Part 10

Spain was at its greatest “when the mixture of peoples was at its height.” England grew great because the ingredients of many racial groups ran in the Englishman’s blood. The United States will continue to be great because the intermingling of many groups tends to build a culture or civilization that unifies the best of their contributions.

=5. A civilization of many different elements develops religious, social, and cultural tolerance. It also creates ability which may permit it to grow and change.=

Immigration from 1820 to 1936

Albania 2,846 Austria and Hungary 4,138,333 Belgium 155,024 Bulgaria 65,424 Czechoslovakia 110,928 Denmark 333,900 Estonia 1,839 Finland 18,310 France 588,023 Germany 5,938,822 Great Britain: England 2,629,335 Scotland 732,587 Wales 86,233 Not Specified 793,741 Greece 427,006 Ireland 4,588,464 Italy 4,692,447 Latvia 3,918 Lithuania 7,166 Luxemburg 854 Netherlands 249,059 Norway and Sweden 2,018,640 Poland 407,366 Portugal 254,499 Rumania 155,496 Russia 3,343,088 Spain 168,913 Switzerland 292,153 Turkey in Europe 155,568 Yugoslavia 53,394 Other Europe 21,309 ---------- TOTAL FROM EUROPE 32,434,685

China 379,982 India 9,704 Japan 277,162 Turkey in Asia 205,317 Other Asia 38,858 ---------- ASIA COMPLETE TOTAL 911,023

Canada and Newfoundland 2,957,422 Mexico 768,453 Central America 46,919 West Indies 438,633 South America 117,649 Other America 40 ---------- AMERICA TOTAL 4,329,116

AFRICA 25,311 AUSTRALIA-NEW ZEALAND 53,739 PACIFIC ISLANDS 10,610 NOT SPECIFIED 254,066 ---------- TOTAL FROM ALL COUNTRIES 38,018,550

From 1931 to 1938, departures have exceeded admissions by 203,694.

Our Gifts to Science and to Agriculture

The brawn, brain, and inventive genius of the immigrants and their descendants have made the United States a world leader in science and industry. In reading about this pageant of achievement, which is unique in human history, you will also learn something about the =diverse racial origins= of those who laid the gifts on the “altar of America.” Here they are—IMMIGRANTS! SONS OF IMMIGRANTS! AND SONS OF SONS OF IMMIGRANTS!—men and women who have thrilled the worlds of science and industry, the arts and crafts, and social progress and government. The italics indicate the racial origin of each individual or a major racial group from which he is descended, although it should be kept in mind that a person’s ancestors frequently include many racial strains. The achievements listed are suggestive rather than exhaustive.

Medicine

Use of cocaine as local anaesthetic first introduced by Carl Koller, German Jew ... ether first demonstrated to the world in surgical operation by William Morton, Scot ... first successful operation on human heart performed by Daniel H. Williams, Negro.

Schick Diphtheria Test devised by Dr. Bela Schick, Hungarian Jew ... pioneer work in antiseptics by Henry Banga, Swiss, and many lives saved during World War through contributions to aseptic surgery of Alexis Carrel, French ... preventive compound for cholera and typhoid fever discovered by F. G. Novy, Slovak ... apparatus for electric blood transfusion perfected by D. J. Calicchio, Italian.

Charles and William Mayo, Irish, have made surgery almost as reliable a science as bookkeeping ... Charles McBurney, Scotch-Irish, discovered McBurney’s Point as a sign for the necessity of operating for appendicitis.

Discovery that the disease pellagra was due to faulty diet made by Joseph Goldberger, German Jew ... typhus and typhoid fever distinguished by Alfred Stillé, Swede ... human blood classified in different types by Karl Landsteiner, Austrian Jew ... research work in combatting syphilis and yellow fever by Hideyo Noguchi, Japanese.

Expert on infantile paralysis and meningitis is Simon Flexner, German Jew ... first removal of human ovary by Ephraim MacDowell, Scot ... one of the famous authorities on plastic surgery is V. Kazanjian, Armenian ... world authority on venereal disease is Vecki Victor, Yugoslav ... Edward Trudeau, French, began sanatorium treatment for tuberculosis ... Clifford Beers, English-Netherlander, founder of mental hygiene movement.

Discovery that mosquitoes carried yellow fever made by Walter Reed, English ... malaria driven out of Panama by General William C. Gorgas, Scotch-Irish-Netherlander ... first hospital in colonies founded by Dr. Thomas Bond, Welsh.

Physics

Our great electrical wizards have been: Joseph Henry, Scotch-Irish, who helped to invent the telegraph ... Charles Steinmetz, German-Polish, mathematical genius and electrical scientist, who had one of the world’s most inventive minds ... Thomas Edison, Scot-Netherlander, who invented electric light bulb and phonograph ... Michael Pupin, Yugoslav, who perfected tuning-in mechanism of radio.... Nicola Tesla, Yugoslav, who made extensive use of electrical power possible ... Vladimir Karapetoff, Armenian, inventor of electrical devices.

Most distinguished physicist on light rays is Albert A. Michelson, German Jew ... on x-rays, Arthur H. Compton, English ... on cosmic rays, Robert Millikan, Scotch-Irish ... outstanding investigator of Röentgen ray is Mihran Kassabian, Armenian ... through work on electrotechnics, expansion of telephonic and telegraphic communication made possible by E. F. W. Alexanderson, Swede ... John Kruesi, Swiss, helped Edison develop electric incandescent lamp, dynamo, and phonograph.

Astronomy

First observatory put up by Ephraim Williams, Welsh ... many of our early-day almanacs based on astronomical studies and computations of David Rittenhouse, German-Welsh ... Lick Observatory, California, and Yerkes Observatory, Wisconsin, founded by James Lick and Charles Yerkes, Germans ... for pictures of many of the stars, Dorothy Klumpke, German, achieved much fame ... famous mathematician and everyday almanac maker was Benjamin Banneker, Negro, who also helped L’Enfant, French, to lay out Washington, D. C.

Chemistry

Ephedrin, drug used as base for cold remedies, discovered by K. K. Chen, Chinese ... adrenalin and diastase, discovered by Jokichi Takamine, Japanese ... grape sugar changed into tartaric acid by Mooshegh Vaygoony, Armenian ... George Washington Carver, Negro, made 145 products from peanut, 100 products from sweet potato, and 60 products from the pecan ... fermented milk product of high curative values discovered by H. M. Dadoorian, Armenian.

Exploration

A pilot on one of Columbus’ ships was Pedro Alonzo, Negro ... first explorers in New Mexico led by Estévanico, Moroccan ... first settlers of Alabama, who accompanied De Soto in 1540, were Robles, Negro, and Feryada, Greek ... first reliable map of Virginia and Maryland made by Augustine Herrman, Czech.

Lewis, Welsh, and Clark, English, led the famous expedition to the Northwest ... 1903 Ziegler Expedition to the North Pole led by Anthony Fiala, Czech ... North Pole discovered by Robert Peary, French-English, accompanied by Matthew Henson, Negro ... first to fly across South Pole was Richard Byrd, English.

Other Sciences