Part 28

Mr. D. Nasmith employed a clerk in finding the number of occurrences of the same word in three books. Some words occurred thousands of times, and others only five, or fewer. The words which frequently occurred he arranged in order, the commonest first, and compiled exercises to suit them. His "Linguists" (German and French) are published by Mr. D. Nutt, of 270, Strand, London, and by the aid of them, and of my System, a useful knowledge of German (or French) can be rapidly acquired.

A pupil who had a very slight acquaintance with French learned an Analytic Series of French words, asking a French friend the meaning and pronunciation of the words unfamiliar to him. By doing this he in about an hour learned the spelling, pronunciation, and meaning of nearly 100 French words. Since then he has been extending the exercise, and in that way he has learned 1,000 French words. In doing so he is strengthening his memory by exercising it in accordance with its own laws, increasing the control his will has over his attention, and extending his French vocabulary.

1. Do we ever see words spelt differently but with the same pronunciation? 2. Is the use of the Dictionary required? 3. What examples have we here of the benefits derived from Rec.-Synthesis? 4. With what words did he make himself familiar? 5. Does the same word frequently occur in a book? 6. What proof can you mention? 7. What task was accomplished in about one hour by one of my pupils? 8. What language was he studying?

To remember Unfamiliar English Words or FOREIGN WORDS, correlate the Definition as the BEST KNOWN to the Unfamiliar or Foreign Word, and memorise the Correlation. In the case of Foreign Words, the last Intermediate is necessarily a case of Inclusion by sound. Sometimes there is In. by sight or by sound between a part or the whole of the English word, and a part or the whole of its Foreign equivalent, as Apple--apfel [German]. Of course, the pupil will not need the aid of a correlation in such cases if he notice the analytic relation. The French word Anachorète might have for its equivalent by sound either "Anna," or "Core," or "Ate," or "Anna goes late," or "Ann a core ate," or "Anna's cold hate," and perhaps to some of my readers it would seem like something else. Cravache might sound like "Crack of lash." Pupils often disagree as to what is good Inclusion by sound; let each use what suits himself, and not trouble about other people's ears. In. by sound, or by sense, or by spelling, is sufficient even if it refers to only one syllable.

ENGLISH. INTERMEDIATES. GREEK. Merchant ... market ... emporium ... emporos Move ... move on ... next stage ... next-of-kin ... kineô True ... naked truth ... pith of the matter ... pithy ... pithanos Course ... coarse hair ... camel hair ... dromedary ... dromos Servant ... light fare ... dole out [maid ... bride ... dowry] ... doulos Tanner ... leather ... leather purse ... disburse ... burseus Cup ... tea-cup ... tea-pot ... potêrion Fetters ... criminal ... desperate ... desmos Fragile ... thin ... rapier ... "thrust us" ... thraustos ---- glass houses ... "throw stones" ---- Fruit ... fruit-knife ... fish-knife ... carp ... karpos Round ... fat ... stout ... strong ... strongylos Bride ... fair ... fairy ... forest nymph ... nymphê Pearl ... Necklace ... sweetheart ... Sweet Margery ... margaritês Bread ... baker ... baker's art ... artos Marry ... lottery of life ... risky game ... gameô Join ... engaged--[suited ... apt] ... apt to disagree ...aptô Culprit ... cull ... select a few ... few gone ... pheugôn Milk ... milky way ... galaxy ... gala Drink ... water ... small leak ... pinhole ... pinô Suffer hunger ... ng of hunger ... pining away ... peinaô Time ... watch ... chronometer ... chronos ---- Father Time ... old age ... old crony ---- Deliver ... capture ... lasso ... apalassô Spread ... Christmas feast ... deck a church ... dye a spire ... diaspeirô Uncover ... bare ... bare foot ... a Kaliph's toe ... ekkalyptô Shut ... shut out ... severe weather ... bad climate ... kleiô I judge ... condemn ... refute ... refuse ... cry "no" ... krinô Found ... establish ... fix ... fasten thus ... tie so ... ktizô Soldier ... art of war ... strategy ... stratiôtês

1. In the case of Foreign words, what must the last intermediate necessarily be a case of? 2. Do pupils always agree on a good In. by S.? 3. What is sufficient, if it refers to one syllable only? 4. What are you never to do in getting at an English word? 5. What may you do in getting at a Foreign word? 6. Could you not omit "camel hair"? 7. Could you not omit "leather," which follows "tanner"? 8. Could you not omit after "cup" the word "tea-cup"? 9. Is not "tea-pot" connected by Con. with "cup"? 10. After "bread" could you not omit "baker"? 11. Are not "bread" and "baker's art" connected? 12. Could you not omit "watch," after "Time"?

ENGLISH. INTERMEDIATES. LATIN. Heart ... heart-sick ... fainting ... cordial ... cor Wickedness ... dishonesty ... blackmail ... malum Book ... printed thoughts ... freedom of thought ... liberty ... liber ---- ... books ... library ... ---- Breast ... front ... front view ... aspect ... pectus Spear ... thrust ... quick motion ... hasty ... hasta Suitor ... princely suitor ... married by proxy ... procus Ask ... borrow ... swindle ... rogue ... rogare Marrow ... Old English arrow ... victory ... medal ... medulla Captain ... head of hundred ... century ... centurio Surveyor ... measure ... dimension ... agrimensor Furniture ... bent-wood chairs ... bent legs ... supple legs ... supellex Vine ... wine ... luxury ... pampered ... pampinus Liar ... false pretence ... mendicant ... mendax Cow ... cow-pox ... vaccination ... vacca Sing ... boatman's song ... canoe ... cano Kill ... kill by hanging ... broken neck ... necare Redden ... blush ... kissing ... ruby lips ... rubesco ---- red ... ruby ... ---- Dry ... dry mouth ... feverish ... sick ... siccus Man ... married man ... home ... homo War ... victory ... rejoicings ... bells rung ... bellum Rob ... robber ... hue-and-cry ... policeman's rap ... rapto Tanner ... russet leather ... russet apple ... apple core ... coriarius Dove ... married love ... United States ... Columbia ... columba Bench ... table ... shop counter ... selling ... subsellium Oar ... Roman galley ... Rome ... Romulus and Remus ... Remus Garret ... unhealthy ... medicine ... salts and senna ... cenaculum Garret ... store-room ... grain store ... granaria Horse ... race ... dead heat ... equal ... equus Cock ... spurring ... goading ... galling ... gallus Lazy ... tramp ... knave ... ignavus Make heavy ... rich food ... gravy ... gravo Sign ... musical signs ... notes ... nota Poverty ... drafty garret ... sleeping draught ... opium ... inopia Messenger ... news ... false news ... nonsense ... nuntius Top ... high perch ... hen's perch ... cackle ... cacumen Face ... bare face ... bare headed bird ... vulture ... vultus Useless ... needless impatience ... irritation ... irritus Dark ... dark staircase ... insecure ... obscurus Writer ... bad writer ... scribbler ... scriba Harvest ... harvest home ... "Mrs. at home?" ... messis Dog ... dog's tail ... tin can ... [cane carrier ... cane] ... canis Egg ... boiled egg ... boiled hard ... over boiled ... ovum Fox ... jackall ... carcass ... vulture ... vulpes Bread ... sweat of brow ... labour ... pain ... [bread-pan ... pan] ... panis Table ... figures ... calculation ... mensuration ... mensa Master ... schoolboard ... fines ... magistrate ... magister Tree ... mast ... ship ... harbour ... arbor Mother ... wife ... helpmeet ... help-mate ... mater

In some English schools the first syllable in "panis" sounds "pan," in others "pain." If an English word derived from a foreign word (or from the same root) occurs to you, use it; but do not spend time hunting for derivations. Unfamiliar words are no help; do not think the word "panification" will help you to "panis," because it is an English word meaning "bread-making," and you are an Englishman. You would be much wiser to try to remember the English "panification" by the aid of the Latin "panis," than vice-versa, that is, if any mortal ever does want to remember that pedantic dictionary word.

1. If "mendicants" are known to be liars, why could not "false pretences" be omitted? 2. If "vaccination" means inoculating with "cowpox," why could not "cowpox" be omitted? 3. If "broken" neck means a violent death, why not omit "kill by hanging"? 4. Ought not "billing and cooing" to be inserted after "Dove"? 5. What relation is there between "married love" and "United States"? 6. If "musical" be added to "notes," why could not "musical signs" be omitted? 7. If "scribbler" is a writer, why could not "bad writer" be omitted?

ENGLISH. INTERMEDIATES. GERMAN. Joy ... play-day ... free day ... Friday ... Freude Sad ... tomb ... mason ... trowel ... traurig Clear ... clear tones ... clarionet ... klar Indolent ... "lazy bones" ... lazy lass ... lässig Dangerous ... storm ... steamboat fare ... gefährlich Part ... part of house ... roof ... tile ... Theil Empty ... hollow ... fox's hole ... lair ... leer Take ... take husband ... new name ... nehmen Diffidence ... shy girl ... schoolgirl ... Miss ... Misstrauen Little ... grow less ... on the wane ... wenig Much ... more ... mourn ... feel grief ... viel Recompense ... repayment ... loan ... Lohn Question ... answer ... fragmentary answer ... Frage Foot-stool ... low ... shame ... Schemel Pressure ... too heavy ... droop ... Druck Voice ... voice lozenges ... stimulation ... Stimme Child ... young kindred ... Kind Threaten ... stinging words ... stinging bee ... drone ... drohen Mirror ... reflect ... think ... speak ... Spiegel Beetroot ... red heart ... rib ... Rübe Potato ... dig up ... remove ... cart off ... Kartoffel Love ... lovers' meeting ... meat ... Liebig's extract ... Liebe Campaign ... pain ... feel ... felt ... Feldzug Medicine ... science ... arts ... (pr. artsnei) Arznei Evening ... hour of prayer ... bend the knee ... Abend Heaven ... angels ... harps ... hymns ... Himmel Song ... choir ... choir leader ... lead ... Lied Table ... soiled table cloth ... dirtyish ... Tisch ---- ... dinner ... dish ... ---- Chair ... chairman ... session ... Sessel Bottle ... Leyden jar ... electric spark ... flash ... Flasche Beloved ... attached ... hooked ... trout ... traut

1. Could not "boiled hard" be omitted? 2. If we use "mensuration tables," could not "figures ... calculation" be spared? 3. What is the relation between "Tree" and "mast"? 4. Could not "lazy bones" be omitted after "indolent"? 5. Why could not "schoolgirl" be omitted? 6. Why could not "answer" be omitted after "question"?

ENGLISH. INTERMEDIATES. FRENCH. Fat ... Fat ox ... clover ... rich grass ... gras Mouth ... Flesh eater ... butcher ... bouche Asphalt ... assafoetida ... fish bait ... béton To lash ... circus ... Hengler ... cingler Current ... nerve current ... vague function ... vagus Armchair ... reclining ... gouty ... foot oil ... fauteuil ---- ... arm ... leg ... foot ... ---- Railway station ... railway guard ... guard ... gare Smoke ... tobacco ... smell ... perfumer ... fumer Carpet ... fine design ... tapestry ... tapis Head ... foot ... root ... potato ... tête Oar ... boat ... war-ship ... ram ... [See Latin] ... rame Tears ... hysterics ... fainting fit ... alarm ... larmes Canvas ... rope ... oakum ... hard labor ... toil ... toile Wave ... washing ... unwashed ... vagabond ... vague ---- ... current ... nerve current ... vagus ... ---- Bed ... bed of sea ... sea-shore ... lee-shore ... lit Pane ... pain ... sore eyes ... vitriol ... vitre ---- ... glass ... vitreous ... ---- Gun ... gunsmith ... spark ... fusée ... fusil ---- ... foot soldier ... fusilier ... ---- Shovel ... shoved about ... crowd ... Pall Mall ... pelle ---- ... sand ... spade ... pail ... ---- Side-walk ... walking fast ... trotting along ... trottoir ---- ... mid road ... horses ... trotting ... ---- Dirty ... second-hand furniture ... furniture ... sale ... sale Faithful ... dog-blind fiddler ... fiddle ... fidèle ---- ... faithfulness ... fidelity ... ---- Pity ... pitying ... misery ... miséricorde Misfortune ... missing train ... mail hour ... malheur Hang fire ... fire engine ... "haste" ... tear along too ... faire longfeu Star ... diamond ... ball dress ... toilet ... étoile ---- ... Star ... Inn ... hotel ... ---- Cake ... cheesecake ... mouse ... cat ... gateau Sword ... soldier ... soldier's pay ... épée ---- ... war ... misery ... happy ... ---- Book ... pages ... leaves ... [See Latin] ... livre Castle ... ruined ... shattered ... château To speak ... converse ... dispute ... parley ... parler

1. Why could not "feel" be left out? 2. Why not omit "science," and say "medical arts"? 3. Why not omit "angels" and "harps," and simply add "celestial" to "hymns"? 4. If the pupil does not know who "Hengler" is, should we not omit the name and insert instead "singing clown"? 5. Why should not "fare" be a better In. by sound with "gare" than "guard"? 6. If tapestry means other things besides carpets, would not "tapestry carpet" be a sufficient intermediate? 7. If "pelle" is pronounced as if applied "pel," ought not "Pall Mall" to be pronounced as if spelled "Pell Mell"?

ENGLISH. INTERMEDIATES. ITALIAN. Basket ... horse-basket ... pannier ... paniéra " ... casket ... ring ... bull ... bellow ... corbello Gold ... nugget ... ore ... óro His ... his own ... zone ... bind ... sew ... suó Thy ... thy face ... head ... foot ... toe ... tuó Uncle ... "Dutch uncle" ... Holland ... Zuyder Zee ... Zio Pius ... church ... pew ... Pio Month ... Month of May ... mace ... mése Made ... servant-maid ... cook ... fat ... fátto

Synonyms, as well as words having but a slight difference in sound like Insidious and Invidious are easily discriminated by memorised Correlations: INSIDIOUS ... inside ... hole ... fox ... TREACHERY.--INVIDIOUS ... invade ... hostility ... ILL-WILL.

1. Is the letter "i" in Zio pronounced as if spelled Zeeo? 2. If so, is "pew" a good In. by sound with Pio? 3. Why would not these be good correlations, viz., INSIDIOUS, hideous ... moral turpitude ... TREACHERY.--INVIDIOUS ... perfidious ... betrayal. ILL-WILL. 4. How many correlations have you made so far? 5. Have you made your own in every case, or memorised mine in every case? 6. Have you indicated the relations in all cases by writing in 1, 2, or 3? 7. If not, why not?

HOW TO MEMORISE DATES, &c., WHERE YOU ARE UNFAMILIAR WITH THE FACTS, &c.

Let every Pupil write examples of his own selection of names Correlated to Dates of birth and death worked out as below, or some other pairs of extremes, such as name of ship to its captain on one side, and its tonnage (or destined port) on the other.

To remember Dates of Birth and Death (&c.) of men, correlate the SURNAME AS BEST KNOWN to the word expressing the date of BIRTH, and correlate the BIRTH-WORD to the DEATH [&c.] word:--

Do not look for Analytic Date-words in the following cases until you have first memorised my Correlations or your own. You can then review the examples and easily find Analytic Date-words if you are sufficiently acquainted with the facts of the cases, as: Lord Beaconsfield (18)05, {S}a{l}ient. Here is a supposed Analytic formula by English Liberals, of Gladstone's birth:--Gladstone--"{S}u{p}reme" (18)09; by Foreigners--"{S}u{p}ereminent;" by Tories, "{S}{p}oliator;" by Home Rulers--"{S}u{p}porter;" by Parnellites--"A{s}{p}erser;" by Churchmen--"{S}{p}iritual;" by Agnostics--"{S}u{p}erstitious;" by Unionists--"{S}e{p}aratist;" by admirers of eloquence--"{S}{p}ellbinder;" by decriers of speaking--"{S}{p}outer."

One of the meanings of "Salient" is "to force itself on the attention." Recall his threat when coughed down on the occasion of his maiden speech in the House of Commons. "You will hear me" (18)05.

1. Memorise the correlation you make. 2. Do you find it difficult to get analytic date-words? 3. What is necessary in order to get them readily?

Lord Beaconsfield ... beacon ... the rock ... {t}he {v}e{s}se{l} [born 1805] ... Vessel ... anchor ... hope ... {t}o ha{v}e {f}ai{t}h [died 1881]

Mr. Gladstone ... gladness ... sorrow ... {t}he hea{v}y {s}o{b} [born 1809] ... heavywaters ... Noah's flood ... few saved ... {t}oo {f}ew {m}e{n} [M. P. in 1832]

Napoleon Bonaparte ... banishment ... embarkation ... {T}oo{k} {sh}i{p} [born 1769] ... Took ship ... masthead ... Godhead ... {D}i{v}i{n}i{t}y ... [died 1821]

Robert Burns ... Scottish poet ... map of Scotland ... map of the World ... {T}he {g}{l}o{b}e [born 1759] ... "The Globe" ... newspaper ... page ... Wai{t}i{ng} {p}a{g}e ... [died 1796]

Oliver Goldsmith ... poverty ... plenty ... {T}oo{k} e{n}ou{gh} [born 1728] ... "bread enough" ... prodigal son ... {Th}e you{ng}e{r} [died 1774]

Nelson ... Britain's bulwark ... Whi{t}e {cl}if{f} [born 1758] ... Whi{t}e {f}os{s}i{l} [died 1805]