Appendix I

NUCLEAR SCIENCE PROJECT IDEAS

The following projects related to nuclear science were exhibited at the National Science Fair-International from 1950 through 1963.

General and Theoretical Topics

The Review and Future of the Atom Simplified Nuclear Physics Approach to the Study of Nuclear Physics Elementary Particles—an Investigation of the Fundamental Components of Matter and Energy Odd Nucleon Effect A Study of Binding Energies and Nuclear Reactions The Integrated Theory of Atomic Structure Through Inductive and Deductive Reasoning Tools of Nuclear Physics E = MC²—Energy Equals Mass Multiplied by the Speed of Light Squared Downfall of Parity How to Measure the Charge of the Electron How Atoms Are Constructed Formation of Heavy Nuclear Particles Millikan Oil-Drop Experiment Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Third Electrons in Transition-Metal Complexes Probability in Electron Position Stability of Radioactive Equilibria The Electron: Measurement of Its Charge and Mass Experimental Study of Nuclear Structure Fourth State of Matter Project-Observation Satellite Creation of Antimatter Energy Loss of Beta Particles in Lead and Aluminum Stochastic-Radioactive-Equilibria Models Cosmology Controlled Thermonuclear Reaction Electron Chemistry Plasma-Ion Engine Plasma Production by Gaseous Ionization Finite Calculus and Particle Physics Two Applications of the Plasma Discharge Increasing the Efficiency of a Plasma Jet Suitable for Space Propulsion Prediction of Elements 99-118 Exact Evaluation of the Charge of the Electron Three-Dimensional Periodic Chart of Atoms Atom Mobiles Weight of an Atom Determination of the Charge of an Electron Using the Millikan-Stokes Effects Atomic-Particles Detection and Analysis Electron-Charge Determination by Oil-Drop Method The Mineral That May Shape Our Destiny: Uranium A Machine to Show Radioactive Materials The Making of Active Metals The Extraction of Uranium from Carnotite The Chemistry of Thorium

Special Apparatus Topics

Construction and Operations of Wilson Cloud Chamber Geiger-Müller Counter: Theory and Construction Experiments with a Homemade Geiger Counter An Experimental High-Voltage Geiger Counter Design and Construction of a Scintillation Counter The Construction and Theory of Radiation Detectors for Radioactive Experiments The Underlying Principles of Accelerators for Positively Charged Particles Electronic-Equipment Construction and Applications to Nuclear Theory and Techniques A Germanium Linear Accelerator Proton Accelerator Construction of a One-Half Million Electron-Volt Proton Cyclotron Construction of Apparatus for Accelerating and Detecting High-Energy Beta Radiation Betatron A Continuous Cloud Chamber Van de Graaff Generator The Mass-Energy Problem of Particle Accelerators Mass Spectrograph for Determining the Mass of Atoms A Liquid-Scintillation Spectrometer for Counting Natural Carbon-14 Samples Proton Linear Accelerator Magnetic Thermonuclear Chamber Atom Smasher and Ionic-Drive Reaction Motor Expansion Cloud Chamber for Observation of Tracks of Alpha Particles Nuclear-Magnetic Resonance Spectrometer High-Voltage Particle Acceleration Linear Accelerator Van de Graaff Generator Designed for an Accelerating Tube Wilson Cloud Chamber Low Energy Linear Accelerator Nuclear-Magnetic Resonance and Spectrometry Millikan’s Oil-Drop Experiment Theory, Design, and Construction of a 10½-inch Cyclotron Carbon-14 Counter Proton-Free Precession Magnetometry The Bubble Chamber Electron Accelerator Nuclear-Magnetic Resonance Beta Synchrotron Electrostatic Particle Accelerator with Van de Graaff Generator Power Supply The Cyclotron Linear Alpha-Particle Accelerator The Plasma Jet Beta-Ray Spectrometer Freon-13 B1 Bubble Chamber Wilson Liquid-Piston Cloud Chamber Expansion-Type Cloud Chamber Nuclear-Magnetic Resonance Spectrometer Linear-Subatomic-Particle Accelerator Experimental Linear Accelerator New Design in Microwave Techniques Used in Electron Acceleration Application of Relativity to the Phenomena of a Diffusion Cloud Chamber 0.5-Mev Electron Accelerator Radio-Frequency Plasma Torch Design, Construction, and Operation of a 3-inch Freon Bubble Chamber Experiments in Plasma Physics Studies with a 500,000-volt Electron Accelerator An Experimental Plasma Generator The Plasma Torch Using Nuclear Emulsions to Track Ionizing Particles Experimental Study of Nuclear Structure Emission Studies of a Nitrogen Plasma A Combination 3-Mev Neutron Source and Medium-energy X-ray Source Van de Graaff Electron Accelerator Cosmic Rays Studied with a Counter-controlled Cloud Chamber Radio-Frequency Plasma Generator Plasma Acceleration Investigation of High-Temperature Plasma Techniques Necessary for a Controlled Thermonuclear Reaction Atom Smasher—An Electrostatic Particle Accelerator Design, Construction, and Use of a 0.5-Mev Linear Particle Accelerator in Study of Short DeBroglie Wavelengths by Crystal-Diffraction Method Production of Plasma by a High-Frequency Magnetic Field

Radiation Topics

A Cosmic Ray Beta- and Gamma-Ray Analysis Calculating the Angle of Deflection for Beta-Ray Under Normal Atmospheric Conditions in Magnetic Fields of Differing Intensities Effects of Absorption and Geometry on Beta Count Rate Detection and Recording of Cosmic Radiation A Study of Alpha Particles by Means of the Continuous Cloud Chamber Visual Detection of Alpha Particles Detection of Subatomic Particles A Survey of Background Radiation Made with a Geiger Counter ⁵¹Ne as a Radiation Detector Detection of Atomic Radiation Methods of Measuring Radioactivity Preliminary Study of the Effect of Radiation from some Common Radioactive Materials on Photographic Film Carnotite and Radioactivity Study and Analysis of a Sample of Radioactive Sand from the Atomic Explosion at Alamogordo The Use of Ion Exchangers in the Disposal of Radioactive Wastes Radiation Effects on Fruit Flies Effects of Radiation on Drosophila melanogaster Investigating Radioactive Minerals with Thick-Emulsion Photography Actions of Gamma Radiation on the Offspring of Irradiated Female Guppies Influence of Beta-Particle Bombardment upon the Embryonic Development of the Chick Autoradiographs of Brain Tumors A Radiation Detector A Study of Cosmic Rays Effects of Atomic Radiation on Rats Atomic Radiation and the Geiger Counter Atomic Radishes Effects of X-Ray Radiation on Plants and Animals Radiation Demonstration Nuclear Radiations Radiation Sterilization X-Ray, Light’s Cousin Effects of Ionizing Radiations on Plants and Animals Roentgen Rays and the Construction of an X-Ray Machine Visual and Aural Detection of Cosmic and Atomic Radiation Radioautography Experimentation with Ionizing Radiation Radiation Hazard? Phosphorus Uptake by Autoradiography Demonstration of Rutherford’s Method of Separating Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Radiation Radiation—Effects and Possible Protection Tired Blood—Production of Anemia by Radioactivity Techniques of Autoradiography Cosmic Radiation and Life Radiation in Plant Breeding Experiments with Induced-Radioactivity Apparatus Effects of Radiation on the Blood in White Rats Radioautographic Study of Tryptophan Metabolism in the Rat The Effects of Beta Rays from ³²P on the Tissues on White Rabbits Radioactivity Around Us Effects of Radiation on Mice Experiment, Design, and Application of Solid Propellant Rockets to Radiation Studies of the Upper Atmosphere Comparative Study of Radiation Alpha and Beta Rays (Photographs) A Laboratory-Scale Neutron Irradiator Colchicine vs. Radiation Mutations in German Millet Induced by Gamma Radiation Cosmic Radiation Cloud Chamber Study of Alpha and Beta Radiation Effects of Radiation on Chick Embryos The Protection of Cystamine and AET on X-Irradiated Mice The Effects of X Ray on the Blood of Guinea Pigs Measurement of Radioactivity in Milk Chemical Modification of Radiation Effects The Absorption of Alpha Particles in Air and Other Cases Mass Absorption of Beta Radiation The Danger of Radioactive Contamination of Kelp Carnotite Radiation on Reproduction and Mortality Rates of Daphnia magna Mutations Produced by the Irradiation of German Millet Seeds Spectrometer Analysis of Beta Emitters The Effects of Total-Body X-ray Radiation on the Hematopoietic System of the Guinea Pig Energies of Nuclear Radiations An Analysis of Tracks Formed by Atomic Particles in a Diffusion Cloud Chamber Effects of X-Ray Radiation on the Bacteria Serratia marcescens Effects of Prenatal Radiation on Postnatal Learning Behavior of Mice Color Changes in Gemstones by Radiation and Heat Induction Studies in Effects of the Protection from Ionizing Radiations Temperature Variation and Effects of Radiation on Reproduction and Mortality Effects of Irradiated Neoplasmic Extracts on Carcinoma in Cottontail Rabbits Determining Locus of Irradiated Mutant Drosophila “b1-pt-rd” Effects of Radiation on Bacteria Effects of Total-Body Irradiation on Longevity of Tissue Homografts in Rabbits Radiation—Why Be Concerned? Radiation Effects on Drosophila Effect of X rays on Drosophila Effect of Irradiation on Black Shank Fungus Comparative Determination of Radioactivity in Rowan County Soils Lethal and Mutagenic Effects of Radiation on Penicillium The Teratogenetic Effects of X ray on Hamsters Protection from Total-Body Irradiation Effects of Ionizing Radiation from a ⁶⁰Co Source on Ascorbic-Acid Concentration in Raphanus sativus Drugs vs. Radiation Radiation Effects on Selected Botanical Specimens Energy Loss of Beta Particles in Lead and Aluminum Radioactive Uptake of ³²P in Animals and Subsequent-Recovery Period Effects of X rays on Living Cells Radiation Effect on Chick Embryos Dietary Defense Against Radiation Irradiation Effects on Gene Mutations in Drosophila A Study in Radioactivity Bacteria Protection from Radiation Damaging Effects of Radiation Effect of X-irradiation on Titration of Influenza Virus Effect of Vitamin-K1 Analogue on Coagulation Time of Cobalt-60-irradiated Mice Effect of Gamma Radiation on Regeneration Rate of Planaria Spirogyra and Cobalt-60 Effects of Blood Serum from Irradiated Guinea Pigs on Tissue Cultures Chemical Protection from Radiation in Planaria Induced Mutations in Drosophila Effects of Gamma Rays on Yeast and Aspergillus Radiation-Protective Effects of RNA Radiation, Hematology, and Biochemical Study of Molt-Control Hormones of Crayfish, and Possible Importance to Man Radiation and Mutations Aromatics Possibly Help Determine Plant Radiosensitivity Bone Marrow Transplantation and Recovery Mutation in Tomato Plants Produced by Gamma-Ray Radiation Dietary Control of Ionizing Radiation Effects of Cooling on Radiation Damage to Living Cells Rate of Regeneration of Eyespots in Planaria Effects of Radiation on Transmission of Nerve Impulses Irradiation of Amino Acids

Radioisotopes Topics

Use of Radioactive Salts in Plant and Animal Nutrition Studies The Radioactive Isotopes: Its Uses in Medical Research and Treatment Chemical Activity of Deuterium as Compared with Hydrogen Radioisotopes in Medicine Pinpointing the Past with Carbon-14 Algae Uptake of ³²P Radioiodine and Construction of a Geiger-Mueller Counter Radioiodine in Guppies Uses of Radioisotopes Radioisotopes Chelation of a Radioactive Isotope in Rats The Role for Radioactive Testosterone on Hematopoieses Phosphorus-32 Tracer Studies Conducted with the Coleus Plant Tracing the Organ Uptake of Radioisotopes in Animal Tissue Carbon-14 in Photosynthesis Transfer of Radioactive Elements on Succeeding Generations Corrosion and Adsorption Studies Using Radiochemical Techniques The Radioactive Elements—Separation, Detection, and Properties Experiments with Radioisotopes Translocation of Radioactive Phosphorus Assimilation of Radioactive Isotopes in Fish Use of ³²P by Plants Comparative Studies of Isotope Utilization in Tomato Plants Detection of Strontium-90 in Backbones of Fish from Areas of the United States The Circulation of Iodine (¹³¹I) in the Parabiotic Rat Radioactive Zinc and Zinc-Chelates in the Hormone Metabolism of Plant-Tissue Culture Effect of Dietary Calcium on Deposition of Calcium-45 and Strontium-90 Autoradiographical Evidences of Cytological-Radioisotope Deposition Tracing the Development of a Chick Embryo with ³²P Radioactive Isotopes as Tracers Beware! Strontium-90 Everywhere Plant Research with Radioactive Phosphorus The Kettleman Hills Formation (Carbon-14 Dating) Radiobiologic Investigations of Contractile Activity and ATP-induced Pinocytosis in vitro Determination of the Half-life of ⁶⁵Zn Atomic Farming Nutrient Passage Through Plant Grafts as Tested with Radioisotopes Study of the Period of DNS Synthesis Using Tritiated Thymidine Absorption of Radioactive Iodine by Molds and Bacteria Radioisotopes as Tracers Translocation of ³²P in Plants

Nuclear-Change Topics

Demonstration of Chain Reaction A Study of Chain Reactions The Theory and Construction of an Inexpensive Neutron Source of Moderate Strength A Study of the Reaction ₅B¹⁰(n,a)₃Li⁷ with the Aid of Nuclear Research Plates How Fission and Fusion Take Place Uranium Fission and Isotope Production From Uranium to Energy Atomic Transmutation Atomic Disintegration Conversion of Atomic Power to Electric Power Interactions Between Subatomic Particles A General Study of Atomic Energy: Its Fundamentals and Its Uses Atomic Power Plant Construction of an Atomic Reactor Atomic Power for Space Travel Atomic Weapons Model of Atomic Power Plant Bikini Bomb-Explosion Model Destruction by the Atom Bomb Demonstrated Principles of Nuclear Physics The Sun—Our Chief Source of Energy Uranium—Radioactivity and Fission Atomic Power—The Servant of Man Power from the Sun The Process of Nuclear Fission Fusion—Source of Solar Energy Electricity from Atomic Power Effects of Thermal Neutrons on Mammalian Systems Fusion Nuclear-Powered Electric Generator Particle Characteristics and Reactions Fusion Theory of the Universe Project Fusion The Magnetic-Mirror Machine Plasmatron The Heating and Confinement of a Thermodynamically Stable Plasma Controlled Thermonuclear Reaction The Stability of Radioactive Equilibria Determination of the Half-life of ⁶⁰Zn Subatomic Particle Research Nuclear Disintegration and Density The Theory of the Plasma Torch