Chapter Xiii; Oman, _dark Ages_, Chapters Xx-Xxi.

See Readings, Chapter VII, and Bryce, Holy Roman Empire, Chapter V.

See extracts from these regulations, and an account of one of Charlemagne's farms, in Readings, Chapter VII.

For the capitulary relating to the duties of the missi, see Readings, Chapter VII.

See above, p. 32.

These lines are taken from a manuscript written in 825. They form a part of a copy of Charlemagne's admonition to the clergy (789) mentioned below. The part here given is addressed to the bishops and warns them of the terrible results of disobeying the rules of the Church. Perhaps the scribe did not fully understand what he was doing, for he has made some of those mistakes which Charlemagne was so anxious to avoid. Then there are some abbreviations which make the lines difficult to read. They ought probably to have run as follows: ... mereamini. Scit namque prudentia vestra, quam terribili anathematis censura feriuntur qui praesumptiose contra statuta universalium conciliorum venire audeant. Quapropter et vos diligentius ammonemus, ut omni intentione illud horribile execrationis judicium ...

See Readings, Chapter VII.

References for the reign of Louis the Pious, Henderson, Germany in the Middle Ages, Chapter VI; Oman, Dark Ages, Chapter XXIII.

Named for Lothaire II.

For the text and translation of the Strasburg oaths, see Emerton, Mediæval Europe, pp. 26-27, or Munro, Mediæval History, p. 20. A person familiar with Latin and French could puzzle out a part of the oath in the lingua romana; that in the lingua teudisca would be almost equally intelligible to one familiar with German.

The following table will show the relationship of the descendants of Charlemagne:

Charlemagne, d. 814 | Louis the Pious, d. 840 | +---------------------------+--------------------------+ | | | Lothaire, d. 855 Louis the German, d. 876 Charles the Bald, d. 877 | | | | +-----------------------------+ | | | | Carloman, d. 880 Charles the Fat (deposed 887) | | | | Louis the Stammerer, d. 879 | | | | | +----------------+------------------+ | | | | Arnulf, d. 899 Louis, d. 882 Carloman, d. 884 Charles the Simple, d. 929 | Louis the Child, d. 911.

Who was too young to be considered in 884, but afterwards became king of France and progenitor of the later Carolingian rulers.

Reference, Henderson, Germany in the Middle Ages, Chapter VII; Oman, Dark Ages, Chapter XXV.

Reference, Munro, Mediæval History, pp. 34-39. The Northmen extended their expeditions to Spain, Italy, and even into Russia. In England, under the name of Danes, we find them forcing Alfred the Great to recognize them as the masters of northern England (878). The Norse pirates were often called vikings, from their habit of leaving their long boats in the vik, i.e., bay or inlet. A goodly number of the Northmen settled in Iceland, and our knowledge of their civilization and customs comes chiefly from the Icelandic sagas, or tales. Some of these are of great interest and beauty; perhaps none is finer than The Story of Burnt Njal. This and others may be read in English. See Readings, Chapter VIII.

An account of the manor will be given later, Chapter XVIII.

See an example of an immunity granted by Charlemagne to a monastery, in Emerton, Introduction, pp. 246-249, also Munro, Mediæval History, p. 44. Other examples are given in the Readings,