ii, 330-335; his West Indian fortune and final settlement of estate, i, 40-41, 268; treatment of slaves and dependents, i, 41, 54; Santo Domingo experience compared with that of a contemporary planter at Jaquemel, i, 44-48; birth of his son at Les Cayes, i, 52; discovery of bill of his physician, i, 53; see also i, 54, and ii, 314-327; his son, Fougère, and daughter, Muguet, taken to France, i, 57; his reference to Audubon's mother, i, 59; designation of his children in his wills, i, 63, ii, 360-362; dual personality expressed by his son, i, 63; joins National Guard at Nantes, i, 74; possible refuge of his family during Revolution in France, i, 76; activities immediately before and during French Revolution, i, 77-82; Revolutionary offices, i, 78; report as Civil Commissioner, i, 78; mission to Pornic and Paimbœuf, i, 79; signature during Revolution, i, 79; mission to Les Sables d'Olonne, and letters to the Administration, i, 80; his reimbursement for services to the Republic, i, 81; operations as ensign commander, and encounter with the Brilliant, i, 82; his later commands and elevation to rank of lieutenant de vaisseau, i, 82; his financial losses in Santo Domingo, i, 82; indemnity from the French Government, i, 83; respective rank and service in the French merchant marine and navy, i, 83; his certificate of service, i, 83; retirement and pension, i, 83, 85; settlement and occupations at "La Gerbetière," i, 85; Santo Domingo interests described in power of attorney, i, 85; residences at Nantes, i, 86; see also i, 57, 58; his death, i, 87; his son's tribute, i, 87, 88; financial vicissitudes, i, 88; see also i, 85; habits, abilities and physical characteristics, i, 88; letter soliciting aid for his son, i, 100; interest in "Mill Grove" and the Prevost mortgage, i, 105; lease and inventory of the property, i, 105; portrait at age of forty-five (?), i, 106; mining project with Dacosta, i, 113; sale to Dacosta of a one-half interest in "Mill Grove," and its lead mine, i, 114; expectations for his son, i, 115; financial aid from Claude François Rozier, i, 115; correspondence with Dacosta, i, 116-123; instructions regarding his son's proposed marriage, i, 117; appeal in answer to Dacosta's complaints concerning his son, i, 118; instructions for settlement of claims against the Ross and Formon estates, i, 121-123; his uncanceled mortgage, i, 122; instructions concerning the farmhouse at "Mill Grove," i, 122; as grantor of powers of attorney, i, 131, 132-133, 153; see also i, 85-87; marriage of his daughter, i, 131; arranges a business partnership for his son, i, 132; his former country villa as it appears to-day, i, 135-145; division of the "Mill Grove" property and sale of his remaining interests, i, 149-150, 152-153; letters of his son, i, 159-161, 163; portrait at Couëron, i, 100; troubles with Dacosta and contest over his final accounts, i, 168; bequest of his property in usufruct to his wife, and testamentary designation of his children, i, 262; contest of relatives over wills, i, 263; unfounded statements of biographers of his son, i, 264; his claims against the Ross-Formon estates as a basis of fiction, i, 265; final settlement of his financial affairs, i, 268; his descendants in France and last of his name in America, i, 269, ii, 294.

Audubon, Mme. Jean (Anne Moynet), her marriage and property at Paimbœuf, i, 32, 40, 57, 80; adoption of children by, i, 59; baptism of adopted son, i, 60-61; characterization of her son in wills, i, 62, 262-264; as grantor of powers of attorney, i, 131, 132-133, 153; legal troubles and impoverishment, i, 263; removal from "La Gerbetière," i, 263, 268; her death at "Les Tourterelles," i, 263; disposition of her estate, i, 266, 269; break in relations of her adopted son with his family in France, i, 266-269; attack upon her husband's estate and its final settlement, i, 263, 268; her testaments, ii, 363-368.

Audubon, Jean Jacques Fougère (John James Audubon, see also Fougère and Jean Rabin), his masterpiece, i, 1; his greatest working period, i, 2; experience in Paris in 1828, i, 2; Cuvier's eulogy and patronage of the French Government, i, 3; rarity and cost of his publications, i, 4; personality and talents, i, 5; attacks upon his character, i, 6; his historical background and hitherto unwritten history, i, 7; his Americanism, i, 8; characteristics of his writings, i, 8-10; his Ornithological Biography, i, 9; drawings of birds and mammals, i, 10; influence on American ornithology, i, 10; honesty of purpose, i, 11; memories of him in London, i, 11; public monuments and other honors in America, i, 13; Societies and Clubs dedicated to his memory, i, 14; his bibliography, i, 15; attempt at autobiography, i, 16; first formal Life of, i, 17; true history of Buchanan's Life, i, 18-22; Mrs. Audubon's revision of Buchanan's Life, i, 22; Miss Maria R. Audubon's Life and Journals, i, 22; accepted account of his birth and early life in light of new discoveries, i, 22; parentage and early names; a creole of Santo Domingo, i, 52; his baptismal name, i, 53; discovery of the bill rendered by the physician who assisted at his birth, i, 53; feeble health and death of his mother, i, 56; birth of his sister, creole of Santo Domingo, i, 56; taken with his sister to France, i, 57; his foster mother and home at Nantes and Couëron, i, 57; his adoption and text of act, i, 59; suppression of his mother's name, i, 60; his baptism and text of act, i, 60; assumed name of "La Forest," i, 61; his signatures, i, 61, 63; his names appearing in wills, i, 62; his dual personality in a power of attorney, i, 64; first date given in his autobiography, i, 65; record in his Ohio River journal, i, 66; his later autobiographic sketch, i, 66-68; traditional date of birth, i, 68; myth concerning birth in Louisiana, i, 68-72; account given by the Rev. Gordon Bakewell, i, 69; influence of environment on character, i, 90; his limited schooling, i, 91-93; the spur his ambition needed, i, 91; experience in the French navy, i, 92; early passion for nature and for drawing, i, 93; as truant, i, 94; his father intervenes and takes him to Rochefort, i, 94; return to Couëron, i, 96; baptized in the Catholic Church, i, 96; first return to the United States, i, 98; illness at Morristown, i, 99; befriended by his father's American agent, i, 99; his father's letter and intentions in sending him to America, i, 100; his settlement at "Mill Grove" farm, and period of stay there, i, 101-103; begins his studies of American bird-life, i, 106; makes first "banding" experiment on young of a wild bird, i, 107; visit to "Fatland Ford," and choice of a wife, i, 110; his gayety and extravagance, i, 110; abstemious habits in youth as regards food and drink, i, 111; his account of himself, i, 111; his accomplishments described by a future brother-in-law, i, 111; opposition to his marriage, i, 116; Dacosta's grievances, i, 116-119; quarrels with Dacosta and returns to France, i, 123-125; voyage on the Hope, i, 126; life at Couëron and friendship with D'Orbigny, i, 127; receives with Ferdinand Rozier a power of attorney from his parents, i, 131; attends the marriage of his sister and signs the record, i, 131; his relations with his brother-in-law, i, 132; his partnership with Rozier and second letter of attorney, i, 132; returns, with Rozier, to the United States, i, 134; voyage of the Polly, and receipt of Captain Sammis, i, 134; experience with British privateers, i, 134; boyhood home at Couëron, i, 136-145; his description of "La Gerbetière," i, 136; his abortive attempt, with Rozier, to administer the "Mill Grove" mine and farm, i, 146-148; their "Articles of Association," i, 146-148; ii, 344-349; sale of remaining rights in "Mill Grove" to Dacosta and Company, i, 148-149; receives, with Rozier, new power of attorney, i, 153; enters business office of Benjamin Bakewell in New York, i, 153; his associates and correspondence with the elder Rozier, i, 153-166; letters to his father, i, 159-161, 163-164; his use of English and French, i, 155; ii, 372-374; plans a retail business with Rozier, i, 157-158, 160-162, 165; dispatch of live birds, and other objects of natural history to France, i, 158-159, 160, 162, 165-166; conflicting references to "Mill Grove" explained, i, 158-160, 162, 165-168; his drawings and preoccupation in New York, i, 170-172; works for Dr. Mitchell's collections in natural history, i, 171; term of service in the Bakewell office, i, 154-155, 171-172; his account of himself, i, 172; his early drawings, ideals and perseverance, i, 173-174, 178-183; study under David in Paris, i, 174-175, 176-178; cause of certain defects in his published work, i, 174; date of his Paris experience, i, 174-175, 177; encouragement from his father, i, 174; David's supposed influence on his style, i, 178; patronage of Edward Harris and history of the Harris-Jeanes collection of his early drawings, i, 179-183; his drawing methods, i, 183-185; his ambition, difficulties and defects, i, 184; purchases goods in New York, and with Rozier starts west, i, 186; Rozier's diary of their journey, i, 187-192; settles at Louisville, i, 192; venture in indigo and effect of the Embargo Act, i, 193; his marriage to Lucy Green Bakewell, and return to Louisville, i, 194; a later journey on the Ohio River, i, 195; occupations at Louisville, i, 196, 197-198; business with assignees of the Bakewell firm, i, 196; birth of his elder son, i, 198; his drawings of birds and plants, i, 198; his wife receives a portion of her father's estate, i, 198; meeting with Alexander Wilson, and the troubles which ensued, i, 207; stories of Audubon and of his rival compared, i, 220-225; charges and counter charges, i, 226; his merits and demerits, i, 227-232; his difficulties and pleasures as western trader, i, 232-236; moves with Rozier to Henderson, i, 236; again they move to Ste. Geneviève, i, 237-241; held up at Cash Creek, i, 238-240; experience at the Great Bend, i, 240; dissolution of his partnership with Rozier and return to Henderson, i, 241; after-relations with Rozier, i, 243; in troubled times, i, 246; befriended by Dr. Rankin, i, 248; birth of their younger son, i, 248; enters the commission business with a brother-in-law, i, 249; his visit to Ste. Geneviève, i, 249; reënters trade at Henderson and buys land, i, 250; town records of his purchases, i, 250, 252; his store and house of logs, i, 252; his popularity, i, 252; Henderson gossip and anecdotes, i, 253; his second partnership with Thomas W. Bakewell, i, 254; they lease land and build a steam grist-, and lumber-mill, i, 254; partnership of Thomas W. Pears, i, 254; the Henderson mill at a later day, i, 254; their mechanical difficulties, i, 254; lease of timber land and plunder of workmen, i, 255; bill of lumber rendered by J. J. Audubon & Co., i, 256; financial depression and failure of the mill, i, 257; quarrel over steamboat and encounter with Bowen, i, 257-259; legal history of the suit, i, 258; the opinion expressed to him by the judge, i, 259; goes to Louisville jail for debt, i, 260; declares himself a bankrupt and is released, i, 260; his walk to Louisville, i, 260; later account given to Bachman, i, 260; reflections on passing his old mill in 1820, i, 261; light on his enigma, i, 262-272; his designations in wills, i, 262-264; probable history of a fictitious "bequest," i, 264-266; his brother-in-law's letters, i, 266-269; attempt of relatives to break his father's will in France, and impoverishment of his step-mother, i, 263; his step-mother's death, i, 263; the last of his family in France, i, 269; his elder son's visit to Couëron, i, 269; his reference to "Audubon of La Rochelle," i, 270; his "Episodes" and methods of composition, i, 273-284; discrepancies and inaccuracies of some of his narratives, i, 273-274, 279-291; his account of meeting Nolte and Nolte's account of meeting him, i, 274-279; on horseback from Henderson to Philadelphia, i, 275; description of the famous earthquakes and the hurricane, i, 279-291; criticism of his account of Daniel Boone, i, 291; "Episode" of "The Prairie," i, 274, 282-284; answer to a criticism of, i, 284; his sketch of "The Eccentric Naturalist" and comment, i, 285-300; practical jokes, and cost to Zoölogy, i, 291; the "Scarlet-headed Swallow" and "Devil-Jack Diamond Fish," i, 291-293; his later relations with Rafinesque, i, 294; his Æneid, 1819-1824, i, 301-326; debt to his wife, i, 301; begins to work at portraiture at Shippingport, i, 303; removal to Cincinnati, i, 303; history of his engagement as taxidermist at the Western Museum, and friendship with Dr. Drake, i, 303-306; starts a drawing school and plans a journey through the West and South, i, 306; starts with Captain Cummings and Joseph R. Mason for New Orleans, i, 307; his Ohio and Mississippi Rivers journal, i, 307; experience at Natchez; boots and portraits, i, 308; loss and recovery of a portfolio, i, 309; stranded at New Orleans, i, 309; resorts to portraiture again, i, 311; his drawings of birds, i, 311; interview with Vanderlyn, i, 312; leaves New Orleans with Mason, i, 313; meeting with Mrs. Pirrie and engagement at "Oakley," i, 312; enchantments of the West Feliciana country and introduction to St. Francisville, i, 313-315; experience as tutor to "my lovely Miss Pirrie of Oakley," i, 315, 317-318; leaves abruptly and returns with Mason to New Orleans, i, 318; his industry and fruits, i, 318; joined by his family in New Orleans, i, 319; crisis in financial affairs and losses of drawings, i, 320; as teacher at Natchez and Washington, i, 321; parts with his pupil assistant, i, 321; his first lessons in the use of oil colors, i, 321; engagements of his wife at New Orleans, Natchez and St. Francisville, i, 322; his wife's "Beechwoods" school, i, 322; resolution to pursue his ornithological studies, i, 323; misadventure with Stein, i, 324; ill and adrift, i, 324; decides to visit Philadelphia to find a publisher for his drawings, i, 325; settles, with his elder son, at Shippingport, i, 325; experience in Philadelphia in 1824, i, 327-335; his exhibition at the Academy of Natural Sciences, i, 328; meeting with Bonaparte and Ord, i, 328; opposition encountered, i, 328-330; criticisms of Ord and Lawson, i, 329; his work for Bonaparte, i, 330; appreciation of Fairman and Harris, i, 331; assistance of Edward Harris and beginning of their friendship, i, 331, 333; early letter to Harris, i, 332; Thomas Sully, as friend and teacher, i, 334; visit to "Mill Grove," i, 335; reception in New York and assistance of Samuel Latham Mitchell, i, 336; election to membership in the Lyceum of Natural History, i, 338; acts as model for Vanderlyn's portrait of Andrew Jackson, i, 338; to Thomas Sully, i, 339; visit to Albany and Niagara Falls, i, 339; misadventure at Presque Isle, i, 340; the Meadville "Episode," i, 341-343; residence at Pittsburgh, i, 343; journey to Lakes Ontario and Champlain, where plans of his publication are matured, i, 343; stranded at Cincinnati, i, 344; returns to St. Francisville, and resorts to teaching, i, 346; sails with his drawings from New Orleans, i, 347; journal of the voyage of the Delos, i, 348-350; lands in Liverpool, i, 350; his credentials, i, 351; introduction to Lafayette, i, 351; customs duties, i, 350; Nolte's letter to the Rathbones, i, 352; aid of the "Queen Bee" of "Greenbank," i, 353; his "observatory nerves," i, 353; ornithological dedications, i, 354; exhibition of his drawings at the Royal Institution, i, 354; appearance and habits, i, 354; paintings as gifts, and the Turkey Cock seal, i, 355; painting methods, i, 355; opens a subscription book of The Birds of America at Manchester, i, 356; plan of the work, i, 356; his life of contrasts, i, 357; journey to Edinburgh, i, 357; invitation to merge his work, i, 357; meeting with Lizars, who agrees to engrave his first number, i, 358; first proof of the Turkey Cock received, i, 358; publication of the first ten plates in Edinburgh, i, 358; success of his Edinburgh exhibition, i, 359; impressions of Philarète-Chasles, i, 359; Cap's hint taken, i, 360; cast of his head made and his portrait painted, i, 361; response at banquet of the Royal Institution, i, 361; society's tax on his strength, i, 361; contributions to journals, i, 362; blackballed by an American Society, i, 362; proposed gift to the Royal Institution, i, 363; visit to "Dalmahoy," i, 363; friendship of Basil Hall, i, 364; characterization of Francis Jeffrey, i, 365; first meeting with Scott, and his record of the interview, i, 365; exhibits his drawings at Sir Walter's home, i, 366; Scott, on Audubon, i, 367; papers on the Wild Pigeon and the Rattlesnake, i, 368; his painting of "Pheasants attacked by a fox," i, 369; Sidney Smith, i, 369; to his wife, i, 369-373; first meeting with Kidd, i, 373; issues his Prospectus, i, 373; visit to Selby at "Twizel House," i, 374; with Thomas Bewick at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, i, 375; success in canvassing, i, 376; in London, i, 377-410, 413-418; his credentials for the metropolis, i, 376-380; abandonment of his work by Lizars and discovery of Robert Havell, Junior, i, 380-384; his Birds of America fly to London, i, 384; painting his way to liberty, i, 388; canvassing experiences, i, 388; efforts to secure the patronage of the King, i, 390, 392; the Queen becomes his patroness, i, 392; visit to Glasgow, i, 393; difficulties with his publishers, i, 393; timely aid from Sir Thomas Lawrence, i, 393-396; exhibition and sale of his paintings, i, 394; resolutions on snuff, i, 396; dislike of London, i, 397; his work and Selby's compared, i, 397; revision of his drawings, i, 398; calls by appointment upon an earl, i, 398; visits the great Universities, i, 399; solicitations of publishers and contributions to magazines, i, 399; friendship with Swainson, and original letters of their correspondence, i, 400-403; Swainson's review of his work, i, 403; visit at Tyttenhanger, i, 404; to Swainson, i, 405-407; request for further contributions to magazines refused, i, 407; visit to Paris with the Swainsons and Parker, i, 408-413; his picture of Cuvier at fifty-nine, i, 411; patronage of the Duke of Orleans, i, 411; exchange of works with Redouté, i, 412; with Cuvier at the Royal Academy, i, 412; Cuvier's report on his work, i, 413; correspondence with Swainson, i, 413-415; Bonaparte to, i, 416-419; first journey from England to America, i, 420-436; to his wife, i, 420; exhibition of drawings in New York, i, 421; painting at Camden and Great Egg Harbor, i, 421; Swainson to, i, 422; sojourn in the Great Pine Forest, i, 423, 425-426; to Victor Audubon, i, 424; "Episodes" and record of work, i, 425; visits his sons and joins his wife at "Beechgrove" (St. Francisville) in Louisiana, i, 427; to Harlan, i, 427-430; Swainson to, i, 430; occupations at "Beechgrove," i, 432; preparations to return, with Mrs. Audubon, to England, i, 432; to Havell, i, 433; proposition for a successor to the position held by his wife, i, 434; reception at Washington, and accessions of subscribers, i, 435; aid of Edward Everett, i, 435; his letterpress and its rivals, i, 437-451; membership in the Royal Society, i, 437; settlement in Edinburgh and publication of the Ornithological Biography, i, 437; engages William MacGillivray to assist him, i, 438; rival publications, i, 439, 442-445; issue of his first volume of letterpress, i, 439; Sir William Jardine to, i, 441; MacGillivray as his reviewer, i, 445; undertakes a Natural History Gallery of paintings with Kidd, i, 446; notices and final abandonment of the enterprise, i, 446; to London and Paris, i, 447; Edward Everett to, i, 448-451; financial difficulties overcome, i, 451; explorations in Florida and the South Atlantic, ii, 1-25; returns to America with his wife, and a taxidermist as assistant, ii, 1; to Kidd, ii, 1; his obituary in the London Literary Gazette, ii, 2; Abert and Featherstonhaugh announce his plans, ii, 3; promise of governmental aid at Washington, ii, 4; visits Charleston and meets John Bachman, ii, 5; sails from Charleston for Florida with two assistants, ii, 5; Bachman on, ii, 5; dedication to Bachman of a copy of his Birds, ii, 7; his Birds of America as gifts to others, ii, 7; his journey described in Featherstonhaugh's Journal, ii, 8-14; account of meeting with Bachman, ii, 9; hospitality of the Charlestonians, ii, 10; impressions of St. Augustine, ii, 12; methods of work, ii, 12; Harlan to his wife, ii, 14; misadventures at Bulowville, ii, 15-20; shooting birds at Live Oak Landing, ii, 16; narrow escape from the marshes, ii, 17-19; as a prophet on the future of eastern Florida, ii, 20; the ibis of Orange Grove Island, ii, 21; his plans delayed, ii, 22-24; journey from St. Augustine to Key West, ii, 24; return to Savannah and Charleston, ii, 25; eastern visit and explorations in the North Atlantic, ii, 26-66; settles again in Camden, ii, 26; an experiment in lithography, ii, 26; correspondence of Harlan, ii, 28; his welcome at Boston, ii, 29; to Edward Harris, ii, 29; journey to Maine coast and New Brunswick, ii, 30; winter and illness in Boston, ii, 31, 34-35; sends his son to England to take charge of his publications, and plans an expedition to Labrador, ii, 31; Bachman to, ii, 32; to Victor Audubon, ii, 33; drawing of the Golden Eagle, ii, 34; to his son, ii, 35-40; financial affairs, ii, 37-38, 65; on his portrait by Inman, ii, 39; his American subscribers, ii, 39-41; letters to Harris, ii, 40; organization of his proposed expedition, ii, 42-44; George Parkman to, ii, 43; sails in the Ripley for Labrador, ii, 44; journal of his experiences, ii, 44-50; at Bird Rock, ii, 45; discovers a new finch, ii, 45; scenes of work at Wapitagun, ii, 46-48; his efforts and accomplishments, ii, 48; return to Eastport and Boston, ii, 49; editorial comment, ii, 50; letter from Havell, ii, 51; Thomas L. McKenney on, ii, 52; arrested in Philadelphia, ii, 52; Washington Irving's aid in Washington, ii, 53; itinerary from Richmond, ii, 53; winter at Bachman's, ii, 54; letter to his son, ii, 55-62; on Ord and Waterton, ii, 55, 61; on his buzzard experiments, ii, 55; on Syme's portrait, ii, 57; his family alliance, ii, 58; on his American subscribers, ii, 59, 62; on Robert Havell, ii, 59; on growing old, ii, 60; on self-improvement, ii, 61; on Kidd, ii, 57, 62; Bachman, on his working habits, ii, 62; to Harris, ii, 64; echo of his early business troubles, ii, 64; his statement of the case, ii, 65; return to England, ii, 65; gratitude to Edward Harris, ii, 66; as target of critics and detractors, ii, 67-92; questionable essays, ii, 68; his reply to Sully, ii, 68-71; the rattlesnake controversy, ii, 71-80; charges of an editor, ii, 72; his original drawing and account of the rattlesnake, ii, 74-76; his errors and vindication, ii, 76-80; letter of Thomas Cooper, ii, 78; on the bend of the rattlesnake's fang, ii, 79; rediscovery of his discredited lily, ii, 80; on the buzzard's sense of smell, and present state of the controversy, ii, 81-84; his champions of the scientific and literary press, ii, 84; on his snake stories, ii, 85; his most persistent heckler, ii, 86-92; Waterton and Swainson, on the authorship of his Ornithological Biography, ii, 87; on the rivalries of contemporaries, ii, 93-124; to Swainson, ii, 95-97, 99-100, 101-103, 112; Swainson to, ii, 97-99, 103-108; his appeal to Swainson for assistance on his letterpress, ii, 94, 98, 102-103, 104-107; check in friendship and engagement of MacGillivray, ii, 108; resulting controversy over the authorship of the Ornithological Biography, ii, 87-88, 109; on the craze for describing new species, ii, 110; "Ornithophilus" on, ii, 111; Swainson as biographer of, ii, 113-115; his reference to Bonaparte resented, ii, 118; his letter to Bonaparte and their subsequent relations, ii, 119-121; comment on Gould, ii, 121-124; return to England in 1834, ii, 125; to Edward Harris, ii, 125; on his relations to William MacGillivray, ii, 125-128; MacGillivray to, ii, 126-128, 130-132, 134; his ornithological collection, ii, 129; completion of the second volume of his letterpress, ii, 132; to Harris, on the alligator and the American edition of his Ornithological Biography, ii, 132, 134; MacGillivray's contract with, ii, 134; MacGillivray's assistance and friendship, ii, 134-137; his acknowledgments and dedication to MacGillivray, ii, 137; to John Wilson, ii, 139; on the effects of overwork, ii, 140; letters to Harris, ii, 141-144; on Alexander Wilson, ii, 143; issue of his third volume of the Ornithological Biography, ii, 144; on his journey, ii, 144; third American tour, ii, 146; landing in New York, ii, 146; efforts to secure the Nuttall-Townsend collection of western birds, ii, 147-149, 153-154; thwarted in Philadelphia, ii, 149; in Boston and Salem, ii, 149-151; meets Brewer and Nuttall, ii, 150; friendship and recommendation of Daniel Webster, ii, 151; success of canvassing in New York, ii, 153; efforts to obtain the collections in Philadelphia renewed, ii, 153; rivalry of priority seekers, ii, 155; plans an expedition to Florida, and visits Washington for governmental aid, ii, 155; entertained at the White House, ii, 156; on Andrew Jackson, ii, 156; winter spent with Bachman, ii, 156; overland with Edward Harris and his younger son to New Orleans, ii, 157; experiences in the Gulf of Mexico and Texas, ii, 157-165; adventures with the Crusader, ii, 158-163; at Galveston Bay, ii, 163; visit to Houston, ii, 164; his party disbands at Charleston, ii, 165; his son's marriage, and return to England, ii, 166; to Thomas Brewer, ii, 168; extension of his Birds and revolt of British patrons, ii, 170, 174; to Harris on Townsend's second collection of western birds, ii, 170-173; eagerness to render his work as complete as possible, ii, 173; on extra plates and partial subscribers, ii, 174; to William Swainson, ii, 176; his day of greatest triumph, ii, 177; return to Edinburgh and completion of his letterpress, ii, 178-186; to his son, ii, 178-181; at work with MacGillivray, ii, 178-181; publication of the fourth volume of the Ornithological Biography, ii, 181; impairment of the health of his wife, ii, 181, 183, 186; their tour in the Scottish Highlands, ii, 182; to Edward Harris, ii, 184-186; completion of his labors in England, ii, 186; number of American species of birds recognized in 1839, ii, 186; valedictory to the "gentle reader," ii, 187; prepares to return with his family to America; directions to Havell, ii, 188-191; intimate history of the work of his engraver, with manual for collectors, ii, 191-199; the Athenæum on, ii, 199; Peabody on, ii, 200; on the original and existing numbers of copies of his Birds, ii, 201-203; on his own and Havell's copy of The Birds of America, ii, 203; original and present prices of his works, ii, 204; singular attest of J. P. Hall regarding, ii, 205; Audubon's account of the Rothschild incident, ii, 206-208; settles in New York, and immediately undertakes two new works, ii, 208; Bachman to, on a revised edition of The Birds of America, and the Quadrupeds, ii, 208; to Brewer on the Quadrupeds of North America, ii, 209; marriage of his elder son, ii, 210; Bachman, on his coöperation in the Quadrupeds, ii, 210; prospectus of the octavo edition of the Birds, ii, 211-212, 214; its composition and number of American species of birds recognized, ii, 214-215; to his family while canvassing in Baltimore, ii, 215-217; original account book of, ii, 217; extraordinary success of his Birds in "miniature", ii, 217; bereavements of his family, ii, 218; his friendship with a rising young naturalist, ii, 218; opening correspondence with Spencer Fullerton Baird, ii, 219-223; William Yarrell to, ii, 223-225; new birds from Baird, ii, 219, 225; their correspondence continued, ii, 226; letter to George Parkman, and the "Parkman Wren,", ii, 227-229; to W. O. Ayres on collecting quadrupeds, ii, 229; on the expenses of his publication, ii, 230; Baird on his first visit to his friend, ii, 230-232; consolation and advice to his pupil, ii, 232; purchase of land and house-building, ii, 234; "Minnie's Land" on the Hudson, ii, 235; his activities, ii, 235; Parke Godwin on Audubon and "Minnie's Land," in 1842, ii, 236-238; in 1845, ii, 238; his expedition to the Upper Missouri, ii, 239-258; correspondence with Baird, ii, 239-241; credentials from the Government, ii, 242; Daniel Webster's letter, ii, 242; his letter from President Tyler, ii, 243; Bachman on the Quadrupeds, ii, 243; canvassing tour to Canada, ii, 244; description of Canadian visit in letter to Benjamin Phillips, ii, 244-246; William Yarrell to, ii, 246; overtures to Baird to join his western expedition fail, ii, 248-250, 252; Edward Harris to, ii, 251; his party, ii, 252; rendezvous at Philadelphia and beginning of journey, ii, 252; ascent of the Missouri in the Magnet, ii, 252; his journal of their experiences, ii, 253; discovery of new birds, ii, 253; on George Catlin, ii, 254; at Fort Union, ii, 254-256; first experience with buffalo, ii, 254; forecast of its fate, ii, 255; in a wilderness that howls, ii, 256; his return, ii, 256; on a canal boat homeward bound, ii, 257; mistaken for a Dunker, ii, 258; portrait by his son, ii, 258; to Baird, ii, 258; completion of his Birds in octavo, and dedication to Baird, ii, 259; his final work on the Quadrupeds, ii, 261; on Pennant's marten, ii, 263; to Bachman on mischief makers, and letterpress of the Quadrupeds, ii, 264-267; his copper-plates of The Birds of America pass through fire in New York, ii, 267; as a spectator at the ruins, ii, 267; reply to Baird on the results of the fire, ii, 268; Bachman's visit in 1845, ii, 268; Bachman's complaints and ultimatum through Harris, ii, 269; Bachman on his Missouri River Journal, ii, 271; correspondence with Baird, ii, 272-273, 275-278, 279; recommendation of Baird, ii, 279; his son visits England to paint for the Quadrupeds, ii, 280; manuscript of the Quadrupeds of North America, ii, 283; illustrations and completion of plates of the Quadrupeds, ii, 285; Brewer on a visit to "Minnie's Land" in 1846, ii, 286-288; letter to Harris in 1847, ii, 287; Baird's note of last visit in 1847, ii, 288; Bachman on his visit of 1848, ii, 288; last days and death at "Minnie's Land", ii, 290; work of his sons, and his family in America, ii, 291-312; appropriation by the Government to procure copies of Audubon's works for presentation to foreign countries, ii, 293; manuscript notes and legends on original drawings of the Birds, ii, 305.

Audubon, Mrs. John James, as editor of a Life of her husband, i, 18, 22; her girlhood home, i, 108; Audubon's account of their meeting and his debt to, i, 109; her father and uncle as protégés of Audubon, i, 125; Audubon on, i, 160; her marriage and journey West, i, 194; her children, i, 198, 247, 248; her realization in her father's estate, i, 198-200; her father and family, i, 199, 253-254; as spur and balance wheel, i, 301; at Cincinnati, i, 303, 306, 307, 320; the Western Museum incident, i, 304; at New Orleans, i, 320, 322; engagements at Natchez and St. Francisville, i, 322; her "Beechwoods" school, i, 322; Audubon to, i, 370-372, 420-421, 424, 428; at "Beechwoods," i, 431-435; accompanies her husband to England, i, 435-436; ii, 1; John Bachman to, ii, 5; Richard Harlan to, ii, 14; her activities and school at "Minnie's Land," ii, 299; breaking up of her home and the Life of her husband, ii, 300; to a relative on her family's affairs, ii, 301; to William R. Dorlan on her husband's autograph, ii, 302; her last years and death, ii, 302; a eulogy, ii, 303; disposal of the original drawings of The Birds of America, ii, 304; ascription of drawing to, ii, 306.

Audubon, John Woodhouse, his birth, ii, 248, 323, 371; his father to, i, 373, 390; ii, 43, 44, 54, 56-57, 156; marriage to Bachman's daughter, ii, 166; journey to Texas, ii, 272; goes to England to paint for the Quadrupeds, ii, 273, 280; dedication to John Edward Gray, ii, 280; J. E. Gray to, ii, 281; part in painting the originals of the folio plates of the Quadrupeds of North America, ii, 285; his unfortunate California venture, ii, 289; his marriage to Caroline Hall, ii, 294; children and descendants, ii, 294; his house at "Minnie's Land," ii, 295, 311-312; his illness and death, ii, 295-296, 297; his project for reproducing the original folio of The Birds of America in America, checked by the War, ii, 296, 389-391; residual stock of the incomplete work, ii, 296; as his father's aid, ii, 297, 299; activities and characteristics as boy and man, ii, 297-299, 309-310; his Western Journal, ii, 299; death of his second wife, ii, 303.

Audubon, Mrs. John Woodhouse (Maria Rebecca Bachman), her marriage, ii, 166; her death, ii, 218; her children, ii, 294.

Audubon, Mrs. John Woodhouse (Caroline Hall), her marriage, children and descendants, ii, 294; her death, ii, 294.

Audubon, Lucy, death of, i, 247.

Audubon, Maria Rebecca, publication of Audubon's Autobiography by, i, 16; Audubon and his Journals by, i, 22, 28, 63, 106, 153, 270, 369.

Audubon, Marie Rosa (Mme. de Vaugeon), i, 27; suit by, i, 28, 263.

Audubon, Pierre, service in the French merchant marine, i, 26; his son, Jean, and his family, i, 27; at siege of Louisburg, i, 28.

Audubon, Rosa (Mme. Gabriel Loyen du Puigaudeau, see Muguet), her birth, i, 56; taken to France, i, 57; act of adoption, i, 59; as godmother, i, 128; marriage contract and marriage of, i, 131; her home, children and death, i, 269.

Audubon, Rosa, i, 247.

Audubon, Victor Gifford, his birth, i, 198, 269, 325, 371, 396, 427; takes charge of his father's publications in England, ii, 31; his father to, ii, 33-40, 43-44, 55-62; in his father's defense, ii, 55, 88, 65, 81, 119, 178, 189; on the number of sets of The Birds of America issued, ii, 202; married to Mary Eliza Bachman, ii, 210; on "Minnie's Land," ii, 235; John Bachman to, ii, 261-263, 281-283; to Spencer F. Baird, ii, 278; Baird to, ii, 278; as amanuensis to Bachman, ii, 283, 291; to Bachman, ii, 289; success in canvassing, ii, 292; Bachman's recommendation, ii, 292; his issues of the Quadrupeds and Birds, ii, 293, 295; his second marriage and children, ii, 294; his house at "Minnie's Land," ii, 295, 311; his illness and death, ii, 395; death of his wife, ii, 303.

Audubon, Mrs. Victor Gifford (Mary Eliza Bachman), her marriage, ii, 210; her death, ii, 218.

Audubon Mrs. Victor Gifford, (Georgianna Richards Mallory), ii, 258; her marriage and children, ii, 294; her death, ii, 294.

"Audubon of La Rochelle," i, 27, 270, 271.

Audubon (Montgomery County, Pennsylvania), i, 102.

Audubon and his Journals, i, 22.

Audubon Association and Societies, history and aims of, i, 14.

Audubonian Epoch and Period in American ornithology, i, 10.

Aukland, Sir J. D., i, 377.

Ayres, W. O., Audubon, on collecting quadrupeds, to, ii, 229-230, 277.

Bachman, Rev. John, i, 291, 293; meeting and friendship with Audubon, ii, 5, 9; to Mrs. Audubon, ii, 5; Audubon's gift of his Birds of America to, ii, 7; as canvasser for Audubon, ii, 27; Audubon to, ii, 27; to Audubon, ii, 32-33, 51; buzzard experiments, ii, 55-56, 57, 59, 61; publication of his paper on the Turkey Buzzard, ii, 56; on Audubon's working habits, ii, 63-65; account of experiments on the sense of sight and smell in vultures, ii, 81-83; Audubon to, on the effects of overwork, ii, 140-141, 146; on conditions in the South, ii, 148; Audubon's winter with, ii, 156; marriage of daughter of, ii, 166; in London, ii, 178, 179, 184; to Audubon on his "Small Edition of Birds" and Quadrupeds, ii, 208-209; marriage of the daughter of, ii, 210; on his coöperation with Audubon in the Quadrupeds, ii, 210-211, 216, 220; to Audubon on the Quadrupeds, ii, 243-244, 258-259; on the Quadrupeds of North America, ii, 261-263, 269-272, 281-283; calls for help, ii, 262; Audubon to, on mischief-making of a "mutual friend," and the letterpress of the Quadrupeds, ii, 264-267; on Audubon in 1845, ii, 268; his ultimatum to Edward Harris as mediator, ii, 268-270; on Audubon's Missouri River Journal, ii, 271; difficulties of coöperation, ii, 273; domestic bereavement, ii, 274; his second marriage, ii, 281; working methods, ii, 281; facsimile letter, ii, 282; manuscript on the Quadrupeds, ii, 283; early life and career, ii, 284; on Alexander von Humboldt, ii, 284; on Audubon in 1848, ii, 288; completion of the text of the Quadrupeds, ii, 291; recommendation of Victor Audubon and statement of his part and interest in the work, ii, 292-293, 311.

Bachman, Mrs. John (Harriet Martin), death of, ii, 274.

Bachman, Mrs. John (Maria Martin), marriage of, ii, 281.

Bachman, Maria Rebecca. See Mrs. John Woodhouse Audubon.

Bachman, Mary Eliza. See Mrs. Victor Gifford Audubon.

Baco, mayor of Nantes, proclamation of, i, 74.

Baird, Spencer Fullerton, his friendship with Audubon, ii, 218-220; Audubon to, ii, 219-222, 232-233; discovers new birds, ii, 219, 221, 225; visits Audubon in New York, ii, 230; to Audubon, ii, 231-232, 235; correspondence with Audubon on the Missouri expedition, ii, 239-241, 248-250, 252, 259; dedication of Audubon to, ii, 259-260; Coues on, ii, 260; correspondence with Audubon on quadrupeds, ii, 263, 264, 272-273, 274-278; on Pennant's marten, ii, 263; first visit to Audubon, ii, 264; on fate of Audubon's copper-plates, ii, 267; his marriage and appointment in Dickinson College, ii, 276; on Victor Audubon's gift, ii, 278; on the curatorship of the Smithsonian Institution, ii, 279; his recommendations by Audubon, ii, 279; last letter and visit to Audubon, ii, 288.

Bakewell, Benjamin, as protégé of young Audubon, i, 125; Audubon's engagement with, i, 153, 154-155, 171-172; his establishment, correspondents and clerks, i, 153-154; his residence and previous business career, i, 154; his New York business and correspondents, i, 155; dealings with Claude François Rozier, as told in Audubon's letters, i, 156-158, 161-163, 164-166; ruin of his trade by the Embargo Act, i, 172; his business dealings with Audubon and Rozier, i, 186, 193; emigration to America and establishment in New Haven, i, 201; Wilson at his glass works in Pittsburgh, i, 204.

Bakewell, Eliza. See Mrs. Nicholas Augustus Berthoud.

Bakewell, Rev. Gordon, on Audubon's birth, i, 69; Audubon's portrait of, i, 69.

Bakewell, G. W., on William Bakewell, i, 99.

Bakewell, John, i, 200.

Bakewell, Joseph, i, 200.

Bakewell, Lucy Green. See Mrs. John James Audubon.

Bakewell, Robert, i, 200, 377.

Bakewell, Thomas Woodhouse (of Crith, Derbyshire), i, 200.

Bakewell, Thomas Woodhouse, i, 153; statement of accounts of Audubon & Rozier with his uncle's estate, i, 193; see also ii, 354-355; letter to Audubon & Rozier, i, 196; failure of his commission business with Audubon at New Orleans, i, 248; second partnership with Audubon, and history of their mill enterprise at Henderson, i, 254-255, 259; lease of land, i, 254; investment in mill, i, 255; withdrawal from business partnership, i, 256; subsequent successful career at Pittsburgh and Cincinnati, i, 259; his financial reverses, fortitude and death, i, 259.

Bakewell, William, his purchase of "Fatland Ford" and settlement upon this estate, i, 99, 108; his daughter, Lucy Green, i, 108-110; his private accounts and aid to Audubon and Rozier, i, 125; sale of a portion of his farm in the interests of his daughter, i, 198; to Audubon and Rozier regarding the sale, i, 199; his family and history, i, 200; emigration to the United States and business at New Haven, i, 201; death of his first wife, i, 201; his second marriage, i, 201; his death, i, 201; death of his second wife, i, 201; financial assistance to son by, i, 255.

Bakewell, William Gifford, record of a visit to "Mill Grove," i, 111-112, 427; ii, 252.

Bakewell, Mrs. William Gifford, ii, 302.

Banks, Sir Joseph, ii, 117.

Barraband, Pierre Paul (1767-1809), his method of drawing birds, i, 184, 404.

Bartram, Anne, i, 215.

Bartram, John, and his Botanic Gardens, i, 215.

Bartram, William, as mentor to Alexander Wilson, i, 212; Wilson, in letter to, i, 213; his hospitality, i, 214, 216; his niece, and the Botanic Gardens of his father, i, 215; on numbers of American birds, ii, 214.

Bascanion. See Black snake.

Bayou Sara, introduction of Audubon to, i, 309; life of Audubon at, i, 314-318; village and origin of name of, i, 314.

Bazin, Eugène, translations by, i, 360.

Beates, Frederick, purchase and sale of "Mill Grove" by, i, 169.

Beer, William, i, 143, 155.

Bell, John, ii, 252; dedication of Audubon to, ii, 253.

Benedict, Jennett, Audubon's itinerant portrait of, i, 342.

Benedict, Jesse, ii, 311.

Berthoud, Mme., death of, i, 326.

Berthoud, Nicholas Augustus, i, 197, 256, 303, 309; engagement of Victor G. Audubon with, i, 325; mother and family name of, i, 326, 427; ii, 27, 28, 33, 36, 37, 38, 130.

Berthoud, Mrs. Nicholas Augustus, i, 326; ii, 303.

Besant, Sir Walter, on London in 1837, i, 355, 395.

Best, Robert, and the Western Museum, i, 303, 306.

Bewick, Thomas, Audubon's visit to, i, 375; ii, 142.

Bibliography, i, 15; ii, 401-456.

Bien, J., and Company, ii, 396.

"Bird of Washington" ("Aquila washingtonii"), Audubon's supposed discovery of, i, 241, 400, 406; ii, 185.

Birds of America (folio), cost and rarity of, i, 4; defects in drawings of, i, 174, 184-185; destruction of drawings designed for, i, 179, 320-321; in embryo, i, 180-183; presentation copies of, i, 356; plans of publication, i, 343; first subscriber to, i, 353; first engraved plate of, i, 359; Lizars' part in engraving of, i, 359; issue of first number of, i, 362; first prospectus of, i, 373, see also ii, 386-388; title of, i, 381; the Havells in relation to, i, 380-385; rebirth of, in London, i, 384; the singular history of plate No. iii, i, 384; difficulties with colorists, i, 389; the Queen as patroness, i, 392; revision of drawings, i, 398; Swainson's review, i, 403; progress of, i, 405; Cuvier's report, i, 413; Bachman as canvasser for, ii, 27; Thomas H. Perkins' copy, ii, 29; Audubon's directions for dispatch of parts of, ii, 37; his financial accounts with, ii, 37; American subscribers, ii, 36-41; insurance of drawings for, ii, 40; editorial comment, ii, 41; revolt of patrons at extension of plan, ii, 170, 174; Audubon on extra plates and partial subscribers to, ii, 174; completion of, ii, 177; Audubon on residual stock of plates, ii, 188-190; uncolored plates of, ii, 190; on insurance of copper-plates of, ii, 191; intimate history of the engravers and plates, with manual for collectors, ii, 191-199; story told in artists' and engravers' captions or legends, ii, 196-198; dates, errors and editions in plates, ii, 196-198; original and present known numbers of complete sets, ii, 201; Audubon's and Havell's copies of, ii, 204; original and present prices, ii, 204; curious attest of J. P. Hall, ii, 205; original drawings for plates, ii, 304; manuscript records and legends on original drawings, ii, 305; story of fate of original copper-plates of, ii, 295, 306-309; final lists of subscribers, ii, 380-385; prospectus of 1828, ii, 386-388.

Birds of America (in octavo), prospectus, ii, 208-212, 214; agents' original and present prices of, ii, 211; titles on original parts, ii, 213; beginning of publication, ii, 214; number of birds and doubtful species, ii, 214; Audubon as canvasser for, ii, 215-217; remarkable success of, ii, 217; account-book of Audubon in business of, ii, 217; William Yarrell on, ii, 223; "Parkman's Wren" in, ii, 228; expense of publication of, ii, 230.

Birds of America (partial American issue in folio), ii, 296; residual stock of plates of, ii, 297; original prospectus of, ii, 389-391.

Birds of Europe, ii, 122; anecdote of, ii, 123.

Blackbird, Red-winged (Angelaius phœniceus), Ord's charge concerning Audubon's drawing of, i, 228.

Black Cocks (Tetrao tetrix), original painting of, i, 363, 366.

Black snake, "blue racer" (Bascanion constrictor), confused with rattlesnake, ii, 76.

Blackwood's Magazine, John Wilson on Audubon and Kidd, i, 447; John Wilson on Audubon, ii, 139.

Blanchard, Jean François, as attorney of Jean Audubon at Les Cayes, i, 85.

Blue Jays (Cyanocitta cristata), painting of, i, 397.

Bohn, Henry G., on Audubon's drawings, i, 357.

Bonaparte, Charles Lucien, introduces Audubon at Philadelphia, i, 328; his career and work as an ornithologist, i, 329-331; his artist and engravers, i, 330; Audubon's contribution to his American Ornithology, i, 330; his account of the Wild Turkey, i, 331; characterization by a contemporary, i, 334; his subscription to The Birds of America, i, 380, 385; to Audubon, i, 416-419, 423; ii, 40, 49-50, 96, 98, 106, 107, 108, 110, 112, 118; Audubon to, ii, 119; his list of American birds, ii, 120; his comment on Audubon's work, ii, 120, 169; on publication of new species by, ii, 173, 176, 184, 214, 224.

Bonnabel, Antonio, acquisition of lands from, by Bernard Marigny, i, 70.

Boone, Daniel, Audubon's characterization of, criticized, i, 281.

Bossals and Creoles in Santo Domingo, i, 42, 47.

Boston Patriot, ii, 50.

Bouffard, Catharine, designation of, in legal documents, i, 56; mother of Muguet (Rosa Audubon), i, 56; her appearance in France, i, 56; mother of Louise, i, 56.

Bouffard, Louise, inquiry concerning, i, 56; her birth, i, 67, 130.

Boulart (General), letter to Citizen Audubon, i, 80.

Bowen, Samuel Adams, his steamboat at Henderson, i, 236; Audubon's encounter with, i, 257-259; suit against Audubon by, i, 258; conclusion of bench in action brought by, i, 259.

Bradford, Mrs. J. L., i, 13.

Bradford, Samuel F., as publisher of Wilson's American Ornithology, i, 217, 219.

Bragdon, Sam L., i, 348.

Braud, William, Audubon as teacher in family of, i, 318; Mrs. Audubon's engagement with family of, i, 322.

Brewer, Thomas Mayo, ii, 8; Audubon on the rattlesnake, ii, 79, 150; Audubon to, ii, 152-153, 165-166, 168-169, 175, 209; on Audubon in 1846, ii, 286-288.

Brewster, Sir David, i, 362; ii, 84.

Brilliant, Jean Audubon's encounter with, i, 82.

Broadnax, Henry P., judge in case of Samuel Adams Bowen and others vs. Audubon, i, 258; his decision in a case of assault, i, 259.

Brown, Capt. Thomas, curious history of Illustrations of the American Ornithology by, i, 443-445; limited circulation, rarity and piratical character of the work, i, 443-445; his Illustrations of the Genera of Birds, i, 444; contemporary and later notices of his atlas, i, 444.

Buchanan, Robert Williams, true story of his Life of Audubon, i, 18-22; his struggles, talents, idiosyncrasies and death, i, 19, 21, 22.

Buckland, William, D.D., i, 377.

Buffalo (New York), Audubon's visit to, in 1824, i, 340.

Buffalo hunting on the Upper Missouri and Yellowstone in 1843, ii, 254-256.

Bullen, George E., i, 400, 403.

Bulow, John, welcome of Audubon and their adventures at his plantation, ii, 15-20.

Bunting, Henslow's (Passerhebulus henslowi), i, 354.

Burchell, William John, ii, 97, 105.

Bureau, Louis, i, 143, 149; manuscript letters of, i, 154.

Burns, Robert, relations of Alexander Wilson with, i, 208.

Butler, Benjamin F., ii, 153.

Butterflies, as food of birds, i, 358.

Cabinet Cyclopædia, Swainson in, ii, 113.

Caire, Louis P., to Lafayette, i, 352.

Caledonian Mercury, Notice of Jameson's edition of Wilson and Bonaparte's Ornithology in, i, 442; notice of Jardine's edition in, i, 442-443, 446; Audubon to Kidd in, ii, 2; on the Wilson-Audubon obituary, ii, 3.

Call, Richard Ellsworth, i, 287, 299.

Camden (New Jersey), work of Audubon at, i, 421, 426; ii, 26-27, 30.

Campbell, Sir Archibald, ii, 30.

Cap, P. A., i, 360.

Caporal, Le petit, date of original drawing of, i, 180.

Carolina Paroquet (Conuropsis carolinensis), early drawing of, i, 180.

Carrier, Jean Baptiste, mission and infamy of, i, 75; denounced by Julien, i, 76; reign of terror at Nantes under, i, 75; recall of, i, 76.

Cass, Lewis, ii, 52.

Catlin, George, ii, 254.

Cayes (Les Cayes), delivery of slaves at, i, 31; Jean Audubon's business interests in, i, 39; its pre-revolutionary importance, i, 38; corruption of its name, i, 38; slave trade at, i, 39-41; first touched by the Revolution, i, 50; birth of Fougère (John James Audubon), and Muguet (Rosa Audubon), at, i, 52-53, 56; Jean Audubon's fortune and financial losses at, i, 82; final settlement of Jean Audubon's estate at, i, 268.

Cedar-bird (Bombycilla cedrorum), habits of, i, 423.

Central Committee (at Nantes), extract from register of, i, 134.

Century of Birds, ii, 121.

Cerberus, Jean Audubon's command of, and encounter in, i, 82.

Chapelain, Doctor, as witness, i, 153.

Charette, siege of Nantes under, i, 74; execution of, i, 76.

Charles X, patronage of, i, 3-4, 27.

Charleston, meeting of Audubon and Bachman at, ii, 5, 9; Audubon's tribute to hospitality of people at, ii, 10; bird-hunting at, ii, 10; return of Audubon's party, ii, 25; Bachman's services at, ii, 284.

Chat, Yellow-breasted (Icteria virens), Audubon's original drawing of, i, 425.

Chevalier, J. B., ii, 211, 216, 222, 226, 234.

Children, John George, i, 377; his career and friendship with Audubon, i, 379-380, 420, 437; ii, 34, 56, 59, 199.

Chouanerie, i, 27.

Chuck-will's-widow (Antrostomus carolinensis), Audubon's early drawing of, i, 182.

Cincinnati (Ohio), in 1810, i, 205; record of earthquakes at, i, 280; settlement of Audubon at, i, 303; Dr. Drake and the Western Museum, i, 303-306; early "Notice concerning," and activities of Dr. Drake, i, 304-306; organization of a college and medical school, i, 305; Audubon stranded at, i, 344.

Cincinnati College, relations of Dr. Daniel Drake to, i, 304; foundation and first president of, i, 305.

Clapp, Wellington, ii, 310.

Clay, Henry, i, 307, 372, 378, 396.

Clifford, John O., i, 290.

Clinton, De Witt, i, 2, 218, 339.

Cochereau, Matthew, painting of David's studio by, i, 177.

Coirond Brothers, i, 33, 38.

Coirond (Coyron), Mme., i, 86.

Coit, Rev. Dr. Henry Augustus, ii, 43.

Coit, Rev. Dr. Joseph, ii, 43.

Coleman, William A., Audubon to, ii, 174.

Colles, George W., on Audubon's account of the rattlesnake, ii, 76.

Collett, Tobias, i, 103.

Colnaghi and Company, i, 383.

Colson, Augustus, i, 342.

Columbus, incident on voyage of, i, 312.

Combe, Andrew, i, 361.

Cook, Capt. James, i, 377.

Coolidge, Joseph, ii, 43, 50.

Cooper, Thomas, and the climbing habits of the rattlesnake, ii, 53-54, 77-78; to Audubon, ii, 78.

Coot, Audubon's early drawing of, i, 178.

Couëron, discovery of documents at, i, 53; settlement of Jean Audubon at, i, 57, 83; condition in 1793, i, 80, 137; the D'Orbignys at, i, 127-128, 130; history and characteristics of, i, 136-140; present industry and population of, i, 137; record of visit to, in 1913, i, 138-140; grand calvaire at, i, 139; history of Audubon's boyhood home at, i, 140-145.

Coues, Elliott, on Audubon, i, 110; on Alexander Wilson, i, 213; ii, 129.

Count of Artois (Le Comte d'Artois), encounter of Jean Audubon, and his capture in, i, 32; armament and fate of, i, 33; bill of sale of, i, 33; unsettled claims concerning, i, 121, 265.

Couper, William, bust of Audubon, by, i, 13.

Cowles, Charles A., story of his rescue of a remnant of Audubon's copper-plates, ii, 307.

Crane, Whooping (Grus americana), i, 227.

Crosby, Fortunatus (Judge), court record under, i, 260.

Crusader, Audubon's adventures in, ii, 157-163.

Culbertson, Alexander, ii, 271.

Cummings, Capt. James, i, 307; ii, 69, 258.

Cushing, Caleb, ii, 241.

Cuvier, Baron Georges, his eulogy on Audubon's Birds, i, 1; his patronage, i, 2; his death, i, 4; report at the Royal Academy of Sciences, i, 174, 412-413; Audubon's description of, i, 410-411; ii, 101, 142, 448.

Cyclopædia, New American, Wilson's editorial work on, i, 216-217, 219.

Dacosta, Francis, and the Prevost mortgage, i, 106; first appearance at "Mill Grove," and his interest in its mine, i, 113; early exploitation, i, 114; as Lieutenant Audubon's attorney and guardian of his son, i, 114; his purchase of a one-half interest, i, 114; his salary and grievances, i, 115; difficulties with young Audubon and with the mine, i, 115; correspondence of Lieutenant Audubon, i, 116-123; Lieutenant Audubon's appeal in answer to complaints, i, 118; instructions for settlement of claims, i, 121-123; rebellion of young Audubon, i, 123; his praise of Audubon's drawings, i, 124; succeeded by Audubon and Rozier, i, 132; called to account, i, 146; acquisition of the remaining Audubon and Rozier interests, i, 148-150; his "rôle of chicaner," i, 151, 158; his failure and disputed claim, i, 168; award of arbitrators in case, i, 168; reproduction of his contested accounts, ii, 355-358.

"Dalmahoy," Audubon's visit to, i, 363.

Darwin, Charles, i, 354, 399.

Darwin, Erasmus, i, 200.

David, Jacques Louis, i, 3, 174, 175, 176; his revolutionary ardor, patriotism and popularity, i, 174, 176; his exile and death, i, 174; his portrait of the mayor of Nantes, i, 174-176; his reception at Nantes, i, 175; his address to the Municipal Assembly, i, 175; his studios and pupils at the Louvre, i, 177; his works and influence, i, 177; influence on Audubon's style, i, 178.

Davis, Isaac P., ii, 151; on Webster's copy of The Birds of America, ii, 152.

Davy, Sir Humphry, i, 356, 377, 379.

Deane, Ruthven, i, 246, 444, 448; ii, 14, 188; on copies of The Birds of America in America, ii, 203, 204, 211, 263, 293; on the copper-plates of The Birds of America, ii, 307-309.

Debtors, terrors of, in England, i, 395.

Declaration of Rights, voted by the National Assembly of France, and its effect upon Santo Domingo, i, 37, 49.

De Genlis, Stephanie-Felicité, i, 163.

De Kervegan, Daniel, popularity and portrait of, as mayor of Nantes, i, 175.

De La Luzerne, his recommendation of Jean Audubon, i, 32, 34.

Delos, Audubon's voyage on, i, 347-350; subsequent fate of, i, 348.

De Marigny, Ecuyer Sieur, and his family, i, 69; true story of his family, and of "Fontainebleau," which has been erroneously attributed to him, i, 69; his summer house at Mandeville, i, 71.

Derby, Earl of, ii, 146.

De Vaugeon, Mme. Lejeune, i, 28; suit by, i, 262.

De Vaugeon, Pierre, i, 27.

De Wimpffen, Baron. See Francis Alexander Stanilaus.

Dickinson College, Baird's appointment and position at, ii, 268, 276.

Dodge, William E., ii, 307.

D'Orbigny, Alcide Charles Victor, i, 128.

D'Orbigny, Dr. Charles Marie, as friend of young Audubon, i, 120, 127-128; his family, i, 128; Audubon as godfather to son of, i, 128; financial troubles of, i, 128-130; Gabriel Loyen du Puigaudeau to, i, 129; as debtor to Lieutenant Audubon's estate, i, 129; inquiries concerning, i, 130; as witness, i, 153; Audubon's correspondence with, i, 160, 163, 171.

D'Orbigny, Charles (the younger), i, 128.

D'Orbigny, Gaston Edouard, birth and baptism of, i, 128.

Dorlan, William R., ii, 302.

Drake, Dr. Daniel, and Alexander Wilson, i, 305; record of earthquakes at Cincinnati by, i, 280; his engagement of Audubon as taxidermist, i, 303; his foundation of the Western Museum and Audubon's connection with it, i, 304-306; his varied activities, i, 304; his early "Notice concerning Cincinnati," i, 304; his organization of the Cincinnati College and medical school, i, 305; his troubles with rivals, i, 306; his appointment at the Transylvania University, i, 306.

Duck, Labrador (Camptorhynchus labradorius), at Bradore Bay, ii, 48; extinction of, ii, 48, 152.

Duck, "Velvet," White-winged Scoter (Oidemia deglandi), Audubon's early drawing of, i, 182; description of, i, 182.

Duncan, William, i, 208; ii, 284.

Dunkin, Judge, i, 260; ii, 64.

Dupré (Tête-Carée), raid of Nantes by, i, 77.

Du Puigaudeau, Gabriel Loyen, Audubon's power of attorney to, i, 64; to D'Orbigny, i, 128-130; to J. Cornet, i, 130; his marriage, i, 131; his family, occupation and residence, i, 132; to Audubon, i, 266-269.

Du Puigaudeau, Mme. Gabriel Loyen. See Rosa Audubon.

Du Puigaudeau, Gabriel Loyen (the Second), death of at "Les Tourterelles," i, 269.

Eagle, "Brown." See "Bird of Washington."

Eagle, Golden (Aquila chrysaëtos), Audubon's drawing of, ii, 35.

Eagle, "Washington's." See "Bird of Washington."

Eagle, White-headed (Haliæetus leucocephalus), Audubon's original drawing of, i, 310.

Eagle and Lamb, original painting of, i, 394-396, 405, 406.

Earthquakes in the Ohio and Mississippi Valleys, 1811-1813; casual and exact records of, i, 279.

Eckley, David, dedication of copy of The Birds of America to, ii, 7; history of copy formerly owned by, ii, 7; ii, 150.

Ecton Consolidated Mining Company, i, 169.

Edinburgh, first visit and success of Audubon at, i, 357-373; beginning of The Birds of America at, i, 358; exhibition of Audubon's drawings at, i, 359; meeting with Sir Walter Scott at, i, 365; issue of Audubon's Prospectus at, i, 373.

Edinburgh Literary Journal, notice of Brown's Illustrations of the American Ornithology in, i, 443.

Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, ii, 111.

Edward (Ezekiel Edwards?), unsettled claim of Jean Audubon against, i, 121.

Edwards, Bryan, on the products and wealth of French Santo Domingo, i, 30; on the Santo Domingo blacks, i, 43.

Edwards, Ezekiel, i, 121.

Eggleston, Thomas, i, 13.

Elaps. See Coral snake.

Embargo Act, of President Jefferson, effect of, on Audubon and Rozier, i, 193.

"Episodes." See Ornithological Biography.

Evans, Roland, acquisition of "Mill Grove" by, i, 105.

Everett, Edward, patronage and aid of, i, 435; letters of, i, 436, 448-451; his efforts for the removal of import duties on The Birds of America, i, 448; his nomination of Audubon to fellowship in the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, i, 450; ii, 5, 23, 64;

Falco Cooperii (Accipiter cooperi), i, 330, 417. See "Stanley Hawk."

"Fatland Ford," William Bakewell's acquisition of, i, 98, 108, 201; mansion house and farm of, i, 108; Audubon's introduction to, i, 108; Generals Washington and Howe at, i, 108; marriage of Lucy Bakewell at, i, 194; realization of Mrs. Audubon in, i, 198.

Faxon, Walter, i, 144.

Featherstonhaugh, G. W., Rafinesque's reply to, i, 294; on Audubon's plans, ii, 4; Audubon's Florida letters to, ii, 8-14, 15-22; suspension of Journal of, ii, 23, 28, 84.

Feliciana, West, characteristics of, i, 314-315; former prosperity of, i, 323.

Finch, MacGillivray's, MacGillivray's Seaside Sparrow (Passerhebulus maritimus macgillivraii), i, 354.

Fisher, Miers, as Jean Audubon's attorney and protégé of his son, i, 99; Jean Audubon to, i, 100; residence in Philadelphia, i, 106; and the Prevost mortgage, i, 106, 122; succeeded by Dacosta, i, 113-114, 120-122; as counselor of Audubon and Rozier, i, 148, 149, 160, 167; resumption of duties as agent and attorney by, i, 168.

Fitzpatrick, T. J., i, 287, 292, 299.

Flatboats, on the Ohio River in 1810, i, 234; convenience of, i, 234; cost of, at Pittsburgh, i, 235; time of passage of, from Pittsburgh to New Orleans, i, 235; floating trade of, i, 234.

Flicker (Colaptes auratus), original painting of, i, 363.

Florida, Audubon's explorations in, ii, 12-25; Audubon, on the future of the east coast of, ii, 20.

Floyd, John, ii, 5.

Flycatcher, Least (Empidonax minimus), discovery by the Baird brothers, in 1843, ii, 225.

Flycatcher, "Selby's," i, 354.

Flycatcher, "Small Green-crested," i, 425.

Flycatcher, "Small-headed," curious history of, i, 218, 226-227; reference to, by Thomas Nuttall, i, 227; identifications of, by Cowes and Baird, i, 227; ii, 215.

Flycatcher, Traill's (Empidonax trailli), i, 354.

"Fontainebleau," myth and true story of, i, 69, 71.

Formon de Boisclair, Jean Audubon's dealings with, and claims against, i, 33-34, 121, 265, 338. See Lacroix, Formon & Jacques.

Fort Union, Audubon's experiences at, ii, 254-256.

Fougère, i, 53, 57, 59, 61; ii, 328, 329. See Jean Jacques Fougère Audubon.

Francis, C. S., and Company, ii, 203.

Francis, David G., ii, 204.

Franklin Journal, Audubon's article, and Jones' "Romance of the Rattlesnake" in, ii, 72.

Fulton, Robert, first steamer on the Ohio River, built by, i, 236.

Gallatin, Albert, i, 377; Audubon's interview with, i, 390.

Galt, W. C., i, 197.

Gannet Rock, Audubon's account of approach to, i, 9.

Gannets (Sula bassana), i, 10.

Gaston, William, aid rendered Audubon by, at Savannah, ii, 25, 59.

General Assembly (Santo Domingo), new Constitution of, i, 49.

Geoffrey Saint-Hilaire, i, 411.

George IV, Gallatin on, i, 390.

George Street (Edinburgh), Audubon's apartments in, i, 437.

Gill, Theodore, i, 444; ii, 113.

Girard, Stephen, his reputed interest in Dacosta's mining enterprises at "Mill Grove," i, 149.

Godwin, Parke, on Audubon's drawing of quadrupeds, ii, 236; on a visit to Audubon at "Minnie's Land," ii, 236-238; on Audubon in 1845, ii, 238.

Goodspeed, Charles E., i, 384, ii, 26, 190.

Gordon, Mrs. Alexander, ii, 302.

Gould, John, Bonaparte on, ii, 121; Audubon on, ii, 121; works of, ii, 121; charges against, ii, 122; anecdote of, ii, 123; financial success of publications of, ii, 124; 224-225.

Gould, Mrs. John, Audubon on, ii, 121.

Grackle, Boat-tailed (Megaquiscalus major), Audubon's drawing in Bonaparte's Ornithology, i, 330.

Gray, Asa, ii, 81.

Gray, John Edward, i, 354, 380, 444; dedication to, ii, 280; to J. W. Audubon, ii, 281.

Gray's Ferry (now Philadelphia), settlement of Alexander Wilson as teacher at, i, 210, 211, 212, 216.

Great Bend (of the Mississippi), Audubon's and Rozier's experience at, in 1810, i, 240.

Great Egg Harbor, work of Audubon at, i, 421, 424; visit of Wilson and Ord, i, 422; drawings of Audubon, i, 425.

Great Pine Forest (Mauch Chunk), sojourn and work of Audubon at, i, 423, 425-426.

Great Russell Street (London), old print dealer of, i, 11-12, 377.

Great Western, ii, 190.

Grinnell, George Bird, ii, 283, 299, 309.

Groundhog, Audubon's early drawing of, i, 181.

Guépin, M. A., i, 73, 77.

Günther, Albert, on Rafinesque's letters and character, i, 297; on Swainson and his correspondence, i, 400-403.

Hackberry, in the Ohio River basin, i, 188.

Haines, Reuben, visit of Audubon to "Mill Grove" with, i, 335, 339.

Haiti, i, 38, 52.

Hall, Capt. Basil, on the Leander, i, 364; as Audubon's friend, i, 365, 367; to John Murray, i, 378; return to England from the United States, i, 407.

Hall, Harrison, publication of, i, 329; ii, 98.

Hall, James, notorious review of, i, 329; ii, 98.

Hall, J. Prescott, memorandum regarding The Birds of America, ii, 204.

Hardin, John, ii, 295.

Harlan, Richard, i, 328; on Ord, i, 328-329, 333, 334, 407, 439; ii, 9; on Abert, ii, 3; Audubon to, ii, 14; to Mrs. Audubon, ii, 14; to Audubon, ii, 28-29, 58.

Harris, Edward, meeting with Audubon, i, 331; his friendships and career, i, 331, 333; early letters to Audubon, i, 332, 344; Audubon to, i, 448; ii, 26-27, 30, 31, 40-41,64-66, 125, 132, 134, 141-144, 147-148, 149, 151, 155, 157, 165, 170-173, 175, 182, 184-186, 234, 287; memento to, ii, 49; to Audubon, ii, 251; dedication to, ii, 253; Bachman's ultimatum to, ii, 268-270; in rôle of mediator, ii, 270; Bachman to, ii, 291.

Harrison, William Henry, i, 307.

Harvard University, drawings and manuscripts at, i, 180, 307-308.

Haskell, Rev. John, ii, 271, 283.

Hatch, Capt. Joseph E., i, 347.

Havell, Daniel, i, 382.

Havell, George, i, 382.

Havell Henry Augustus, i, 382; ii, 189, 190, 191-192.

Havell, Robert, Senior, his family, i, 381-383; his shop in Newman Street, i, 382; partnership with his son, i, 383; their enterprise in undertaking The Birds of America, i, 384; his death, i, 384; their relationship as read in the legends of Audubon's plates, ii, 195-198.

Havell, Robert, Junior, i, 12; Audubon's discovery of, i, 382; a family of artists, i, 382; partnership with his father and rebirth of The Birds of America in London, i, 384; his "Zoölogical Gallery," i, 384; advertisement of his business, i, 386; story of the Prothonotary Warbler, i, 383-384, 405; Swainson on, i, 414; Audubon to, i, 433; ii, 33, 34, 35, 38; to Audubon, ii, 51, 57, 58, 62, 174, 180, 186; Audubon on closing up his business, ii, 188-191; settlement in the United States, ii, 191-192; his work, characteristics and death, ii, 192; Audubon's memento to, ii, 192; his genius and mastery of aquatint, ii, 193-195; as Audubon's engraver, ii, 195; history of his engravings of Audubon's Birds, ii, 196-198; his copy of the work, ii, 203.

Havell, Robert, & Son, i, 12.

Havell, William, i, 383.

Haverhill (New Hampshire), experience of Alexander Wilson at, i, 219.

Hawk, Cooper's. See Falco Cooperii.

Hawk, Great-footed, Duck Hawk (Falco peregrinus anatum), original drawing of, i, 311.

Hawk, Harlan's (Buteo borealis harlani), i, 311.

Hay, Robert William, i, 377, 379.

Henderson (Kentucky), removal of Audubon and Rozier to, i, 236; settlement, early name and population of, i, 236; game and character of the country at, in 1810, i, 236; first Kentucky steamer built at, i, 236; Audubon's activities in 1810, i, 237; return of Audubon to, in 1811, i, 242; houses of Dr. Adam Rankin, i, 248; original plot of town, i, 250, 252; his purchase of land at, i, 250, 252; his log house and store, i, 252; town records, i, 252; record of earthquakes, i, 280; Rafinesque's visit, i, 285-287.

Hendersonville. See Henderson.

Henry, Joseph, ii, 279.

Henshaw, Samuel, i, 308; ii, 197.

Henslow, John Stevens, i, 354, 399.

Heppenstall, John, i, 394.

Herschel, Sir William, i, 377.

"Highfield Hall," residence of William Swainson near Tyttenhanger Green, i, 403.

Hirundo serripennis (Stelgidopteryx serripennis), ii, 186.

Historical Society (New York), unpublished drawing in collections of, i, 228; original drawings of The Birds of America at, ii, 304-306.

History of British Birds (MacGillivray), ii, 113, 114, 130, 135; (Yarrell), ii, 223; on his completion of, ii, 225.

Holden, Edward, to George Ramsden, i, 351.

Holland, Dr. Henry, i, 377.

Hollander, Edward, i, 276.

Hope, Audubon's voyage in, i, 125.

Hopkins, Rev. John Henry, Audubon's acquaintance with, at Pittsburgh, i, 343.

Hopkins, Samuel, i, 252; Audubon's purchase of land, i, 252.

Hopkinson, John, i, 400.

Houston, Sam, Audubon's visit to, ii, 163; his characterization of, ii, 164.

Howe, General William, visit at "Fatland Ford," i, 108.

Humboldt, Baron Alexander von, i, 356; and Bachman, ii, 284; Bachman's account of dinner to, ii, 284.

Huntington, Archer M., ii, 310.

Huron, Laurence, engagement of Ferdinand Rozier, with, i, 153; his business relations with the Bakewell firm and with Rozier, the elder, i, 156-157, 159-161, 165; his award in the settlement of the contested accounts of Francis Dacosta, i, 168; dealings of Audubon & Rozier, i, 186.

Ingalls, William, Parkman's recommendation of, ii, 42.

Indigo, history of Audubon's investment in, i, 193.

Indians (Shawnee), feather hunting of, i, 238; incident at camp of, i, 239; (Osage), Audubon's experience with, i, 240.

Irish, Jedediah, i, 425.

Irving, Washington, ii, 53, 153.

Jackson, Andrew, Audubon as model for portrait of, i, 338, 378, ii, 155; Audubon on, ii, 156.

Jackson, Daydon, i, 400.

Jameson, Robert, i, 357; edition of Wilson's and Bonaparte's Ornithology, i, 439, 442; ii, 84.

Jaquemel (Santo Domingo), planter's experience at, i, 44-48.

Jardine, Sir William, to Audubon, i, 440; edition of Wilson and Bonaparte's Ornithology, i, 442; ii, 102.

Jay, Harriet, on Robert Buchanan, i, 21.

Jeanes, Joseph Y., his collection of original Audubon drawings and manuscripts, i, 180, 181; ii, 50, 375-379.

Jefferson, Thomas, Embargo Act of, i, 193; on the numbers of species of American birds, ii, 214.

Jenner, Edward, announcement of discovery of vaccination, i, 55; account of behavior of young cuckoo (Cuculus canorus) discredited by Waterton, ii, 90.

Johnson, John, ii, 203.

Johnson, Samuel, on biography, i, 7.

Johnson, William Garrett, Audubon at home of, i, 427, 432; engagement of Mrs. Audubon by, i, 431; authorization to fill position at home of, i, 434.

Jordan, David Starr, i, 287, 291.

Joue, i, 54.

Julien (of Paris), heroic conduct of, i, 76.

Juniata River, i, 274, 277.

Keel boats, on the Ohio and Mississippi, i, 234; Audubon's journey by, in 1810, i, 238-241.

Kidd, Dr. John, i, 399.

Kidd, Joseph Bartholomew, i, 363, 373, 443; and the "Ornithological Gallery," i, 446; Audubon to, ii, 1; 35, 57, 61, 62.

Kinder, Robert & Company, dealings of Audubon and Rozier with, i, 186, 197-199; ii, 355.

King, Thomas Butler, ii, 11-12, 14.

Kingfisher (Ceryle alcyon), Audubon's early drawing of, i, 180.

Kirtland, Dr. Jared P., i, 291; "Note Book" of, i, 292.

Kite, Mississippi (Ictinia mississippiensis), Ord's charge concerning, i, 228; similarity in one of Wilson's and Audubon's figures of, i, 228; misnaming of sex in, i, 229; Audubon's legends on original drawing of, i, 229; Wilson's and Audubon's first experience with, i, 229-230; 316.

Knox, Dr. John, i, 358.

Koster, Henry, ii, 117.

Krudener, Baron, i, 436; ii, 38.

Labrador, Audubon's experiences in, ii, 45-49; expense and results of expedition to, ii, 50.

La Caille, i, 29.

Lacroix, Formon de Boisclair & Jacques, Jean Audubon's claims against, i, 33; bills of slaves of, ii, 331-333; 338.

La Dauphine, i, 31.

Lafayette, Marquis de, Louis P. Caire to, i, 351.

"La Gerbetière," i, 85, 96, 120, 126; as boyhood home of Audubon, i, 136-137, 144-145; Audubon's last visit to, i, 137; situation of, i, 136-138; in 1913, i, 138-143; Jean Audubon's restoration of, i, 143; description in old deed of, i, 144; changes of a century, i, 144.

Lake Champlain, tour of Audubon to, in 1824, i, 343.

Lake Ontario, tour of Audubon to, in 1824, i, 343.

Lamarck, Jean Baptiste Antoine de Monet, i, 13.

La Marianne, Jean Audubon as cabin boy in, i, 28; at Louisburg, i, 28; Jean Audubon as lieutenant of, i, 29.

Landsdowne, Marquis of, i, 398.

Landseer, Sir Edwin, criticism of painting by, i, 366.

Lanman, Charles, proposal of, i, 17.

L'Annette, Jean Audubon's command of and interest in, i, 34; concerning sale and settlement of claims in, i, 121, 265.

La Rochelle, as port of Jean Audubon's ships, i, 29, 277. See "Audubon of."

Laval, John, award in the settlement of Dacosta's disputed accounts, i, 168.

Lavigne, L., i, 34, 46, 57, 83, 87, 116, 128, 144, 269.

Lavigne, Mme. L., i, 269.

Lawrence, Sir Thomas, i, 356, 377, 380, 393-394.

Lawson, Alexander, Wilson to, i, 212; Wilson's debt to, as the engraver of his Ornithology, i, 213; the daughter of, i, 219; his statement regarding the mysterious flycatcher, i, 227; as Bonaparte's engraver, i, 330; report of his interview with Audubon, i, 330.

Lawson, Malvinia, on Wilson's publisher, i, 219.

Lea, Isaac, on Rafinesque, i, 297; ii, 4, 56, 95, 98, 422.

Leach, William Elford, i, 353.

Le Comte d'Artois. See Count of Artois.

Le Conte, Joseph, i, 171.

Lehman, George, ii, 2, 9, 12, 25.

Le Marquis de Lévy, Jean Audubon's command of, i, 31.

Le Printemps, i, 29.

Le Propre, i, 30.

Les Sables d'Olonne, Pierre Audubon's family at, i, 26; its hostility to the Revolution, i, 27; as home port of Jean Audubon's ships, i, 28; mission of Jean Audubon to, i, 80-81; 83.

Leslie, Charles Robert, comment on the American Ornithology, i, 217.

"Les Tourterelles," death of Mme. Audubon at, i, 263; death of Rosa Audubon at, i, 269.

Le Sueur, Charles Alexandre, i, 294, 328; appearance of, i, 333; ii, 157.

Letters in facsimile, "Audubon & Bakewell" to Rozier, i, 251; Audubon to Edward Harris, i, 332; Samuel Latham Mitchell to Dr. Barnes, i, 337; William Swainson to Audubon, i, 402; Charles Lucien Bonaparte to Audubon, i, 417; George Parkman to Audubon, ii, 43; Robert Havell to Audubon, ii, 51; William MacGillivray to Audubon, ii, 132; Edward Harris to Audubon, ii, 251; John Bachman to George Oates, ii, 282; Audubon to Edward Harris, ii, 287.

L'Eveillé, Jean Audubon's command of, i, 82.

Lincoln, Thomas, ii, 43; "Lincoln's Finch," ii, 45, 50.

Linnæan Society, Audubon's election to, i, 397; manuscripts in possession of, i, 400.

L'Instituteur, Jean Audubon's command of, i, 82.

Lissabé, Mme. Jean Louis, suit by, i, 28, 263.

Literary Gazette (London), on Brown's Illustrations, i, 444; announcement of publication of the Ornithological Biography, i, 444; Audubon's premature obituary in, ii, 2.

Little and Brown, Messrs., ii, 230.

Liverpool, arrival of Audubon at, in 1826, i, 350; his reception and friends at, i, 352-355; exhibition of Audubon's drawings at, i, 354.

Livingston, Robert M., first steamer on the Ohio River, built by, i, 236.

Lizars, Daniel, Audubon to, i, 385.

Lizars, William Home, as Audubon's engraver, i, 358-359, 361, 375, 384, 442-443; his plates of The Birds of America, i, 195-199.

Lockhart, John Gibson, i, 445.

London Colney, residence of William Swainson at, i, 403; death of Mrs. Swainson at, i, 403.

London, recollections of Audubon in, i, 11; site of Havell's engraving establishment in, i, 12; Audubon in, i, 377-419; his first impressions of, i, 377; rebirth of The Birds of America in, i, 384; his dislike of, i, 397; completion of his Birds in, ii, 177.

Loon (Gavia immer), "Great Northern Diver," original drawing of, ii, 47.

Loudon, John C., editorial enterprise of, i, 399.

Louisburg, Jean Audubon made prisoner at, i, 28.

Louisville (Kentucky), diary of a journey from Philadelphia to, in 1807, i, 187-192; establishment of Audubon & Rozier at, i, 192; prospects and hospitality of the people, i, 196-198; birth of Victor Gifford Audubon at, i, 198; arrival of Alexander Wilson at, i, 205; a meeting of rivals at, i, 220-226; in 1810, i, 233; Audubon's legal troubles at, i, 260.

Lubbock, Sir John, baron Avebury, characteristics in youth of, i, 93.

Lyceum of Natural History (New York), activities of in 1817, i, 171; introduction of Audubon to, i, 336.

Macaulay, Thomas Babington, on Addison, i, 6.

MacGillivray, John, ii, 298.

MacGillivray, William, i, 12; ii, 108, 113-114; his assistance to Audubon, ii, 125-138; to Audubon, ii, 126-128, 130-132, 134; his methods of work, ii, 127-129; his History of British Birds, ii, 130, 135-136; his contract with Audubon, ii, 134; character and scholarship, ii, 134-136; his writings, ii, 135; Audubon's acknowledgments to, ii, 137; his copy of the Ornithological Biography, ii, 138; Audubon at work with, ii, 178-180, 181; Audubon's tour with, ii, 182; Audubon's memorandum of account with, ii, 188.

MacLeay, William Sharp, ii, 94.

Magpie (Pica rustica), Audubon's early drawing of, i, 178.

Mallory, E., on Mrs. John James Audubon, ii, 303.

Mallory, Eliza, ii, 283.

Mallory, Georgianna Richards. See Mrs. Victor Gifford Audubon.

Manchester, visit of Audubon at, in 1826, i, 356; Audubon's success in canvassing at, i, 376.

Marigny, Bernard, his birth, i, 70; acquisition of "Fontainebleau," i, 70; his service in France and return to the United States, i, 71; act of the Government to establish his disputed claim to land, i, 71; origin of "Fontainebleau," and description of his property, i, 71; foundation of Mandeville, i, 71; friendship with Audubon, i, 72; his death, i, 72.

Marigny myth, i, 68-71.

Mark, Edward L., i, 308.

Marten, Pennant's, Fisher (Mustela pennanti), Baird and Audubon on, ii, 263.

Martin, Catharine, i, 27.

Martin, Maria, ii, 6, 32, 61; Audubon to, ii, 65, 156; marriage of, ii, 281; dedication to, ii, 281, 283. See Mrs. John Bachman.

Martin, Marie Anne, i, 26.

Martin, Pierre, Jean Audubon as sailor under, i, 30.

Mason, Joseph R., as Audubon's assistant in 1820-1822, i, 307, 312, 313-316; his return to Philadelphia, i, 321; ii, 69.

Mauch Chunk. See Great Pine Forest.

McKenney, Thomas L., on Audubon, ii, 52.

McLane, Louis, ii, 5; Levi Woodbury to, ii, 23.

Meadville (Pennsylvania), "Episode" of Audubon at, in 1824, i, 341-343; and itinerant portrait at, i, 342.

Mease, Dr. William, i, 327.

Merchant-traders, means of travel and hardships of, i, 234-236; their journeys by flatboat and horse to and from the West, i, 234-236.

Mill of Audubon, Bakewell and Pears, at Henderson (Kentucky), history of the building, operation and failure of, i, 254-257; lease of land for, i, 254; description of relic of, in 1879 and 1883, i, 254; difficulties with operation of, i, 255; cost, conversion and destruction of, i, 255; reorganization for working of, i, 256; bill rendered for products of, i, 256; final failure and closure of, i, 257; Audubon's financial and legal troubles following failure of, i, 257-261.

"Mill Grove," Jean Audubon's purchase, i, 37, 105; Audubon's arrival at, i, 99-101; tenant and rent of, i, 101; acquisition and preservation by the Wetherills, i, 102; situation and characteristics, i, 102; old conveyances and designation, i, 103; first miller and builder, i, 104; mills and farm house at, i, 104; the Prevost mortgage, i, 105, 122; Jean Audubon's lease and inventory, i, 105; stay of Audubon at, i, 106; Jean Audubon's portrait at, i, 106; bird studies at, i, 106; discovery of lead and arrival of Dacosta, i, 113; Dacosta's one-half interest and exploitation of mine, i, 114; analysis of his lead ore, i, 114; Claude François Rozier's interest, i, 115; the Audubon, Dacosta, Rozier partnership and its difficulties, i, 115; instructions concerning farmhouse at, i, 118; Audubon and Rozier as agents for conduct and sale of, i, 132; Audubon's and Rozier's duties at, i, 146; status of house in their "Articles," i, 147; story of later mining enterprises at, i, 148-150, 152-153, 167-170; consideration for sale of remaining Audubon and Rozier interests to Dacosta and Company, i, 149; division of the property, and sale of the Audubon and Rozier rights, i, 150, 152-153; Audubon's conflicting references to sale of, i, 158, 159-160, 162, 165-168; difficulties over conditional sale of, i, 168; unraveling the tangle, i, 169; Dacosta's contested accounts, and award in their settlement, i, 168; sequel to story of mine at, i, 169; products of mine at, i, 199.

Milestown (Pennsylvania), Alexander Wilson, as teacher at, i, 212.

Miller, Sarah, Wilson to, i, 206.

"Minnie's Land," purchase of estate of, ii, 234; building of house at, ii, 234; Audubon at, ii, 236-238; Audubon's account of, ii, 245-246; houses of Audubon's sons at, ii, 294-295, 311-312; the "Cave" at, ii, 295, 312; departure of Mrs. John James Audubon from, ii, 300; building activities and changes at, ii, 309; present condition of original houses at, ii, 309-311; early representations of Audubon's house at, ii, 311.

Miquelon Island, voyage of Jean Audubon to, i, 29.

Mississippi River, Audubon's cruise on in 1820, i, 307.

Missouri River, Audubon's experiences and discoveries on, in 1843, ii, 252-256.

Mitchell, Doctor Samuel Latham, his friendship with Audubon, i, 171; his repute and activities, i, 171; as friend of Rafinesque, i, 290; his introduction of Audubon and letter to Dr. Barnes, i, 336.

Mocquard, Françoise, i, 55, 86.

Morris, George Spencer, i, 331.

Morris, Samuel C., purchase of "Mill Grove" by, i, 105.

Morristown (New Jersey), stay of Audubon at, i, 99.

Morse, Samuel Finley Breese, as Audubon's guest, ii, 311.

Morton, Countess of, as patron and pupil of Audubon, i, 365.

Morton, Earl of, record of a visit to the home of, i, 363.

Morton, Samuel George, ii, 154, 171, 172.

Moynet (Moynette, Moinet), Anne. See Mme. Jean Audubon.

Muguet, i, 56, 57, 59, 61. See Mme. Gabriel Loyen du Puigaudeau.

Mulattoes, numbers and plight of, in Santo Domingo, i, 43; as slave holders, i, 44; revolt under Ogé, i, 50; first clash with whites at Les Cayes, i, 50; union with the blacks and beginning of general revolt, i, 51.

Murray, John, i, 377; Basil Hall to, i, 378.

Nantes, Jean Audubon at, i, 30-32; his places of residence, i, 36, 57-58, 86-87; in the Revolution, i, 59, 73-74; Committee of Public Safety and National Guard of, i, 74; attack and siege of, i, 74; acceptance of republican constitution by, i, 75; reign of terror under Carrier at, i, 75; fate of Vendeans at, i, 75; savior of, i, 76; victims of Carrier and the plague at, i, 75; execution of Charette at, i, 76; raided by "Tête-Carée," i, 77; restoration of peace at, i, 77; revolutionary records of, i, 78; Jean Audubon's activities, i, 78-82; his death at, i, 87; his appreciation by, i, 83.

Natchez (Mississippi), visit of Audubon, i, 308; loss of his portfolio at, i, 309; as teacher at, i, 321; his first lessons in oils, i, 321; engagement of Mrs. Audubon, i, 322; illness of Audubon, i, 324.

National Assembly of Paris, Declaration of Rights, of, i, 49; vacillating policies of, i, 51.

National Gazette, on Audubon, ii, 41-42, 50-51.

Natural History of Deeside and Braemar, ii, 136.

Neuwied, Maximillian, ii, 255.

Newark (New Jersey), Alexander Wilson at, i, 210.

New Castle (Delaware), landing of Alexander Wilson at, i, 209.

New Haven (Connecticut), establishment of William and Benjamin Bakewell at, i, 201.

Newman Street, Havell's shop in, i, 12.

New Orleans (Louisiana), memorial to Audubon at, i, 13; Alexander Wilson at, i, 207; Audubon at, i, 306-310; his struggles to gain a footing at, i, 310-312; as teacher at, i, 318; settlement and financial difficulties at, i, 319; engagement of Mrs. Audubon at, i, 322; Audubon embarks for Liverpool at, i, 347; his observations at, i, 348.

Newton, Alfred, i, 444; ii, 223.

New York (New York), memorials to Audubon at, i, 13; Jean Audubon a prisoner at, i, 32; his release, i, 32, 34; disbanding of the British army at, i, 35; Audubon's introduction to, i, 99; pestilence at, i, 99, 135; Audubon's original drawings at, i, 228; Vanderlyn's portrait of Andrew Jackson in City Hall of, i, 338; Audubon's description of landing at, in 1836, ii, 146; his success in canvassing at, ii, 153; his old residence and estate, ii, 234-236, 310-312.

New York Herald, account of "Mill Grove" mine in, i, 114.

Niagara Falls (New York), Alexander Wilson at, i, 216; Audubon at, i, 340; ii, 167.

Nighthawk (Chordeiles virginianus), Audubon's early drawing of, i, 180.

Nolte, Vincent, on Audubon in 1811, i, 277; his journey from Pittsburgh to Lexington, i, 276-279; 352.

Northumberland, Duke of, i, 377.

Nuttall, Thomas, collection of western birds of, ii, 147, 149, 153-154, 156; meeting with Audubon, ii, 150; career and writings, ii, 150.

Nymphæa. See Water-lily.

"Oakley," plantation and house of, i, 313-315; Audubon's pupil and his life as tutor at, i, 315-318; his drawings at, i, 316; ii, 74.

Oates, George, ii, 211, 218.

Ogé, James, rebellion and death of, i, 50; its effect upon the Santo Domingan whites, i, 50.

Ohio River, Audubon's description of journey on, i, 195; Wilson's journey in 1810, i, 205; traffic of the "ark" and keel boat, in 1810, i, 234-236; first steamer, and steam traffic on, i, 236; Audubon's experience at the mouth of, i, 238; breaking up of the ice in, i, 241; Rafinesque on fishes of, i, 292; Audubon's descent of, in 1820, i, 307.

Ord, George, on Alexander Wilson, i, 211; as Wilson's editor and biographer, i, 217, 223-225; his octavo edition of Wilson, i, 223; defense of Wilson and charge against Audubon, i, 226-228; 230; basis of his attack on Audubon, i, 227, 231-232; his opposition to Audubon, i, 328-329; 333, 339, 422; ii, 4, 27, 55, 61, 72, 80, 83; as Waterton's correspondent, ii, 87-88, 91; 98, 284.

Orleans, Duke of, as Audubon's patron, i, 3, 411-412.

Ornithological Biography, description of Bird Rock in, i, 9; story of the Pewee, i, 99, 106-107; on the Velvet Duck, i, 182; journey down the Ohio River, i, 195; Alexander Wilson's visit to Louisville, i, 220-223; Wilson on the Whooping Crane, i, 227; discrepancies in "Episodes" in, i, 273; "Louisville in Kentucky," i, 274; "The Prairie," i, 274, 282-284; "A Wild Horse," i, 274-276; "The Eccentric Naturalist," i, 274, 285-300; "The Earthquake," i, 279; "The Hurricane," i, 280; "The Regulators," i, 281; "Colonel Boone," i, 281; Natchez, i, 308; on The Birds of America, i, 343; publication of, i, 438; MacGillivray's assistance in, i, 438; rivals of, i, 438-439; 442-445; American copyright of, i, 439; publisher's announcement, i, 444-445, 448; the Athenæum on, ii, 84-85, 140, 142; W. B. O. Peabody on, ii, 85; Featherstonhaugh on, ii, 85; on the authorship of, ii, 87-89, 102-103, 103-109; on new species in, ii, 109-111; "Ornithophilus" on, ii, 111, 112; Swainson on, ii, 113; and MacGillivray, ii, 125-138; Audubon on American Edition of, ii, 134, 141; MacGillivray's copy of, ii, 138; John Wilson on, ii, 139; third volume of, ii, 144, 178-180; fourth volume of, ii, 181; completion of, ii, 186; valedictory to reader, ii, 187; memorandum of accounts with MacGillivray for assistance in, ii, 188; Audubon on residual stock of, ii, 189.

Ornithological Gallery, plan and abandonment of, by Audubon and Kidd, i, 446.

Orr, Charles, correspondence of Alexander Wilson, with, i, 210-212.

Osprey, Fish Hawk (Pandion haliaëtus), early drawing by Audubon, i, 182.

Otter, original painting and exhibition of, i, 394.

Oven-bird (Seiurus aurocapillus), "Golden-crowned Thrush," Audubon's original drawing of, i, 425.

Owen, David Dale, i, 294.

Owen, Sir Richard, i, 354.

Owensboro (Kentucky), i, 236.

Oxford Street (London), i, 11.

Page, Benjamin, i, 256.

Paimbœuf, i, 32, 80, 137.

Palmer, Sarah White, i, 124.

Palmer, Theodore Sherman, ii, 293.

Pamar, R., i, 318, 348.

Paris, in 1828, i, 2; Audubon at, i, 74, 408-413, 448; his reception and patronage at, i, 410-413.

Parkman, Dr. George, ii, 29, 35, 36; to Audubon, ii, 42-43, 57, 59, 134, 141; Audubon to, ii, 227.

Patterson, W. D., i, 231; ii, 352.

Peabody, W. B. O., i, 231; ii, 200.

Peale, Rembrandt, i, 328.

Peale, Robert, i, 328.

Peale, Titian R., his drawings of birds, i, 330.

Pears, Thomas W., i, 124; as partner of Audubon and Bakewell, i, 254; his withdrawal, i, 255, 426.

Peel, Sir Robert, i, 377.

Penal laws, in England, i, 395.

Penn, John, i, 105.

Penn, William, land purchase by, i, 103.

Percy, Capt. Robert, Mrs. Audubon's school at plantation of, i, 322; Audubon at plantation of, i, 324.

Perkins, Thomas H., ii, 28, 29, 39, 150.

Perkioming Consolidated Mining Company, i, 169.

Perkioming Creek, i, 103-104, 106.

Perrytown (Sutton, New Hampshire), i, 284.

Pewee, Phœbe (Sayornis phœbe), Audubon on, i, 99; his first study of, i, 106; original drawing of, i, 180.

Pewee, Wood (Myiochanes virens), Audubon's original drawing of, i, 180, 425.

Philadelphia (Pennsylvania), reception of Audubon at, i, 327-335; a meeting of the Academy of Natural Sciences at, i, 333; ii, 154.

Philarète-Chasles, impressions of Audubon's exhibition at Edinburgh, i, 359.

Phillips, Dr. Benjamin, ii, 144-145, 223-224; Audubon to, ii, 244-246.

Phœbe, Say's (Sayornis sayus), i, 330.

Picus auduboni, ii, 113.

Pigeon, Passenger (Ectopistes migratorius), Audubon's original painting of, i, 363; Audubon on, i, 368.

Pirrie, Eliza, as Audubon's pupil, and her romantic history, i, 315, 317-318.

Pirrie, James, i, 315; Audubon's drawings made at plantation of, i, 316.

Pirrie, Mrs. James, engagement of Audubon by, i, 313; her home and family, i, 313-318.

Pitois, M., i, 432.

Pittsburgh (Pennsylvania), record of journey from Philadelphia to, in 1807, i, 187-191; characterization, growth and population of, i, 191; Wilson's description of, in 1810, i, 204; 343, 344.

Plaisance, Samuel, i, 123, 265.

Planters (Santo Domingo), their prosperity and grievances, i, 42-44; their morality and vicissitudes, i, 44-46; their revolt, i, 49-51.

Polly, Audubon's and Rozier's voyage on, i, 134-135, 187.

Pope, John, i, 237.

Pornic, mission of Citizen Audubon to, i, 79.

Porter, Dr. Edmund, to Dr. Thomas Miner, i, 333.

Posey, Fayette, i, 258.

Presque Isle, i, 340.

Priestley, Joseph, i, 154, 200-201.

Prospectus, of American Ornithology (Wilson), i, 217; of The Birds of America, i, 373; of first octavo edition, ii, 211-214; reproduction of (for 1828) for original folio, ii, 386-388; reproduction of (by J. W. Audubon), for second (partial) American edition of original folio, ii, 389-391.

Provost, Henry Augustin, i, 105-106, 122.

Quadrupeds of North America, i, 17; Bachman to Audubon on, ii, 208; Audubon to Brewer on, ii, 209; on Bachman's coöperation in, ii, 210; Audubon to Baird on, ii, 219-221, 222, 226-227, 233; Audubon to Parkman, ii, 227; to W. O. Ayres, ii, 229; Parke Godwin on, ii, 236; editions of, ii, 261; Bachman on text of, ii, 261-263, 269-272, 281-283; Baird on materials for, ii, 263, 264, 274, 276-277, 278; Audubon on letterpress of, ii, 265; Harris as mediator in difficulties with letterpress of, ii, 269; coöperation of authors in, ii, 273; subscribers to, ii, 274; Louis Agassiz on, ii, 274; title of text of, ii, 275; English edition of first volume of text of, ii, 280; dedication copy of first volume of text of, ii, 280; J. E. Gray on, ii, 281; manuscript of text of, ii, 283; Illustrations of, ii, 285; in octavo, ii, 293.

Quebec, Audubon's visit and success in, ii, 244.

Queen, Jean Audubon's fight in, i, 35.

Queen Charlotte (La Reine Charlotte), Captain Jean Audubon's command of, at Yorktown, i, 34.

Quinarianism, curious tenets and advocacy of, ii, 94, 95, 104, 109, 114, 116, 117.

Quincy, Josiah, ii, 29, 150.

Rabin, Mlle., birth of son of, i, 52; as characterized by Jean Audubon, i, 52; record of physician of, i, 53; her feeble health and death, i, 56; suppression of her name, i, 60; early and assumed names of her son, i, 62; as characterized by her son, i, 63, 66; fictitious account of death of, i, 67.

Rabin, Jean, i, 53, 57, 61, 62, 63, 64, 263, 264; ii, 361, 362, 364. See Jean Jacques Fougère Audubon.

Rafinesque, Constantine Samuel (Schmaltz), i, 171; his travels, writings and career, i, 285-300; Audubon on, i, 285; and the bats, i, 286; his early life and precocity, i, 287; his bibliography, i, 287; visit to America, i, 288; life in Sicily, i, 288; marriage and embitterment, i, 289; return to America and shipwreck, i, 290; visits Audubon, i, 290; his "scarlet-headed swallow" and fictitious fishes, i, 291; his Ichthyology of the Ohio River and "Devil-Jack Diamond-fish," i, 292; at Transylvania University, i, 294; originality and independence, i, 295; impractical projects and inventions, i, 295-296, 298; troubles at Lexington and return to Philadelphia, i, 296; his mania for new species, i, 296; his letters, i, 297; his multifarious writings, final struggles and death, i, 297-299; his ardor and fatal versatility, i, 299; contemporary notice of, i, 333.

"Rafinesquiana," i, 287.

Rambler, i, 7.

Ramsden, George, Edward Holden to, i, 351.

Rankin, Dr. Adam, i, 238, 242; his "Meadow Brook Farm," i, 248; birth of John Woodhouse Audubon at home of, i, 248.

Rankin, William, i, 248.

Rathbone, Richard, introduction of Audubon to, i, 352.

Rathbone, William, Sr., assistance rendered Audubon by, i, 352.

Rathbone, Mrs. William, Sr., at "Greenbank," i, 353; gift to Audubon by, i, 355.

Rathbone, William, Jr., i, 352.

Rattlesnake, Audubon's account of drawing of, i, 316; climbing habits of, ii, 53-54, 64; Audubon on, ii, 71-76; Dr. Jones' charge concerning, ii, 72; Audubon's error in description of, ii, 76-78; vindication of Audubon's drawing and account of the fangs of, ii, 79.

Rattlesnake, encounter of the Polly with, i, 134-135, 187.

Redbanks. See Henderson.

Redbird, Summer Tanager (Piranga rubra), Audubon's drawing of, i, 316.

Redouté, Pierre Joseph, works and friendship of, i, 411.

Red River (Arkansas), drawing of the Chuck-will's-widow on, i, 182.

Redstart, American (Setophaga ruticilla), Audubon's early drawings of, i, 181, 316.

Rees, Abraham, i, 216.

Rees, William J., ii, 62.

"Regulus cuvieri," "Cuvier's Wren," i, 180, 354; ii, 215, 219.

Rhoads, Samuel N., i, 291; ii, 202.

Richardson, John, ii, 98, 105, 106.

Ricordel, Mme. See Mme. Jean Audubon.

Rider, Alexander, i, 331.

Ridgely, D., ii, 38.

Ripley, the voyage of, ii, 43-50.

Robertson, John Argyle, ii, 183.

Robin, American (Planesticus migratorius), Audubon's early drawing of, i, 182.

Rochambeau, Comte de, i, 34.

Rochefort, i, 30, 83, 93, 94.

Roe Lockwood & Son, ii, 296.

Roget, Dr. Peter Mark, i, 377.

Roscoe, Edward, i, 352, 353, 354.

Roscoe, William, i, 218.

Ross, David (and Company), i, 57, 121-123, 265, 266.

Rothschild, Baron, Audubon's account of interview with, ii, 206.

Rowan, William, i, 400.

Roy, Constance (Rozier), i, 245.

Royal Society (London), Audubon's election to membership in, i, 437; William Swainson on his election, ii, 97.

Rozier, Charles A., i, 146.

Rozier, Claude François, i, 147; Ferdinand Rozier to, i, 149-152; his family, i, 152; his death, i, 152; and Benjamin Bakewell, i, 154; Audubon to, i, 154, 156-158, 161-163, 164-166.

Rozier, Felix, i, 246.

Rozier, Ferdinand, i, 146; his "Articles," i, 147; to his father, i, 149-152; at Philadelphia, i, 153; as attorney for Lieutenant Audubon and his wife, i, 153; his business plans, i, 156-158, 161-162, 165; his diary, i, 187-192; Thomas Bakewell to, i, 196; William Bakewell to, i, 199; removes from Louisville to Henderson, i, 236; removes with Audubon to Ste. Geneviève, i, 237-241; dissolves partnership with Audubon, i, 241; Audubon to, i, 243; career of, i, 244-246; his death, i, 246; "Audubon & Bakewell" to, i, 251; ii, 359.

Rozier, Firman A., i, 246.

Rozier, François Denis, i, 154.

Rozier (Colas), Renée Angelique, death of, i, 152.

Rozier, Tom J., i, 196.

Rozier, Welton A., manuscripts in possession of, i, 149, 168, 187.

Rue de Crébillon, Jean Audubon's home in, i, 57.

Rush, Dr. Benjamin, i, 288.

Russell, W. Gurdon, ii, 204.

Saget (mayor of Nantes), i, 77.

St. Albans, i, 403.

St. Augustine, Audubon's description of, ii, 12; hunting birds at, ii, 12.

St. Francisville (Louisiana), engagement of Audubon at, i, 313; origin of name, i, 314; character of country and abundance of birds, i, 314; Audubon as tutor at, i, 315-318; Mrs. Audubon's school, i, 322; former wealth of country, i, 323, 345.

Sainte Geneviève (Missouri), Audubon's journey to, i, 237-241; dissolution of partnership with Rozier at, i, 241; Audubon's subsequent visits, i, 242; Ferdinand Rozier's career at, i, 244-247.

St. John, Mrs. Horace Roscoe Stebbing, i, 17.

St. Johns, ii, 244.

Saint Louis (Santo Domingo), i, 39, 41.

Sammis, Capt. S., i, 131, 156, 158, 159, 164, 187.

Sandpiper, Spotted (Actitis macularia), Audubon's early drawing of, i, 249.

Sanson, Dr., as Jean Audubon's physician, i, 53; his bill of services, resources and favorite remedies, i, 53; his inoculations for smallpox, i, 55; his treatment of Audubon's mother, i, 56; for complete text of bill, with translation, see ii, 314-327.

Santo Domingo, pre-revolutionary lure of, i, 36; Jean Audubon's career in, i, 36-38; effect of the Declaration of Rights on, i, 37; slave trade at, i, 39-41; cost of slaves at, i, 40; prosperity and praise of, i, 42; population of whites and blacks in 1790, i, 42; plight of mulattoes and history of slavery in, i, 43; Baron de Wimpffen's experience with society and plantation life, i, 44-48; unjust taxation, i, 44, 46; debasement of morals, i, 45; bossals, Creoles and mulattoes, i, 44-47; outbreak and progress of the Revolution, i, 49-51; the Revolution in relation to the history of Jean and Jean Jacques Fougère Audubon, i, 50; Les Cayes first touched by Revolution of, i, 50; first blood drawn in the North, i, 50; Ogé's futile rebellion, i, 50; later events in rising of blacks and mulattoes against whites, i, 50; physicians and their remedies in, i, 54.

Sautron, i, 139.

Savenay, i, 78.

Say, Thomas, i, 294, 330, 333-334.

Sayornis saya, i, 330.

Sayre, Robert H., ii, 7.

Scott, Sir Walter, on Audubon's exhibition, i, 359; Audubon on, i, 365; on Audubon, i, 366-368; 370.

Scott, Winfield, ii, 242.

Searles, Edward F., ii, 203.

Seaside Finch (Passerherbulus maritimus), original drawing of, i, 425.

Sedgwick, Adam, i, 399.

Selby, Prideaux John, Audubon's visit to, i, 374; Illustrations of British Ornithology by, i, 375; to Audubon, i, 375; ii, 102.

Serinettes, i, 163.

Shannonville (Pennsylvania), i, 102.

Sharp, William, i, 209.

Shattuck, Dr. George C., ii, 29, 35, 43, 150, 151, 228.

Shattuck, Dr. George Cheyne, as Audubon's assistant, ii, 43; as philanthropist, ii, 43; 228.

Shippingport (Kentucky), Audubon as peripatetic portrait painter at, i, 303; 326, 345.

Slack, Elijah, on Audubon's term of service at the Western Museum, i, 304; as president of Cincinnati College, i, 305.

Slaves (in Santo Domingo), numbers delivered at Les Cayes, i, 31; as a basis of wealth, i, 39; trade in, i, 39-41; numbers and mortality of, i, 42; management of, i, 43-47; diseases of, i, 46; cost and taxes of, i, 46; revolt of, i, 49-51.

Smallpox, i, 55.

Smith, Rebecca (Bakewell), i, 201.

Smith, Rev. Sidney, i, 369, 372.

Smythe, Henry A., ii, 310.

Sparrow, Baird's (Emberiza bairdii, Audubon, 1844; now Ammodramus bairdi), ii, 259.

Sparrow, Harris's (Zonotrichia querula), ii, 253.

Sparrow, Swamp (Melospiza georgiana), Audubon's early drawing of, i, 249.

Sparrow, Vesper (Poœcetes gramineus), "Bay-winged Bunting," original drawing of, i, 425.

Spencer, John C., ii, 242.

Sprague, Isaac, ii, 252.

Stanilaus, Francis Alexander (Baron de Wimpffen), i, 44; his experiences and observations as planter in Santo Domingo, i, 44-48.

Stanley, Edward George Geoffrey Smith (fourteenth Earl of Derby), i, 354, 380, 437.

"Stanley Hawk" (Falco stanleyi, now Accipiter cooperi), Cooper's Hawk. See Falco.

Starling, Edmund L., i, 236, 250, 252, 256-257.

Sterling, Mrs. Frederick A., i, 342.

Stoddard, Rev. Charles Augustus, tribute to Mrs. John James Audubon, ii, 303.

Stone, Charles F., ii, 311.

Stone, Witmer, ii, 214.

Stuart, Gilbert, i, 336.

Sturnella neglecta, Western Meadow Lark, ii, 254.

Sully, Thomas, i, 2, 328; Audubon as pupil of, i, 334; to Audubon, i, 334; Audubon to, i, 339; ii, 68-71.

Sully, Mrs. Thomas, Audubon to, i, 389.

Swainson, William, on Rafinesque, i, 289, 377, 395; correspondence of, i, 400; Audubon to, i, 400-401, 405-407, 409-410; ii, 95-97, 99, 101-103, 112, 176-177, 353; to Audubon, i, 402, 413-414, 422-423, 430-431; ii, 97-101, 103-108; characteristics, i, 402; on Audubon, i, 403; Audubon at home of, i, 404; with Audubon in Paris, i, 408-412, 415; ii, 84; in controversy over the Ornithological Biography, ii, 88, 93-109; as leader in the Quinarian movement, ii, 93-95, 114, 116-117; Audubon's proposal for assistance of, ii, 102; his response and answer to a later letter, ii, 103-108; their subsequent relations, ii, 111-114; as biographer, ii, 113-116; Literary Gazette on, ii, 113; as the "British Cuvier," ii, 114; his career and adversities, ii, 117; his emigration and death, ii, 118, 173.

Sylvia (Helinaria) swainsonii, ii, 113.

Syme, John, i, 361.

Synopsis of Birds of North America, publication of, ii, 186; number of species recognized in, 186.

Tawapatee Bottom, i, 240.

Taylor, Richard C., ii, 77.

Thayer, John E., i, 307, 363; ii, 227, 229.

Tête-Carée. See Dupré.

Texas, Audubon's visit to Republic of, ii, 163-165.

Thackeray, George, ii, 146.

The Foresters, i, 216.

Thomas, William, i, 101, 113, 115, 116, 117, 118, 150, 151.

Thrush, Hermit (Hylocichla ustulata), i, 308.

Thrush, Wood (Hylocichla mustelina), Audubon's early drawing of, i, 180.

Title pages, in facsimile, The Birds of America, original folio, i, 381; prospectus of The Birds of America, i, 391; of covers of parts, of octavo (second) edition of the Birds, ii, 213; of English edition (Vol. I) of The Viviparous Quadrupeds of North America, i, 275.

Titmouse, Mountain, Audubon's early drawing of, i, 181.

Torrey, John, i, 171.

Townsend, Dr. John Kirk, ii, 147, 149, 153-154, 156, 170-173, 179.

Traill, Dr. Thomas S., i, 353.

Transportation by steam, in the Atlantic, i, 2; on the Ohio River, i, 236.

Transylvania Company, i, 252.

Transylvania University, i, 294-296, 306.

Treat, Mary, ii, 81.

Trinity Cemetery, i, 13.

Trudeau, James, ii, 184, 185, 186.

Turkey, Wild (Meleagris gallopavo), i, 311, 355, 358, 363; ii, 198.

"Twizel House," i, 374.

Tyler, John, Audubon's credentials from, ii, 242.

Tyttenhanger (or Tittenhanger), Green, i, 403.

Valentine, Edward Virginius, i, 14.

Valley Forge (Pennsylvania), i, 102.

Van Buren, Martin, ii, 153, 166.

Vanderlyn, John, i, 312, 338.

Vaux, James, i, 108.

Vendée, La, i, 24-27.

Vendeans, characteristics and revolt of, i, 26; Nantes besieged by, i, 74; defeat and fate of, i, 75; execution of leader of, i, 76-77, 80.

Vigors, Nathaniel Augustus, i, 377; to Audubon, i, 407-408, 415; ii, 101, 107.

Vireo belli (V. bellii, of Audubon, 1844), Bell's Vireo, ii, 253.

Vireo, Warbling (Vireosylva gilva), Audubon's original drawing of, i, 425.

Vireo, Yellow-throated (Lanivireo flavifrons), Audubon's original drawing of, i, 316.

Vulture, Turkey (Cathartes aura), and Black, or "Carrion Crow" (Catharista urubu), controversy over the sense of smell in, ii, 81-84; experiments of Audubon and Bachman on, ii, 55-56, 61, 81-82; memorial of the faculty of the South Carolina Medical College on, ii, 83; present condition of the question, ii, 83.

Wade, Joseph M., i, 213, 254.

Wagtail, White (Motacilla alba), Audubon's early drawing of, i, 181.

Wainwright, Rev. Dr., Edward Everett to, i, 436.

Waller, Sir J. Walter, to Audubon, i, 392, 406.

Walton, Isaac, i, 206.

Warbler (Sylvia trochilus delicata, sylvia delicata), Audubon's unpublished drawing of, i, 228.

Warbler, Bay-breasted (Dendroica castanea), "Autumnal Warbler," Audubon's original drawing of, i, 426.

Warbler, Blackburnian (Dendroica fusca), "Hemlock Warbler," Audubon's original drawing of, i, 180, 426.

Warbler, Black-poll (Dendroica striata), Audubon's original drawing of, i, 425; ii, 50.

Warbler, Black-throated Blue (Dendroica cærulescens), "Pine Swamp Warbler," Audubon's original drawing of, i, 425.

Warbler, Canada (Wilsonia canadensis), "Canada Flycatcher," Audubon's original drawing of, i, 425.

Warbler, Carbonated (Dendroica carbonata), Audubon's original drawing of, i, 180.

Warbler, Chestnut-sided (Dendroica pennsylvanica), Audubon's original drawing of, i, 180.

Warbler, "Children's," Yellow Warbler (Dendroica æstiva), i, 354.

Warbler, Connecticut (Oporornis agilis), Audubon's original drawing of, i, 426.

Warbler, Magnolia (Dendroica magnolia), "Black and Yellow Warbler," Audubon's original drawing of, i, 425.

Warbler, Pine-creeping (Dendroica vigorsi), Audubon's original drawing of, i, 316.

Warbler, Prairie (Dendroica discolor), Audubon's original drawing of, i, 316.

Warbler, "Rathbone," i, 180, 354.

Warbler, Tennessee (Vermivora peregrina), Audubon's original drawing of, i, 316.

Warbler, Yellow-rumped, Myrtle Warbler (Dendroica coronata), Audubon's original drawing of, i, 180.

Ward, Henry, ii, 2, 4, 9, 12, 25, 32, 59.

Washington, General George, at Valley Forge, i, 102; Folk's portrait of, i, 106; at "Fatland Ford," i, 108.

Water-lily, yellow (Nymphæa lutea), ii, 80.

Waterton, Charles, i, 12, 224-232, 415; ii, 55, 61, 73; on Audubon's drawing of the rattlesnake, ii, 79; on the vulture's olfactory sense, ii, 82; to George Ord, ii, 83; his Wanderings, polemics and life at Walton Hall, ii, 86-92; on Alexander Wilson's diary, ii, 87; on the Ornithological Biography, ii, 87; on the young Cuckoo and Hummingbird's nest, ii, 90-91; 142.

Watty and Meg, i, 208.

Webster, Daniel, as Audubon's patron, ii, 151; his letter of recommendation and promise of ducks, ii, 152; Audubon's credentials from, ii, 242.

Wellington, ii, 189, 191.

Wernerian Society, i, 183; ii, 72.

Westermann, General, to Citizen Audubon, i, 80.

Western Journal, ii, 298.

Western Museum, Audubon as its taxidermist, and story of its foundation, i, 303-306.

Wetherill, Samuel, Junior, i, 102, 169; ii, 14.

Wetherill, Samuel Price, i, 102.

Wetherill, Dr. William, i, 201.

Wetherill, W. H., i, 99, 102, 149.

Wheelock, John, i, 218.

Whewell, William, i, 399.

Whip-poor-will (Antrostomus vociferus), Audubon's early drawings of, i, 180, 249.

Whitehall (New York), ii, 244.

White-throated Sparrow (Zonotrichia albicollis), Audubon's early drawing of, i, 249.

Wilkie, David, i, 377.

Williams, George Alfred, on the ancestry and achievements of Robert Havell, Junior, i, 382; ii, 193-195.

Wilson, Alexander, i, 107; his life and accomplishments, i, 202-220; his journey of 1810, i, 202; his rebuke to a judge, i, 203; description of Pittsburgh, i, 204; descends the Ohio, i, 205; impressions of Cincinnati and Louisville, i, 205; success in New Orleans, i, 207; his meeting with Audubon, i, 207; early life and struggles, i, 208; success as a dialect poet, i, 208; champions the oppressed weavers, is fined and sent to jail, i, 208; emigrates to America, i, 209; unfortunate love affairs, i, 209, 212, 215, 216; to Charles Orr, i, 210-212; George Ord on, i, 211; friendship with Bartram and Lawson, i, 212; his poverty and thrift, i, 214-216; his talents and genius, i, 214; The Foresters, i, 216; his American Ornithology begun, i, 216; his prospectus and first volume, i, 217; canvasses New England, i, 218; journey South and extension of his work, i, 218; second New England tour, and his arrest as a spy, i, 219; completion of his seventh volume and his premature death, i, 219; his character, i, 219; Audubon's account of their meeting in Louisville, i, 220-223; Ord's revival of the incident, i, 223; his diary in light of later events, i, 224-232; his evasive flycatcher, i, 226; the "twin" Mississippi Kites, i, 227-230; as a later "rival" of Audubon, i, 231-232, 234-235, 311, 422; mistaken obituary of, ii, 2; Audubon on, ii, 143; number of species of American birds recognized, ii, 214; and Bachman, ii, 284.

Wilson, James, i, 438.

Wilson, John, i, 362, 385, 447; ii, 84; Audubon to, ii, 139.

Winterfield, Charles, ii, 121, 256-258; on Audubon at the ruins of a fire, ii, 267.

Wollaston, Dr. William Hyde, i, 377.

Wood, Rev. J. G., on Waterton, ii, 89.

Woodbury, Levi, ii, 5; to Louis McLane, ii, 23.

Woodpecker, Green, Audubon's early drawing of, i, 178, 181.

Woodpecker, Red-cockaded (Dryobates borealis), Audubon's early drawing of, i, 316.

Wren, "Cuvier's." See "Regulus."

Wren, Bewick's (Thryomanes bewicki), Audubon's original drawing of, i, 180.

Wren, Marsh (Telmatodytes palustris), original drawing of, i, 425.

Wren, Parkman's (Troglodytes aëdon parkmani), original specimen, ii, 227.

Yarrell, William, ii, 58; to Audubon, ii, 223-225, 246-247.

Yellow-throat, "Roscoe's," Maryland Yellow-throat (Geothlypis trichas), i, 354.

Yorktown (Virginia), Jean Audubon's command at, i, 24.

Zoölogical Gallery, i, 12, 382, 394.

Zoölogical Society (London), i, 398, 444.

FOOTNOTES

Quoted by Captain Thomas Brown (Bibl. No. 163) in the Edinburgh Caledonian Mercury, November 3, 1831.

Extract of letter of Colonel Abert. See G. W. Featherstonhaugh (Bibl. No. 164), Monthly American Journal of Geology and Natural Science, vol. i, p. 229 (1831).

John James Abert (1788-1863), long associated with the Bureau of Topographical Engineers of the United States Army, became brevet lieutenant-colonel in charge of that office in 1837; according to Ruthven Deane (see Bibliography, No. 216), he was an organizer of the National Institute of Science, afterwards merged with the Smithsonian Institution at Washington; an ardent friend of Audubon, he assisted him in many ways, and, as Dr. Richard Harlan affirmed, paid dearly for his support by being rejected for membership in the American Philosophical Society at Philadelphia. Harlan wrote to Audubon on January 27, 1832, that out of twenty-five members present on the occasion referred to, five, led by Mr. George Ord, Mr. Isaac Lea, and Dr. Hays, had voted against him: in his opinion no possible grounds could be found for opposing so desirable a member excepting his friendship for Audubon and his support of the snake "Episode" (see Chapter XXVIII). In 1832 Abert's paper on the "Habits of Climbing of the Rattlesnake," which was written in the previous year, had appeared in a Philadelphia journal (see Bibliography, No. 107). To this friend Abert's Squirrel, Sciurus aberti, was later dedicated; see Audubon, The Viviparous Quadrupeds of North America (Bibl. No. 6), plate 153.

C. L. Bachman, John Bachman, D.D., LL.D., Ph.D. (Bibl. No. 191), to which work I am indebted for numerous extracts from Bachman's letters to Audubon and for various incidents relating to the different members of both families.

This "Great Volume," bound in fine Russia leather, was still in possession of the Bachman family in 1888, and is said to represent one of the earliest impressions of the plates, which Audubon had selected and used for exhibition purposes. See C. L. Bachman, op. cit., p. 101.

This unique copy of The Birds of America bears the inscription:

To my worthy Friend D d. Eckley, Esq., of [Boston] this volume is given with his sincere and good wishes.

JOHN J. AUDUBON.

The plates thus dedicated were unbound, and apparently in their original covers, which consisted of plain brown sheets. They passed through the hands of Messrs. Burrows Brothers' Company, Cleveland, to Mr. Robert H. Sayre of South Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, and were originally received by the American dealers from the Messrs. Sotheran & Company of London. Possibly this was the set mentioned by Coues, who says "Trübner ... quotes the work with plain plates. I have never seen one in that condition" (Birds of the Colorado Valley, p. 612; Bibl. No. 181). After Mr. Sayre's death, his library was dispersed by public auction at Philadelphia, when this complete set of Audubon plates, though in an uncolored state, brought $3,200; see Public Ledger, November 9, 1907, and "Bohemian" (Bibl. No. 207a), Black Diamond Express, vol. iv, p. 3.

Letter (No. 1) from Audubon to the editor of the Monthly American Journal of Geology and Natural Science (Bibl. No. 34), published in vol. i, p. 358 (1832); dated "St. Augustine, East Florida, Dec. 7, 1831." These letters, which were hurriedly written in the field, appeared in a short-lived and forgotten publication; they are here given in part on account of the general interest of the narrative.

See Audubon's New Year's resolution against snuff, Vol. I., p. 396.

See Vol. I, p. 400.

Thomas Butler King, of St. Simon's Island, Georgia.

Then belonging to the four sons of Samuel Wetherill, who succeeded to the white lead and drugs industry after his death in 1829.

For the favor of reproducing this and another letter by Dr. Harlan given in Chapter XXVII, as well as the sonnet referred to, which will be found facing page 1 of this volume, I am indebted to Mr. Ruthven Deane.

The following account is quoted from Audubon's second letter to G. W. Featherstonhaugh (Bibl. No. 35), dated "Bulowville, East Florida, December 31, 1831;" published, loc. cit., vol. i, p. 407 (1832).

See Vol. II, p. 129.

See following Note; and "Spring Garden," Ornithological Biography (Bibl. No. 2), vol. ii, p. 263.

See Bibliography, No. 36; undated; published, loc. cit., vol. i, p. 529 (1832).

See "St. John's River in Florida," Ornithological Biography, vol. ii, p. 291.

See "The Florida Keys," Ornithological Biography, vol. i, pp. 312 and 345, and "The Turtlers," ibid., vol. ii, p. 370.

See Vol. II, p. 7.

See "A Merchant of Savannah," Ornithological Biography (Bibl. No. 2), vol. ii, p. 549.

It was possibly during his visit to this city that an experiment was made in bringing out some of his plates by lithography. Two copies of a large plate, possibly the only one produced, lithographed without colors, were shown to me by Mr. Goodspeed, of Boston, in the summer of 1910; these represented the "Rallus crepitans—Marsh Hen," and bore the following legends: "By John J. Audubon, F.R.S., &c., &c.," and "Drawn & Printed by Childs & Inman, Philadelphia, 1832." Three birds are here figured in place of the two which appear in the plate of this species which Havell later engraved, and in composition the two publications are quite distinct.

In a letter written to Audubon by his engraver, January 20, 1831, Havell said: "Since writing my last, I have a new subscriber from America, the Honble. T. H. Perkins, Boston Athenæum. I packed it in a tin case, and a wooden one; for the whole I am paid thro. the banking house of the Baring Brothers, & Co., Bishopsgate St."

The copy of The Birds of America in possession of the Boston Society of Natural History bears the following in autographic inscription on the fly-leaf of the first volume:

Cost $1125—

T. H. PERKINS 1837.

See Vol. II, p. 43.

See "Journey in New Brunswick and Maine," Ornithological Biography (Bibl. No. 2), vol. ii, p. 467.

C. L. Bachman, John Bachman, D.D., LL.D., Ph.D. (Bibl. No. 191).

For notice of Robert Havell, Senior, who died in 1832, see Vol. I, p. 382.

Originally published by Ruthven Deane (Bibl. No. 48), The Auk, vol. xxii, 1905.

Alexander Gordon, who married Ann Bakewell, youngest sister of Mrs. Audubon. For notice of Jos. B. Kidd, mentioned below, see Vol. I, p. 446.

Originally published by George Bird Grinnell (Bibl. No. 54), The Auk, vol. xxxiii, 1916.

See Chapter XXIX, p. 118, and the letter which Audubon wrote to Bonaparte at this time.

Most readers will doubtless recall that Dr. George Parkman was the victim of an almost unbelievable tragedy in 1849, when he met his death at the hands of a colleague; the entire country was then aroused as it seldom had been by an event in the annals of crime.

In 1897 Mr. Joseph Coolidge, who was then living in San Francisco, was the sole survivor of this expedition; see Maria R. Audubon, Audubon and his Journals (Bibl. No. 86), vol. i, p. 347.

Dr. George Cheyne Shattuck, like his father a philanthropist, and an ardent patron of all good works, in 1855 planted a seed on the rocky soil of New Hampshire which has since shown a marvelous vitality; to him primarily, and to the revered schoolmasters, the Reverend Dr. Henry Augustus Coit and the Reverend Dr. Joseph Rowland Coit, the world owes that great foundation, St. Paul's School.

Maria R. Audubon, op. cit., vol. i, p. 346.

See "The Eggers of Labrador," Ornithological Biography (Bibl. No. 2), vol. iii, p. 82.

Lincoln's Finch, Fringella lincolnii, now Melospiza lincolni.

See Charles W. Townsend (Bibl. No. 234), The Auk, vol. xxxiv, p. 133 (1917).

Maria R. Audubon, op. cit., vol. i, p. 386.

Ibid., p. 390.

Ibid., p. 425.

As a memento of the Labrador experience, Audubon presented Harris with his pocket companion, The Genera of North American Birds and a Synopsis of the Species, by Charles Lucien Bonaparte (New York, 1828), and inscribed it as presented to his friend at "Eastport, Sept. 1, 1833." This volume, which saw much hard usage on this voyage and is filled with Audubon's manuscript notes, is now in possession of Mr. Joseph Y. Jeanes.

For Tuesday, September 10, 1833.

Lucy Audubon, ed., Life of John James Audubon, the Naturalist (Bibl. No. 73), p. 377.

Ibid., p. 379.

See Chapter XXVIII, p. 78.

See ibid., p. 81.

Which I am able to reproduce through the kindness of Miss Maria R. Audubon.

The reference is to Victor G. Audubon's second article in defense of his father, which appeared in Loudon's Magazine of Natural History (see Bibliography, No. 118). Swainson's paper, under the same title (see Bibliography, No. 117), was published in the same number.

For an account of this discussion see Chapter XXVIII, where the memorial drawn up and signed by the faculty of the Medical College of South Carolina is reproduced.

When in New York, awaiting the sailing of his vessel, in April, 1834, Audubon referred to Bachman's paper on the Turkey Buzzard in writing to Miss Maria Martin, as follows: "At Phila., Mr. Lee and Docr. Hays managed to have it not read at Philosoph. Socy, but the Lyceum of New York, after reading it, have sent it to Professor Silliman, in whose Journal it will appear. John Bachman may consider himself a member of the Lyceum of New York, and 'mayhap,' a fellow of the Linnean Society of London." Bachman's paper was actually published in the Journal of the Boston Society of Natural History for 1834; see Bibliography, No. 125.

This paper, entitled "Remarks in Defense of [Mr. Audubon] the author of the Birds of America," was published in volume vii of Loudon's Magazine of Natural History for 1834, and is dated "Charleston, Dec. 31, 1833"; see Bibliography, No. 124.

See Note, Vol. I., p. 426.

See Vol. I, p. 260.

See Audubon's statement of the case, given in Note, Vol. I, p. 260.

See Bibliography, Nos. 17-21.

For this privilege I am indebted to Miss Maria R. Audubon.

See Bibliography, No. 21.

At one time superintendent of the Patent Office at Washington, and professor in the medical department of Columbia College; he was later professor of mathematics in the Franklin Institute of Philadelphia and editor of the Franklin Journal and American Mechanics' Magazine.

See Bibliography, No. 115.

See Bibliography, No. 93.

This episode was referred to in Chapter XX, p. 316.

This was very clearly pointed out in 1908 in an excellent article by Mr. George W. Colles, entitled "A Defence of Audubon" (Bibl. No. 160), in Scientific American, vol. xcviii, p. 311.

See Plate lii, of the Chuck-will's-widow.

See Vol. II, p. 3; and Bibliography, No. 107.

An English geologist, who made a survey of the bituminous coal-deposits of the Alleghany mountains in 1834. See Bibliography, No. 129.

Ornithological Biography (Bibl. No. 2), vol. iv, p. xviii.

See Thomas M. Brewer, (Bibl. No. 79), Harper's New Monthly Magazine, vol. lxi, p. 666 (1880).

This specimen, which was presented to me by the late Dr. X. C. Scott of Cleveland, measured 6 feet, and showed eight rattles and a button; the skin and skeleton are preserved in the Biological Laboratory of Western Reserve University.

See Vol. II, p. 55.

Bachman's account of these experiments is interesting: "A coarse painting," he said, was made on canvas, "representing a sheep skinned and cut open. This proved very amusing—no sooner was this picture placed on the ground than the Vultures observed it, alighted near, walked over it, and some of them commenced tugging at the painting. They seemed much disappointed and surprised, and after having satisfied their curiosity, flew away. This experiment was repeated more than fifty times, with the same result. The painting was then placed within two feet of the place where the offal was deposited—they came as usual, walked around it, but in no instance evinced the slightest symptoms of their having scented the offal which was so near them.

"The most offensive portions of the offal were now placed on the earth; these were covered over by a canvass cloth—on this were strewn several pieces of fresh beef. The Vultures came, ate the flesh that was in sight, and although they were standing on a quantity beneath them, and although their bills were frequently within the eighth of an inch of the putrid matter, they did not discover it. We made a small rent in the canvass, and they at once discovered the flesh and began to devour it. We drove them away, replaced the canvass with a piece that was entire; again they commenced eating the flesh exhibited to their view, without discovering the hidden food they were trampling upon.

"As it [the organ of smell] does however exist, (although in an inferior degree,) I am not disposed to deny to birds the power of smell altogether, nor would I wish to advance the opinion that the Vulture does not possess the power of smelling in the slightest degree, (although it has not been discovered by our experiments). All that I contend for is, that he is not assisted by this faculty in procuring his food—that he cannot smell better for instance, than Hawks or Owls, who it is known are indebted altogether to their sight, in discovering their prey."

See Bibliography, No. 104, and Vol. II, p. 55; also Ornithological Biography, vol. ii, p. 46.

See Bibliography, No. 125, and for the quotation to follow, Samuel N. Rhoads, "George Ord," Cassinia, No. xii (Philadelphia, 1908).

See W. Sells (Bibl. No. 140), Proceedings of the Zoölogical Society of London, pt. v, p. 33 (1837).

See Vol. II, pp. 4 and 23, and Bibliography, No. 106.

See Bibliography, No. 136.

See Bibliography, No. 105.

See Bibliography, No. 106.

See Bibliography, No. 35.

See Bibliography, No. 104 et seq.

See Vol. I, p. 224.

"I myself, with mine own eyes, have seen Wilson's original diary, written by him at Louisville, and I have just now on the table before me the account of the Academy of Sciences indignantly rejecting Mr. Audubon as a member, on that diary having been produced to their view." See Bibliography, No. 119.

See Bibliography, No. 119.

See Bibliography, No. 115.

See Bibliography, No. 117.

See Bibliography, No. 114.

Wanderings in South America, the North-West of the United States, and the Antilles, in the years 1812, 1816, 1820, & 1824. Originally in 4to., London, 1825.

See "Nests and Nest-Building in Birds," Pt. 2, Journal of Animal Behavior, vol. i (1911).

See Bibliography, No. 138.

See Chapter XXIII.

Swainson expounded the Quinarian or Circular System in the Fauna Boreali-Americana; or the zoölogy of the northern parts of British America, published in collaboration with John Richardson, and the first zoölogical publication issued by the British Government; but A Treatise on the Geography and Classification of Animals contained his most authoritative thesis upon this grotesque concept.

See Vol. I, p. 403.

For the history of the Audubon-Swainson correspondence, see Note, Vol. I, p. 400. Swainson's letter which follows was first published by Ruthven Deane (Bibl. No. 218), The Auk, vol. xxii, p. 248 (1905).

Reproduced in Vol. I, p. 430.

Possibly Henry Ward, who came to America with Audubon in 1831 as his assistant and taxidermist (see Vol. II, p. 2); a Frederick Ward is also mentioned in Audubon's letters.

Isaac Lea, naturalist and Philadelphia publisher; Mr. Lea was a member of the firm of Messrs. Carey & Lea, at one time the principal proprietors of Wilson's American Ornithology, and it was thought that the prejudice which he manifested towards Audubon and his friends was traceable to his desire to maintain the sales of that work. His attitude was compared with that of Judge Hall, whose brother, Harrison, was also an interested publisher. See Vol. I, pp. 223 and 281.

From the Howland MSS.

First published by Ruthven Deane (Bibl. No. 217), The Auk, vol. xxii, p. 31 (1905).

William John Burchell (1782?-1863), an indefatigable collector and explorer, especially in Africa and Brazil; the zebra, Equus burchelli, and many animals and plants which he discovered have been dedicated to him.

Referring to the Fauna-Boreali Americana, the second part of which, on "Birds," published in 1831, was by Swainson; see Vol. I, p. 410.

First published by Elliott Coues (Bibl. No. 203), The Auk, vol. xv, p. 11 (1898); reproduced by Theodore Gill (Bibl. No. 205), The Osprey, vol. v, p. 23 (1900).

See Note, Vol. II, p. 105.

But three other letters of Audubon to Swainson, after this date, are noted by Albert Günther (Bibl. No. 204) in the Proceedings of the Linnæan Society, 112th session (1900): one of "6 June, 1831," announces Audubon's prospective return to America in August of that year; another, dated "6 Dec. 1837," asks for the loan of some bird skins; and the last of "11 Jan. 1838," is reproduced in Chapter XXXII. Swainson is said to have been negotiating at this time with Charles L. Bonaparte in reference to a joint compilation for a work on the birds of the world; Bonaparte estimated that there were then between 7,000 and 8,000 known species to be characterized, but Swainson's terms were not satisfactory, and nothing came of the project. To the above list should be added the letter, evidently misdated, of "April 28th. 1831," soon to follow.

See Vol. I, p. 438.

See Vol. II, p. 88.

Ornithological Biography (Bibl. No. 2), vol. i, p. xvii.

Signed "Ornithophilus" (see Bibliography, No. 97), and attributed by Coues (see Bibliography, No. 181), with a question mark, to Swainson, but the internal evidence shows conclusively that he was not its author. The writer of this article said that it was not enough to state that Audubon "has invented a new style in the representation of natural objects; for so true are his pictures, that he who has once seen and examined them, can never again look with pleasure on the finest productions of other artists. To paint like Audubon, will henceforth mean to represent Nature as she is.... To relieve, as Mr. Audubon says, the tedium of those who may have imposed upon themselves the task of following an author through the mazes of descriptive ornithology, he has interspersed descriptions of American scenery and manners, gloomy forests, tangled cane-brakes, dismal swamps, majestic rivers, floods, tornadoes, and earthquakes; the migration of the white man, the retreat of the red; the character and pursuits of the backwoodsman.... Much, therefore, is it to be wished that Mr. Audubon would undertake the delineation of the birds of Great Britain, which, with his matchless talents, aided by those of Mr. Havell, would eclipse, not only all other representations of these birds, but even the 'Birds of America,' unrivalled as that work now is."

See Ornithological Biography, vol. v, p. 194; and Theodore Gill (Bibl. No. 206), The Osprey, vol. iv and v. It seems that Dr. James Trudeau, out of ignorance or disregard for Swainson's designation, later named a woodpecker, obtained near New Orleans in 1837, Picus auduboni, and by a strange coincidence, as Dr. Gill has noticed, the same name was given by two different naturalists to the same bird, now regarded as a variety and known as Dryobates villosus auduboni.

The Cabinet Cyclopædia was published by Messrs. Longman, Orme & Company, and edited by Rev. Dionysius Lardner. Swainson wrote eleven of the twelve volumes devoted to natural history. The volume to which we refer is entitled Taxidermy, Bibliography, and Biography, by William Swainson, A. C. G. [Assistant Commissary-General], F. R. S. & L. S., Hon. F. C. P. S. etc., and of several foreign societies (see Bibliography, No. 169). The Literary Gazette for August 8, 1840, in noticing this work, said: "Perhaps the amusing and frequent illustration of his character is to be found in the autobiographical sketch of himself, which he has not only included in this portion of his volume, but induced his publishers to forward on a separate sheet with the subjoined note:

"'Messrs. Longman, Orme, & Co., will feel particularly obliged if the Editor of the ... will permit the above Autobiography to appear in his columns at the first suitable opportunity.'

"'39 Paternoster Row, July 29, 1840.'"

Quoted by Theodore Gill (Bibl. No. 206), The Osprey, vol. iv, p. 105 (1900).

Theodore Gill, loc. cit.

Albert Günther, loc. cit.

For notice of Bonaparte see Note, Vol. I, p. 329.

See Vol. II, p. 40.

See Vol. II, p. 184.

This manuscript list is preserved with the original drawings of The Birds of America, in possession of the Historical Society of New York, where I was permitted to examine it. It bears the following attests of both naturalists in autograph:

"The above list of the Birds of America was made at London on the 15th. of December, 1837, when it was supposed to contain all the known species.

"JOHN J. AUDUBON, of Louisiana."

"The above list of North American Birds was drawn up by myself to please Mr. J. J. Audubon.

"LONDON, 15 December, 1837. "CHARLES L. BONAPARTE.

"The total number of good species, 460," has been added in pencil.

Comparative List of the Birds of Europe and North America, London, 1838.

See Note, Vol. II, p. 122.

A Monograph of the Trochilidæ, or Family of the Humming-Birds; 5 vols., fol., with Supplement by Bowlder Sharpe, London, 1861.

Charles Winterfield, see Bibliography, No. 148.

From letter written at 73 Margaret Street, Cavendish Square, and sealed with turkey-cock seal. (Jeanes MSS.)

First published by Elliott Coues (Bibl. No. 43) in the Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological Club, vol. v (1880).

For this and extracts in the two following paragraphs, see Ruthven Deane (Bibl. No. 209), The Auk, vol. xviii (1901).

See Vol. II, p. 264.

See Vol. I, p. 16.

See Vol. II, p. 135.

This, and the letter of MacGillivray soon to follow, are from the Howland MSS.

The Rapacious Birds of Great Britain, by William MacGillivray, was dedicated to Audubon "in admiration of his talents as an ornithologist, and in gratitude for many acts of friendship."

For an excellent account of the life of William MacGillivray and of his labors in natural science, see William MacGillivray, A Memorial Tribute to William MacGillivray (Bibl. No. 211).

See Mrs. Gordon, "Christopher North:" A Memoir of John Wilson (Bibl. No. 44).

This and extracts from letters which follow are from the Jeanes MSS.

See Bibliography, No. 2.

For letter written to Dr. Phillips in 1842, see Vol. II, p. 244.

Lucy B. Audubon, ed., Life of John James Audubon, the Naturalist (Bibl. No. 73), p. 385.

The Jeanes MSS.

C. L. Bachman, John Bachman, D.D., LL.D., Ph.D. (Bibl. No. 191).

See Note, Vol. II, p. 7.

Thomas Nuttall (1786-1859), a native of Yorkshire, was brought up a printer; in 1807 he emigrated to the United States, and became noted for his wide botanical explorations, for his Journal of Travels in the Arkansas Territory in 1819, and for his excellent Manual of the Ornithology of the United States and Canada (1833-1834), which has had several editions. From 1822 to 1834 he was professor of Natural History and curator of the Botanical Gardens at Harvard University; in 1834 he crossed the Rocky Mountains along the sources of the Platte, explored Oregon and Upper California, and visited the Sandwich Islands. He returned to England, where he had inherited property, in 1842, and died at St. Helen's, Lancashire, September 10, 1859.

See Lucy B. Audubon, ed., op. cit.; and Note, Vol. II, p. 29.

See Lucy B. Audubon, ed., op. cit., p. 391.

In a letter signed "I. P. Davis," and superscribed to "John J. Audubon Esqr at Mr. Berthoud's, 106 Broad Street New York." (Rowland MSS.)

See Thomas M. Brewer (Bibl. No. 79), Harper's New Monthly Magazine, vol. lxi, p. 666 (1880).

Ornithological Biography (Bibl. No. 2), vol. iv, p. xi.

Lucy B. Audubon, ed., op. cit., p. 398.

Printed in the Edinburgh Journal of Natural History ( Bibl. No. 37), vol. i, p. 17 (December, 1838).

See Lucy B. Audubon, ed., op. cit., p. 411.

Thomas M. Brewer (Bibl. No. 79), loc. cit.

For this and the quotations in the following paragraph, see Thomas M. Brewer (Bibl. No. 79), Harper's New Monthly Magazine, vol. lxi, p. 666 (1880).

See Vol. II, p. 149.

See S. N. Rhoads (Bibl. No. 46), The Auk, vol. xx, p. 377 (1903).

From MS. in the Public Library, New York.

The Linnæan Society's MSS. See Chapter XXIII, Note 354.

First published by R. W. Shufeldt (Bibl. No. 45), in The Auk, xi (1894); see also Maria R. Audubon, Audubon and his Journals (Bibl. No. 86).

See S. N. Rhoads (Bibl. No. 46), loc. cit.

See ibid.

See Vol. I, p. 241.

Voyage Autour du Monde, exécuté par ordre de sa Majesté l'Empereur Nicholas ler, sur la Corvette Le Séniavine, 1826-1829. Par Fréderic Lutké, Capitaine de vaisseau. Partie Historique, avec un atlas, lithographié, d'après les dessins originaux d'Alexandrie Postels et du Baron Kittlitz. Traduit du Russe sur le manuscrit original, sur les yeux de l'auteur, par Le Conseiller D'Etat F. Boyé. Text in 3 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1835-36. The first two volumes are historical, and the third, entitled "Travels of the Naturalists," is translated by Alexandre Postels. The expedition traversed the Behring Sea, touched at some of the Aleutian Islands, and then explored South America as far as the coast of Chili.

First published by Ruthven Deane (Bibl. No. 225), in The Auk, vol. xxv (1908). Mr. Deane writes me that he has a copy of a receipt from William MacGillivray to Audubon for the final amount due him for work on the technical parts of Volume V of the Ornithological Biography; at the bottom of this paper Audubon made a memorandum, under date of November 21, 1838, to the effect that the total amount which he had paid MacGillivray for his work upon this volume was £47-11-1.

See Note 5, Vol. II, p. 7. Mr. John Hardin (see Vol. II, p. 295) showed me an uncolored print of the Hen Turkey which John W. Audubon had given him, and a correspondent in New Orleans informs me that a relative possesses a number in this condition, which were received many years ago as a gift from Mrs. Audubon. Mr. Charles E. Goodspeed, of Boston, was the recipient of the Painted Bunting plates, noticed above.

Henry Augustus Havell (1803-1840), painter, engraver, and at one time assistant to his elder brother, Robert Havell, Junior.

George Alfred Williams (Bibl. No. 232), Print-Collectors Quarterly, vol. vi, p. 225 (1916).

Loc. cit.

In 1914 Dr. Samuel Henshaw showed me an impression of this suppressed plate, and also a large printed label, cut from a board backing, which bore within an ornamental border the title "Audubon's Birds of America—Engraved, printed, and colored by Lizars &c. &c." This suggests that Lizars may have issued the first two numbers, which he engraved, in portfolio.

See Bibliography, No. 142.

See Bibliography, No. 152.

W. B. O. Peabody; see Bibliography, No. 143.

See Samuel N. Rhoads (Bibl. No. 231) The Auk, vol. xxxiii, p. 130 (1916); transcript of a clipping which apparently had been taken from a New York newspaper of January, 1838; the reading of the American notice is the same, excepting the statement that applications in this country should be made to "N. Berthoud, Esq., New York; Dr. George Parkman, Boston; Rev. Jno. Bachman, Charleston, S. C.; James Grimshaw, Esq., New Orleans, or W. G. Bakewell, Esq., Louisville." It is dated "New York, 11 Jan, 1838."

Maria R. Audubon, Audubon and his Journals (Bibl. No. 86), vol. i, p. 71.

See Rhoads (Bibl. No. 231), loc. cit.

Ruthven Deane (Bibl. No. 225), The Auk, vol. xxv, p. 401 (1908).

Eight in number, the aggregate cost of which was then $1,624: The Birds of America, with its letterpress, was offered at $1,000; library, or octavo edition, with reduced plates, in 100 Parts, at $100; The Quadrupeds of North America, 2 vols., folio, with 3 vols. text, in 8vo., $300; text of the same, according to binding, from $31 (paper) to $40 (full Turkey mor.); Birds and Quadrupeds, library ed., 10 vols., 650 plates, $150 to $160, according to style; Synopsis of Birds of America, $4; The Viviparous Quadrupeds of North America, 3 vols., text only, $9. See Mrs. Horace St. John, Life of Audubon (Bibl. No. 71), in advertisement inserted in volume. These prices were similar to those that prevailed during the lifetime of the naturalist.

According to Mr. Ruthven Deane, Audubon's account books show that on January 8, 1840, a box was sent to Dr. George Parkman, of Boston, containing a set of The Birds of America, in full binding, at $1,075; a set of the same, half bound, at $950; and the "Biographies" at $27.

The highest recorded price of The Birds of America is believed to be $4,350, which the Kemble set brought at auction at Philadelphia, in 1906 (See Prices Current for 1906); the highest price paid for a single plate, that of the Turkey Cock (Plate No. 1) upwards of $140; and the highest price asked for the octavo edition of the Birds (in original parts), $750. The Quadrupeds in 2 vols., original folio, now brings about $500.

Ruthven Deane (Bibl. No. 225), loc. cit.

For a copy of this minute, the substance of which was published in 1877 (See Bibliography, No. 179), I am indebted to the present librarian, Mr. Kelby.

Jonathan Prescott Hall (1796-1862), eminent lawyer and jurist, was at one time district attorney for the southern district of New York, and author of Reports of Cases in the Supreme Court of City of New York— 1828-29 (2 vols., New York, 1831-33). Mr. Hall was a subscriber to the octavo editions of Audubon's Birds and Quadrupeds.

According to Lucy B. Audubon, ed., The Life of John James Audubon (Bibl. No. 73), from which we have drawn numerous extracts from his journals; see p. 381, under date of May 12, 1834.

See Thomas M. Brewer (Bibl. No. 79), Harper's New Monthly Magazine, vol. lxi, p. 666 (1880).

From last page of paper covers, in which parts of the work were originally issued.

Below are the following notices:

"Persons desirous of subscribing to the above work are respectfully requested to apply to J. J. Audubon, 86 White street, Henderson Greene, 377 Broadway, or W. A. Colman, Broadway, New York; to J. B. Chevalier, 70 Dock street, or Orrin Rogers, 67 South Second street, Philadelphia; C. C. Little or James Brown, Boston; J. P. Beile, or Geo. Oates, Charleston, S. C.; Gideon B. Smith, Baltimore; David Ridgely, Annapolis, Md.; J. S. Kellogg & Co., Mobile, Ala."

"S. H. Stevenson, Travelling Agent for Kentucky and Virginia; and William A. Pierce for Pennsylvania."

This first octavo edition of Audubon's Birds was issued by J. J. Audubon, and J. B. Chevalier, Philadelphia, in 100 parts, of five plates each, to be bound in 7 volumes, 1840-44. Complete sets in parts are now very rare; previous to 1907 a set is said to have been sold for $500; in 1914 one was offered in Philadelphia for $750. The introduction to No 1, is dated "New York, Nov. 1839," and the fifteenth number, beginning volume ii, "N. Y., Aug., 1840." The first five volumes (1840-42) were issued with the coöperation of J. B. Chevalier, lithographer, 70 Dock Street, Philadelphia, but, according to Mr. Ruthven Deane, he was an agent who received a commission on sales, and, for a time, a share in the profits, but not a co-publisher with Audubon; it is also stated that when misfortune visited Chevalier in later life, he was cared for by Audubon or his sons, up to the time of his death. For fuller details, see Bibliography, No. 4.

Of these, according to Mr. Witmer Stone (see Bibliography, No. 221), 474 are sanctioned in the present "Check List" of the American Ornithologists' Union; seventeen have proved to be identical with others; ten are extra-limital; two are hybrids; and five have never been found since; of Audubon's suppressed species, two have been resuscitated. Audubon is thought to have been personally acquainted with 385 American species, others being known to him only through specimens sent by collectors, or discovered in museums.

First published by Ruthven Deane (Bibl. No. 48b), The Auk, vol. xxv (1908).

See "Original Account Book of J. J. Audubon" (Bibl. No. 223), The Nation, vol. lxxxiv, from which the following data regarding issues and sales of this work are drawn. The total edition of the plates for No. 2 was 1,345, and of No. 3, 1,339. No. 11 of the plates was the first to run to 1,000 copies in the first printing, and this issue was continued to No. 50, inclusive, excepting Nos. 3, 28, 29, and 30, of which 1,500 seem to have been printed; the plates of these numbers were done at the lithographic establishment of Endicotts, New York, all others being the work of J. T. Bowen, Philadelphia. When subscriptions began to fall off with No. 51, the edition was reduced to 1,150, and again with No. 57, to 1,050, which remained constant to No. 84, or as far as this record goes. Of the text, printed by E. G. Dorsey, 1,200 copies formed the first edition of No. 1, 1,000 copies that of No. 2, and of successive numbers to No. 23. With No. 24, the edition was increased to 2,000, and in February, 1841, the earlier numbers were reprinted, thus forming a second edition of these parts, and affording a chance for correction of errors. (See Audubon's letter quoted above.)

See Ruthven Deane (Bibl. Nos. 47 and 49-51), The Auk, vols. xxi, xxiii, and xxiv (1904-7), Passim; and William H. Dall, Spencer Fullerton Baird, a Biography (Bibl. No. 52) (1915); to these admirable accounts I am indebted for such abstracts of this correspondence as are here reproduced.

See Vol. II, p. 169.

See Note, Vol. II, p. 211.

William Yarrell (1784-1856) was the author of A History of British Fishes (1835-36), and A History of British Birds (1839-43) in three volumes; the latter has passed through several editions, the fourth and best being by Alfred Newton in four volumes (1871-85). For the favor of reproducing this letter, and another by Yarrell given in Chapter XXXIV, I am indebted to Mr. Ruthven Deane.

See John E. Thayer (Bibl. No. 53), The Auk, vol. xxxiii (1916). Mr. Thayer's Ornithological Museum now contains the original specimen of Parkman's Wren, to which Audubon refers; it is "mounted on a twig, in a paper box with a glass front," and is "in excellent condition."

Baird wrote to Audubon, November 4, 1846: "Please tell me the address of your friend Ayres. I have been collecting fishes for some weeks, and wish to correspond & exchange with him on this subject." A woodpecker, Colaptes ayresii, was named after this friend by Audubon, in The Birds of America, vol. vii, in 1843.

Addressed to Messrs. Little & Brown, booksellers, acknowledging the receipt of a check for $214.20.

See Vol. I, p. 103.

See Bibliography, No. 60.

See Chapter XXXVI.

Parke Godwin, The Homes of American Authors (Bibl. No. 68) (1853).

See Ruthven Deane (Bibl. No. 224), The Auk, vol. xxv (1908).

See C. L. Bachman, John Bachman, D.D., LL.D., Ph.D. (Bibl. No. 191), p. 199.

See Vol. II, p. 144.

See William H. Dall, Spencer Fullerton Baird, a Biography (Bibl. No. 52), pp. 88-91, for the complete letters from which the preceding extracts have been taken.

See Maria R. Audubon, Audubon and his Journals (Bibl. No. 86), vol. i, pp. 453-532, and vol. ii, pp. 1-196.

Charles Winterfield (Bibl. No. 149), The American Review, vol. i (1845); see also Charles W. Webber, Romance of Natural History (Bibl. No. 173) (1852).

See Vol. II, p. 294.

See Maria R. Audubon, op. cit., vol. ii, Note on pp. 175-6.

At the close of the Civil War, Bachman wrote to a friend: "I had been a snuff-taker for forty years and I had tried three times to wean myself from the vice. I have done it effectually now...."

Bibliographical Appendix to Birds of the Colorado Valley (Bibl. No. 181).

See Bibliography, Nos. 5-7.

See C. L. Bachman, John Bachman, D.D., LL.D., Ph.D. (Bibl. No. 191).

See Ruthven Deane (Bibl. No. 51), The Auk, vol. xxiv (1907). To Mr. Deane I am indebted for Audubon's copy of a letter to John Bachman, soon to follow; this was written on several blank sheets at the end of his "Copy of my Journal from Fort Union homeward. Commencing (Sunday) Aug. 16th (1843) at 12 o'clock, the moment of our departure."

The Viviparous Quadrupeds of North America (Bibl. No. 6), vol. i, p. 312 (London, 1847).

William H. Dall, Spencer Fullerton Baird, a Biography (Bibl. No. 52), p. 121.

Charles Winterfield (Bibl. No. 150), The American Review, vol. ii (1845).

William H. Dall, op. cit., p. 124.

Jeanes MSS. See Note, Vol. I, p. 180.

For "C," meaning Alexander Culbertson, a young Englishman, famous rider and shot, then in charge of Fort Union at the mouth of the Yellowstone. Audubon, with the assistance of Sprague, painted his portrait and that of his wife, a Blackfoot Indian princess, who also was noted for her skill in horsemanship. "I lost the head of my first [buffalo] bull head," said Audubon, "because I forgot to tell Mrs. Culbertson that I wished to save it, and the princess had its skull broken open to enjoy its brains. Handsome, and really courteous and refined in many ways, I cannot reconcile myself to the fact that she partakes of raw animal food, with such evident relish." (Maria R. Audubon, Audubon and his Journals, vol. ii, p. 111).

For previous and following extracts, see C. L. Bachman, op. cit., p. 208.

See William H. Dall, op. cit., pp. 130-2.

Ibid., p. 126.

Ibid., p. 129.

Mrs. Harriet Bachman died in July, 1846, and almost immediately a daughter was stricken with a fatal disease; "It seizes," said the father, "with a deadly hold, weakens the cords of life; and only relinquishes its fatal grasp, when life is extinct." (See C. L. Bachman, op. cit.)

New York City furnished (for vol. i) 82 subscribers, who took 86 copies; Philadelphia, 33; Boston, 27 (28 copies); and Baltimore, 15. In 1854 Victor Audubon obtained 129 subscribers for the second edition (published with reduced plates) in three days.

For this and the following extract, see Ruthven Deane (Bibl. No. 51), loc. cit., p. 65.

In the summer of 1846 Baird's nominal position in Dickinson College had been changed to an active one by his election to a professorship of chemistry and natural history, and his marriage had followed in August. The college had about one hundred students enrolled at that time, and the grammar, or preparatory, school attached to it, about half as many more. See Ruthven Deane (Bibl. No. 51), The Auk, vol. xxiv, p. 65 (1907).

For this and the two following letters, see ibid., pp. 66-69.

William H. Dall, op. cit., which see also for preceding extract.

See Vol. II, p. 275; and Bibliography, No. 6.

This hastily written note, possibly a duplicate of the one actually sent, was inserted in a copy of The Viviparous Quadrupeds of North America (vol. i, London, 1847) which I purchased in London, August, 1913, and which bore this inscription, in autograph, on the title:

J. E. GRAY. from J W. AUDUBON with grateful Recolections May 4, 1847.

Her assistance to Audubon was recognized in his dedication to her of "Maria's Woodpecker," Picus martinæ (see Ornithological Biography vol. v, p. 181).

See C. L. Bachman, op. cit., p. 270.

Miss Eliza Mallory, who in 1874 was living in the Victor Audubon house.

See C. L. Bachman, op. cit., p. 391. John Bachman died at Charleston, February 24, 1874.

See Vol. II, p. 150.

See Bibliography, No. 79.

See Vol. II, p. 279.

See Ruthven Deane, loc. cit., p. 70.

See William H. Dall, op. cit., p. 155.

For this and the following letter, see C. L. Bachman, op. cit., p. 274.

See C. L. Bachman, John Bachman, D.D., LL.D., Ph.D. (Bibl. No. 191), p. 276. The suggestion made to Mr. Harris was adopted, which accounts for the six colored plates inserted in the third volume of the text; the "Large Work" referred to the folio plates with accompanying text, the "Small," to the first composite edition of both text and plates; see Bibliography, Nos. 5-7.

See C. L. Bachman, op. cit., p. 278.

John W. Audubon's children by Maria Bachman were: (1) Lucy Audubon (Mrs. De Lancey Barclay Williams), 1838-1909; (2) Harriet Bachman Audubon, 1839- ; by Caroline Hall, who died in 1899: (3) John James Audubon, 1842 (lived one day); (4) Maria Rebecca Audubon, 1843- ; (5) John James Audubon, 1845-1893; (6) William Bakewell Audubon, 1847- , who emigrated to Australia, where he engaged in sheep-raising, and has two children, Leonard Benjamin and Eleanor Caroline Audubon; Leonard Audubon, who is twenty-nine, is now fighting for France in the 55th Battalion of the Australian contingent; as I have been recently informed by his aunt, he has been almost constantly on the fighting front since August, 1916, and in the spring of 1917 he was promoted from the ranks "on account of great bravery under unusual conditions;" if still living, William Audubon and his son are the sole male representatives of the American branch of the Audubon family; (7) Jane Audubon, 1849-1853; (8) Florence Audubon, 1853- ; (9) Benjamin Phillips Audubon, 1855-1886.

Victor G. Audubon had six children by his second wife, Georgiana R. Mallory, who died in 1882; (1) Mary Eliza Audubon, 1845- ; (2) Rose Audubon, 1846-1879; (3) Victor Gifford Audubon, 1847-1915; (4) Delia Talman (Mrs. Morris Frank Tyler), 1849- ; (5) Lucy Bakewell Audubon, 1851-1898; and (6) Anne Gordon Audubon, 1854-1907.

See Vol. II, p. 267.

Due, it was believed, to a fall into the "well" (now guarded by an iron rail), which led to a basement window of his house, though one who knew John W. Audubon well, said that Victor's illness resulted from a fall from a railroad train; see Jacob Pentz (Bibl. No. 81), Shooting and Fishing, May 11, 1893.

Maria R. Audubon, in biographical memoir of her father in Audubon's Western Journal, 1849-1850 (Bibl. No. 219).

For fuller details, see Bibliography, No. 9, and for Prospectus of this work, Appendix III, No. 3.

For conflicting accounts of this text, see Bibliography, No. 10, and for a definitive statement,