Americans by Choice

Appendix 429

INDEX 435

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE PAGE

1. Immigration from Ireland and Germany Each Year, 1820-1840 22

2. Aliens Naturalized 1856-1867 in two Courts in New York City 26

3. Applicants for Naturalization in Supreme Court, New York City in October, 1868 28

4. Number of Replies from Judges in Each District 149

5. Appropriation for the Naturalization Service for each fiscal year, 1908-1919 185

6. Receipts from Naturalization fees and disbursements, 1907-1920 190

7. Number of Declarations of Intention and Petitions for Naturalization issued, 1907-1920 201

8. Per Cent that fully Naturalized Male Employees are of Total Male Employees who were twenty-one years of age and over at Time of Coming and who have been in the United States ten years or over, compared with the per cent that Male Employees in the United States ten years or over are of those here five years and over, by race 207

9. Per Cent of Foreign Born Male Employees Reporting Citizenship who have been in the United States each specified period of years, by race 209

10. Present Political Condition of Foreign Born Male Employees who have been in the United States five years or over and who were twenty-one years of age at time of coming, by race 211

11. Average weekly earnings of male employees, by race and specified industries 216

12. Per Cent of Foreign Born of Voting Age having First Papers and also per cent in states Permitting Aliens to Vote on first papers, compared with certain states not Permitting Aliens to Vote on first papers for 1900 and 1910 218

13. Number of Declarations filed each year 1908-1912 with Average Number and Ratio of Petitions consummating in five-year period ending each year 220

14. Yearly Number of Declarations Filed 1908-1912 and Number of final Petitions for Naturalization Assumed to have been based upon those Declarations 221

15. Ratio of Declarations of Intention to Petition for Naturalization by States 223

16. Comparison by Races of (1) Naturalization Petitioners Studied, (2) Unnaturalized Males twenty-one years of age or over in nine cities and in the country as a whole, in 1910 229

17. Comparison of Causes of Denial for the years 1908-1918 and 1913-1914 232

18. Racial Distribution of Petitioners Denied 1913-1914, and the Per Cent Denials for six Principal Causes 233

19. Per Cent of Denials due to “Immoral Character,” by Race 235

20. Per Cent of Denials due to “Ignorance,” by Race 236

21. Average Time Elapsing between Arrival and Declaration of Intention; between Declaration and Petition and between Petition and Naturalization 237

22. Average Interval before filing Petition after Attainment of twenty-one years, for those arriving at ages, 1-14, by Race 239

23. Average Interval before filing Petition after Arrival at Ages 16-20, by Race 240

24. Average Interval before filing Petition after Arrival at Ages twenty-one or over, by Race 241

25. Number and Per cent of Petitioners for three age groups 242

26. Racial Distribution of Petitioners for the age periods “over twenty-one” “15-20” and “1-14” 246

27. Number of Declarations made in “Other” States 249

28. Principal Occupations Represented in Petitions for Naturalizations filed in seven Cities 1913-1914, ratio between Number of Petitioners and total of Foreign Born White Males in those Occupations in those Cities in 1910 251

29. Number and Per Cent of Petitioners in Each Occupation 252

30. Allegiance of Aliens Registered under the Selective Service Act 268

31. Fitness for Service of Alien Registrants 269

32. Neutrals withdrawing from the Service 273

33. Diplomatic Requests for Discharge of and Total Registration of Aliens by Country of Birth 277

34. Comparison of Reported Desertions of Alien and Citizen Registrants 281

35. Years in which full and partial Suffrage was Granted to Women, by States 303

36. Maximum Enrollment in Citizenship and English classes, in United States in 1919 322

37. Per Cent of New York City Vote Cast for McCall in 1913, Dix in 1910 by Voters of Native Parentage 350

38. Per Cent of New York City Vote Cast for McCall in 1913, Dix in 1910 by Russians and Austrians 350

39. Per Cent of New York City Vote Cast for McCall in 1913, Dix in 1910 by the Irish 351

40. Per Cent of New York City Vote Cast for McCall in 1913, Dix in 1910 by Germans 352

41. Per Cent of New York City Vote Cast for McCall in 1913, Dix in 1910 by Italians 352

42. Per Cent of Socialist Vote in New York City in 1910 and 1913 by Nationality 353

43. Distribution of Dominant Nationality in ninety-two precincts in Cleveland 358

44. Distribution of Democratic and Republican Votes in Cleveland in 1913-1915 among Certain Racial Groups 361

45. Per Cent of Certain Races Exercising Second and Third Choice 362

46. Vote Cast in precincts of Varying Racial Make-up in Three Wards of Grand Rapids, 1918, 1919 366

47. Per Cent of Women Registered in thirteen Michigan cities 368

48. Number of Socialists paying dues each year from 1903 to 1915 382

49. Ranks of Race Groups in Relative Socialist Strength 384

50. Socialist Vote for President from 1880 to 1898 385

51. The Socialist Vote for President by States from 1900 to 1920 386

52. Per Cent Circulation of the German Press in nine states 388

53. Socialist Vote for President in nine states from 1900 to 1916 389

54. Membership of the Nonpartisan League by states in December, 1918 398

55. Distribution of Petitions Studied, by Courts 429

56. Sex and Marital Condition of Petitioners 430

57. Petitioners’ Children Under twenty-one years of age 431

58. Age of Petitioners at Arrival and Time Elapsing between twenty-one years of age (or later arrival) and Petition, 1913-1914 432

59. Number and Per Cent of Petitions Denied for each Cause, by Courts Facing 432

60. Number of Petitions Denied for each Cause, by Country of Birth Facing 432

61. Distribution of Petitioners, by Country of Birth and Courts Facing 432

62. Distribution of Petitioners, Length of Time from Arrival to Petition, by Country of Birth Facing 432

63. Distribution of Petitions, by Occupation and Courts 433

64. Average Number of Years from Date of Arrival to Date of Petition, by Occupation 434

65. Number of Petitioners, by Country of Birth and Occupation Facing 434

66. Ratio between Naturalization Petitions filed in 1913-1914 and Total Foreign Born White Males ten years of age and over in 1910, by Occupation for seven cities Facing 434

LIST OF DIAGRAMS

DIAGRAM PAGE

1. Average interval before filing petition after attainment of twenty-one years (or time of arrival, if arriving after twenty-one years) for petitioners arriving at ages of one to fourteen, fifteen to twenty, and twenty-one years and over 242

2. Average interval before filing petition after arrival at age twenty-one or over by races. The bars which are in black represent countries from which the subject people constituted almost entirely the immigration to this country 245

INTRODUCTION

It would require a very long list of names to give specific mention of all those who have rendered substantial aid in gathering the information on which this volume is based. The Commissioner of Naturalization, Mr. Richard K. Campbell; the former Director of Citizenship, Mr. Raymond F. Crist, and the chief examiners under their direction, have done all in their power to afford information and other assistance. Several hundred judges of naturalization courts in all parts of the country, took pains to answer our questionnaire and personal letters on special questions. Students of immigration and naturalization problems have been ungrudging in their co-operation.

The tedious and painstaking work of compiling the information contained in more than 26,000 petitions for naturalization, analyzed in the statistical chapters of this book, was done more especially under the direction of Professor Raymond Moley, then at Western Reserve University, Cleveland; Hornell Hart, of Cincinnati; Professor S. C. Kohs, of Reed College, for Portland, Oregon; Professor T. T. Waterman, of the University of the state of Washington, for Seattle, and Professor L. H. Hawkins, of Clark University, for Worcester, Mass. Aside from the service of these volunteer assistants, thanks are due in more than perfunctory manner to the members of the staff of the Americanization Study who devoted long hours to this exacting task.

Professor Moley compiled most of the material used in the chapter on the legal aspects of citizenship, and afforded information of the utmost value woven into other parts of this volume.

The thanks of the author are due in particular to his personal associates in the work, Mr. Paul Lee Ellerbe, formerly Chief Naturalization Examiner at Denver, and Miss Elizabeth Miner King, then of the staff of the New York Evening Post, now Mrs. Harold Phelps Stokes, of Washington, D. C.

JOHN PALMER GAVIT

AMERICANS BY CHOICE

AMERICANS BY CHOICE

OF THEIR OWN FREE WILL

From the point of view of citizenship there are two kinds of Americans--those who are American involuntarily by birth, and those who are American by choice.

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