CHAPTER VII. _the Evolution of Animal Behaviour_

THE EVOLUTION OF ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR

I. THE PHYSIOLOGICAL ASPECT 295 II. THE BIOLOGICAL ASPECT 305 III. THE PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT 315 IV. CONTINUITY IN EVOLUTION 324

INDEX 338

ILLUSTRATIONS

FIG. PAGE

1. Paramecium. (From “Animal Biology.” Longmans) 4

2. Behaviour of Paramecia. (After Jennings, American Journal of Psychology) 8

3. Cell-division. (From “Animal Biology.” Longmans) 13

4. Wapiti with antlers in velvet. (Drawing by Mr. Charles Whymper, after photograph by Miss Reynolds) 16

5. Wapiti with velvet shredding off. (Drawing by Mr. Charles Whymper, after photograph by Miss Reynolds) 17

6. Sun-dew leaf and tentacles. (From Darwin’s “Insectivorous Plants.” Murray. By kind permission of Mr. Francis Darwin, F.R.S.) 26

7. Venus’s Fly-trap. (From Darwin’s “Insectivorous Plants.” Murray. By kind permission of Mr. Francis Darwin, F.R.S.) 27

8. Flower of Valisneria 28

9. Flower of Catasetum 30

10. Flower of Catasetum dissected. (From Darwin’s “Fertilization of Orchids.” Murray. By kind permission of Mr. Francis Darwin, F.R.S.) 31

11. Solitary Wasp stinging Caterpillar. (After Plate III. in Dr. and Mrs. Peckham’s “Solitary Wasps”) 75

12. Solitary Wasp dragging a Caterpillar to its Nest. (After Plate IV. in Dr. Peckham’s “Solitary Wasps”) 76

13. Insect Larvæ: Sitaris, Argyromœba, and Leucopsis. (After Fabre “Souvenirs”) 80

14. Yucca Flower and Moth 83

15. Newly-hatched Chick swimming. (Drawn by Mr. Charles Whymper, after instantaneous photographs and a sketch by the author) 85

16. Nestling Megapode. (From Dr. R. Bowdler Sharpe’s “Wonders of the Bird World.” Wells Gardner) 87

17. Cuckoo ejecting Meadow Pipit. (From Mrs. Hugh Blackburn’s sketch in “Birds from Moidart.” David Douglas) 91

18. Leaf-case of Birch-weevil 121

19. Solitary Wasp using a stone as a tool. (After Plate V. in Dr. Peckham’s “Solitary Wasps”) 127

20. Spiders placed by Solitary Wasps in crotches of branching stems. (After Plate X. in Dr. Peckham’s “Solitary Wasps”) 133

21. Fox-terrier lifting the latch of a gate. (Drawn by Mr. Charles Whymper, after a photograph by Miss Alice Worsley) 145

22. Cage used by Dr. Thorndike. (After figure in “Animal Intelligence,” Psychological Review, 1898) 148

23. Diagram illustrating Dr. Thorndike’s Experiments. (Based on data given in his monograph on “Animal Intelligence”) 150

24. Wood ant. (From Shipley’s “Invertebrates.” A. & C. Black) 207

25. Beetle soliciting food from Ant. (After Wasmann. Enlarged) 213

26. Honey-pot Ant. (Enlarged) 215

ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR