Part 11

Canopus is located in the constellation of Argo Navis which is the largest and most conspicuous constellation in the heavens. In addition to Canopus it contains a number of second- and third-magnitude stars and is subdivided for convenience into Puppis, The Prow; Carina, The Keel; and Vela, The Sails. Huge as it is, Argo Navis represents only half of a ship for the stern is lacking. According to the legend this ship was built by Argos, aided by Pallas Athene, for Jason, the leader of the expedition of the fifty Argonauts who sailed from Greece to Colchis in search of the golden fleece. Pallas Athene placed in the bow of the ship a piece of timber from the speaking oak of Dodona to guide the crew and warn them of dangers and after the voyage the ship was supposed to have been placed in the heavens.

In Argo Navis is one of the finest telescopic objects in the heavens, the Keyhole Nebula, as it is usually called, from a peculiar-shaped dark patch in its brightest part. On the border of this nebula is the deep-red Wonder Star of the southern hemisphere, Eta Argus, which varies suddenly and unexpectedly in brightness between the seventh and first magnitudes. In 1843 it burst forth with a splendor rivaling Sirius and maintained this brilliancy for nearly ten years and then slowly waned in brilliancy until it disappeared to the unaided eye in 1886. The surrounding nebula also seems to share in its peculiar fluctuations of brightness. Eta Argus is now a star of the seventh magnitude and since it is still varying fitfully in brightness it is believed that the history of its light-changes is not complete.

Among the constellations of the southern heavens near the meridian in February we see in addition to Argo Navis the constellations of Dorado, The Goldfish; Hydrus, The Serpent, and Tucana, The Toucan. Though insignificant in appearance Dorado contains what was described by Sir John Herschel as one of the most extraordinary objects in the heavens, a worthy rival of The Great Orion Nebula and in some respects very similar to it, The Great Looped Nebula, "the center of a great spiral." In Dorado also is located The Greater Magellanic Cloud which looks like a detached portion of the Milky Way though it is far removed from it. To the naked eye it resembles a small white cloud about 4° in extent. In the telescope it bears a close resemblance to a typical portion of the Milky Way. A similar formation known as The Lesser Magellanic Cloud is located in Hydrus. It has been estimated that the distance of The Lesser Cloud is 80,000 light-years and that it is receding from us.

In Tucana is located one of the finest globular star clusters in the heavens, known as 47 Tucanæ. This cluster and Omega Centauri, a globular star cluster in Centaurus, are the two nearest of all the globular clusters. They are distant from the earth about 22,000 light-years and it is known that the combined light of the thousands of stars of which each cluster is composed is about one million times that of our own sun.

In the western sky in the southern hemisphere in February may be seen the brilliant, white, first-magnitude star Achernar in the river Eridanus, the long, winding constellation that, we recall, starts near the brilliant Rigel in Orion and disappears from the view of northern observers below the southern horizon, extending its course far into the southern hemisphere. Achernar means "The End of the River" and this is nearly its position in the constellation.

Though Argo Navis is the largest and most important constellation of the southern hemisphere, Crux, The Southern Cross, far-famed in story and legend as well as for its historical associations, is beyond a doubt the most popular.

The best time to view the Southern Cross is in June or July when it is near the meridian. It is not seen to advantage in the months of January or February. It then lies on its side and close to the horizon and therefore is dimmed by atmospheric haze so that it almost invariably is a disappointing object to the tourist from the north who usually views it for the first time in one of these months. The Cross is viewed to advantage in the latitude of Rio or Valparaiso and it is best seen from the Straits where it rides high overhead. It is not seen to advantage from the latitudes of Cuba or Jamaica. It is small, only 6° in extent from north to south and less in width and it lies in the most brilliant portion of the Milky Way which is here a narrow stream only three or four degrees wide. Directly below the Cross is the noted Coal Sack, apparently a yawning chasm in the midst of its brilliant surroundings though probably in reality a dark nebula. Viewed with the telescopes a number of stars are to be seen projected on this dark background.

The Southern Cross is to the inhabitants of the southern hemisphere what the Big Dipper is to those who dwell in the northern hemisphere--an infallible timepiece. The upright of the Cross points toward the south pole of the heavens which lies in a region where there is a singular dearth of bright stars, the nearest star to the south pole being a faint fifth-magnitude star called Sigma Octantis. When seen in the southeast or southwest the Cross lies on its side, but when passing the meridian it stands nearly upright. Humboldt, referring to this fact, says:

"How often have we heard our guides exclaim in the savannahs of Venezuela and in the desert extending from Lima to Truxillo, 'Midnight is past, the Cross begins to bend.'"

By the explorers of the sixteenth century the Cross was taken as a sign of heaven's approval of their attempt to establish the Christian religion in the wilds of the New World. This thought is beautifully expressed in Mrs. Hemans' lines in "The Cross of the South."

"But to thee, as thy lode-stars resplendently burn In their clear depths of blue, with devotion I turn Bright Cross of the South! and beholding thee shine, Scarce regret the loved land of the olive and vine. Thou recallest the ages when first o'er the main My fathers unfolded the ensign of Spain, And planted their faith in the regions that see Its imperishing symbol ever blazoned in thee."

Alpha Crucis, the brightest star in Crux, is at the foot of the Cross. It consists in reality of two second-magnitude stars forming a beautiful double while a third fifth-magnitude star one and one-half minutes of arc distant makes with this pair a combination similar to our Mizar and Alcor of the Big Dipper though the separation is not great enough to be visible to the naked eye. The second-magnitude star at the head of the Cross is a deep orange in color and the two stars that mark the ends of the cross-arm are white third-magnitude stars.

One of the finest constellations of the southern hemisphere is Centaurus, The Centaur, which surrounds Crux on the north and is more than 60° in length. Its center lies about 50° south of Spica in Virgo and below the tail of Hydra. Alpha Centauri, its brightest star and the nearest star to the solar system, four and one-third light-years away, is a golden-yellow double star that forms with the star Beta Centauri on the west a configuration similar to that of Castor and Pollux in Gemini, only one that is far more striking because of the superior brilliancy of the stars. Alpha Centauri lies in the Milky Way and transits the meridian at the same time with Arcturus though it cannot be seen north of the 29th parallel. Alpha Centauri, like Canopus, was an object of worship in Egypt and a number of temples in northern Egypt were oriented to its emergence from the sun's rays in the morning at the autumnal equinox, between 3000 and 2575 B.C.

North of Centaurus is the constellation Lupus, The Wolf, which is also crossed by the Milky Way. According to one myth Lupus is held in the right hand of the Centaur as an offering upon the altar which is represented by the constellation of Ara next to Centaurus on the east. Ara also is crossed by the Milky Way. Neither Lupus nor Ara contain any objects that are worthy of special attention.

Triangulum Australe, The Southern Triangle, a little to the southeast of Alpha Centauri, is far more conspicuous than the Triangulum of the northern hemisphere.

The accompanying charts give two views of these principal southern constellations that lie within 40° of the south pole of the heavens and that are below the horizon in 40° north latitude. The first of these charts shows the constellations that are nearest the meridian in the early evening hours in February. Canopus in Argo Navis and the Greater Magellanic Cloud then lie close to the meridian. Argo Navis with its subdivisions Puppis, Vela and Carina are found east of the meridian lying directly in the path of the Milky Way, which stretches diagonally across the sky from the northwest to the southeast. Far over in the southeast appears Crux, the Southern Cross, also directly in the path of the Milky Way. In the western heavens may be seen the Lesser Magellanic Cloud in Hydrus, brilliant Achernar in Eridanus and the inconspicuous star-group of Tucana.

In the early evening hours of July we find as shown on the second chart, Alpha and Beta Centauri in Centaurus close to the meridian, Lupus due north of Centaurus, Ara and Triangulum Australe in the southeast and Crux in fine position for observation just west of the meridian. Carina of Argo Navis lies to the southwest of Crux. The Milky Way now arches magnificently across the heavens from Carina through Crux, Centaurus and Lupus and Ara to the zodiacal groups of Scorpio and Sagittarius in the northeast.

In the northern part of the heavens, as seen from the southern hemisphere, appear the familiar zodiacal constellations that we of the northern hemisphere find south of the zenith, as well as the constellations of Orion, Lepus and Canis Major, Hydra, Corvus and Crater, Ophiuchus and Serpens and Aquila, all finely in view in their appropriate seasons.

It is only our familiar circumpolar constellations of the north--The Two Bears, Draco, Cassiopeia, and Cepheus, Andromeda and Perseus and Auriga that are invisible in mid-latitudes of the southern hemisphere just as the constellations shown in the diagrams, and a few additional groups such as Pavo, Grus, Phoenix, Apus, Mensa and Volans which we have not shown, lie hidden from view beneath the southern horizon in mid-latitudes of the northern hemisphere.

The northern visitor to the southern hemisphere familiar with the constellations of his own land is filled with a queer sensation of being in topsy-turvydom as he sees familiar Orion standing on his head and all of the zodiacal constellations passing in their daily motions to the north instead of to the south of his zenith while by day the sun passes across the northern part of the heavens and culminates north instead of south of his zenith. He misses the familiar Dippers of his own land and searches in vain for a pole-star in the unfamiliar circumpolar regions of the south.

THE MILKY WAY OR GALAXY

"Broad and ample road whose dust is gold, And pavement stars, as stars to thee appear Seen in the galaxy, that milky way Which nightly as a circling zone thou seest Powder'd with stars."

--MILTON, Paradise Lost.

On clear, winter evenings one may see a portion of the zone of the Milky Way, which encircles the heavens, arching magnificently across the heavens as it passes from Cassiopeia and Cepheus in the northwest, through Perseus and Auriga and the eastern part of Taurus, across the feet of Gemini, between Canis Minor and Orion and through the eastern part of Canis Major to the southern horizon.

At this point it passes beyond our range of vision into the star-groups of Puppis, Vela and Carina, subdivisions of the huge southern constellation of Argo Navis. It reaches its greatest distance south of the celestial equator and also attains its greatest brilliancy in Crux, the far-famed Southern Cross. From here it turns northward once more, passing into Centaurus, Musca, Circinus Ara and Lupus constellations of the southern hemisphere and comes within our range of vision again in Sagittarius and Scorpio. Here the Milky Way divides into two branches, though some astronomers now believe that this apparent division into two branches is due to the presence of an enormous cloud of non-luminous matter lying along the course of the Milky Way at this point, similar in its nature to the dark "holes" and "caves" and streaks that appear in all portions of the Milky Way and most noticeably athwart its course in Argo and Centaurus.

One of these branches of the Milky Way passes from Sagittarius through Aquila to Cygnus and the other through Scorpio, Ophiuchus and Serpens to Cygnus, the two extending diagonally across the heavens in the late summer and early fall evenings from the northeast to the southwest. From Cygnus, the Milky Way passes into Cepheus and Cassiopeia and thus completes its circuit of the heavens.

It is not seen to advantage in spring or early summer evenings because it then rests nearly on the horizon. Its plane is inclined about 63° to the celestial equator and its poles lie in the constellations of Coma Berenicis and Cetus. These are the two points that lie farthest from the Milky Way.

The Milky Way has been called the groundwork of the universe. By far the greater number of all the stars are crowded towards its plane in the form of an enormous flattened disk or lens.