Part 3

Good prospect of peace on Menephthah's accession, 253--General sketch of his reign, 254--Invasion of the Maxyes, 255--Their Mediterranean allies, 256, 257--Repulse of the invasion, 258-261--Israelite troubles, 262-264--Loss of the Egyptian chariot force in the Red Sea, 265--Internal revolts and difficulties, 265--General review of the civilization of the period, 266-268.

XVII.

THE DECLINE OF EGYPT UNDER THE LATER RAMESSIDES 269-287

Temporary disintegration of Egypt, 269--Reign of Setnekht, 270--Reign of Ramesses III., 271--General restlessness of the nations in his time 272,--Libyan invasion of Egypt, 273, 274--Great invasion of the Tekaru, Tanauna, and others, 275, 276--First naval battle on record, 277, 278--Part taken by Ramesses in the fight, 278-281--Campaign of revenge, 282--Later years of Ramesses peaceful, 283--General decline of Egypt, 284--Insignificance of the later Ramessides, 284, 285--Deterioration in art, literature, and morals, 285, 287.

XVIII.

THE PRIEST-KINGS--PINETEM AND SOLOMON 288-297

Influence of the priests in Egypt, 288--Ordinary relations between them and the kings, 289--High-priesthood of Ammon becomes hereditary; Herhor, 290--Reign of Pinetem I., 293--Reign of Men-khepr-ra, 294--Rise of the kingdom of the Israelites, 295--Friendly relations established between Pinetem II. and Solomon, 296--Effect on Hebrew art and architecture, 297.

XIX.

SHISHAK AND HIS DYNASTY 298-313

Shishak's family Semitic, but not Assyrian or Babylonian, 298--Connected by marriage with the priest-kings, 299, 300--Reception of Jeroboam by Shishak, 301--Shishak's expedition against Rehoboam, 302--Aid lent to Jeroboam in his own kingdom, 303--Arab conquests, 304--Karnak inscription, 305--Shishak's successors, 306--War of Zerah (Osorkon II.?) with Asa, 307--Effect of Zerah's defeat, 309--Decline of the dynasty, 310--Disintegration of Egypt, 310, 311--Further deterioration in literature and art, 311-313.

XX.

THE LAND SHADOWING WITH WINGS--EGYPT UNDER THE ETHIOPIANS 314-330

Vague use of the term Ethiopia, 314--Ethiopian kingdom of Napata, 315--Wealth of Napata, 316--Piankhi's rise to power, 317--His protectorate of Egypt, 318--Revolt of Tafnekht and others, 318--Suppression of the revolt, 319-323--Death of Piankhi, and revolt of Bek-en-ranf, 323--Power of Shabak established over Egypt, 324--General character of the Ethiopian rule, 325--Advance of Assyria towards the Egyptian border, 325--Collision between Sargon and Shabak, 326--Reign of Shabatok--Sennacherib threatens Egypt, 327--Reign of Tehrak, 328-330.

XXI.

THE FIGHT OVER THE CARCASE--ETHIOPIA v. ASSYRIA 331-341

Egypt attacked by Esarhaddon, 331, 332--Great battle near Memphis, 333--Memphis taken, and flight of Tehrak to Napata, 334--Egypt split up into small states by Esarhaddon, 334, 335--Tehrak renews the struggle, 336--Tehrak driven out by Asshur-bani-pal, 337--His last effort, 337--Attempt made by Rut-Ammon fails, 338--Temporary success of Mi-Ammon-nut, 339--Egypt becomes once more an Assyrian dependency, 340--Her wretched condition, 341.

XXII.

THE CORPSE COMES TO LIFE AGAIN--PSAMATIK I. AND HIS SON, NECO 342-359

Foreign help needed to save a sinking state, 342--Libyan origin of Psamatik I., 344--His revolt connected with the decline of Assyria, 345--Assistance rendered him by Gyges, 345--His struggle with the petty princes, 346--Reign of Psamatik: place assigned by him to the mercenaries, 347--His measures for restoring Egypt to her former prosperity, 348, 349--He encourages intercourse between Egypt and Greece, 350-352--Egypt restored to life: character of the new life, 353--Later years of Psamatik: conquest of Ashdod, 354--Reign of Neco: his two fleets, 355--His circumnavigation of Africa, 356--His conquest of Syria, 357--Jeremiah on the battle of Carchemish, 358--Neco's dream of empire terminates, 359.

XXIII

THE LATER SAÏTE KINGS--PSAMATIK II., APRIES, AND AMASIS 360-367

The Saïtic revival in art and architecture,360--Some recovery of military strength, 361--Expedition of Psamatik II. into Ethiopia, 362--Part taken by Apries in the war between Nebuchadnezzar and Zedekiah, 363--His Phœnician conquests, 364--His expedition against Cyrene, 364--Invasion of Egypt by Nebuchadnezzar, 365--Quiet reign of Amasis, 366--The Saïtic revival not the recovery of true national life, 367.

XXIV.

THE PERSIAN CONQUEST 368-380

Patient acquiescence of Amasis in his position of tributary to Babylon, 368--Rise of the Persian power under Cyrus, and appeal made by Crœsus to Amasis, League of Egypt, Lydia, and Babylon, 369, 370--Precipitancy of Crœsus, 371--Fall of Babylon, 371--Later wars of Cyrus, 372--Preparations made against Egypt by Cambyses, 373, 374--Great battle of Pelusium, 375--Psamatik III, besieged in Memphis, 376--Fall of Memphis, and cruel treatment of the Egyptians by Cambyses, 377, 378--His iconoclasm checked by some considerations of policy, 379--Conciliatory measures of Darius Hystaspis, 379, 380.

XXV.

THREE DESPERATE REVOLTS 380-386

First revolt, under Khabash, easily suppressed by Xerxes, 381, 382--Second revolt under Inarus and Amyrtæus, assisted by Athens, 382, 383--Suppressed by Megabyzus, 384--Herodotus in Egypt, 385--Third revolt, under Nefaa-rut, attains a certain success; a native monarchy re-established, 386.