chapter I.

The best treatment of this matter known to me is in Bernays’ Phokion pp 78-85. See Diodorus XVIII 18, Plutarch Phoc 28.

According to Plut Cleomenes 18, Sparta was very helpless before that king’s reforms. The Aetolians in a raid carried off 50000 slaves, and an old Spartan declared that this was a relief.

Freeman’s Federal Government chapter V.

II 62.

See Strabo VIII 8 § 1 p 388, and cf Plut Philopoemen 13.

Polyb IV 73. Theocritus had spoken of ἱππήλατος Ἆλις (XXII 156). Keeping horses was a mark of wealth.

Theocritus XXII 157 Ἀρκαδία τ’ εὔμαλος Ἀχαιῶν τε πτολίεθρα. Polyb IX 17, and IV 3 (Messenia).

Eubulus fragm 12, 34, 39, 53, 66, Kock. Also other references in Athenaeus X pp 417 foll.

Polyb XX 6. Otherwise Mahaffy in Gk Life and Thought chapter XIII.

FHG II pp 254-64, formerly attributed to Dicaearchus. Cited by E Meyer Kleine Schriften p 137.

II 62.

IV 38.

IV 73, 75.

XXIII 1 § 11.

In the famous case of the siege of Rhodes in 305-4 BC (Diodorus XX 84, 100) freedom seems to have been a reward, as has been pointed out by A Croiset.

IV 20, 21. Compare Vergil Buc X 32-3 soli cantare periti Arcades, VII 4-5.

In a fragment cited by Athenaeus p 272 a, cf 264 c. In Hultsch’s text Polyb XII 6.

Cited by Diodorus II 39, and by Arrian Indica 10 §§ 8, 9.

Calderini la manomissione etc chapter V.

See table in Collitz Dialectinschriften II pp 635-42.

παραμονά, παραμένειν.

In 432 acts of manumission given in Wescher and Foucart Inscriptions de Delphes 1863, I could not find one case of a rustic slave.

Ar Pol II 3 § 4, cf saying of Diogenes in Stob flor LXII 47. Menander fragm 760 K εἷς ἐστι δοῦλος οἰκίας ὁ δεσπότης.

See above, chapter XIII p 64.

So Jove Poenulus 944-5.

Casina 97 foll, Poenulus 170-1, Mostellaria 1-83.

Mercator 65 foll.

Mercator passim.

Trinummus 508-61.

Vidularia 31-2.

Vidularia 21-55, text is fragmentary.

But not excluding it, since slaves were hired.

Hautontimorumenos 62-74.

Hautont 93-117.

Hautont 142-4.

Phormio 362-5, cf Adelphoe 949.

Hecyra 224-6.

Adelphoe 45-6, cf 95, 401, 517-20, 845-9.

Adelphoe 541-2.

Collitz I No. 345, Dittenberger 238-9. Mommsen’s notes in Hermes XVII.

καὶ τὴν χώραν μᾶλλον ἐξεργασθήσεσθαι.

That this neglect was not a new thing seems shewn by the saying of Alexander that the Thessalians deserved no consideration, ὅτι τὴν ἀρίστην κεκτημένοι οὐ γεωργοῦσι. Plut apophth Alex 22.

Livy XXXIV 51 §§ 4-6.

Plutarch Aratus 5-8.

Plut Dion 27, 37, 48.

Plut Timoleon 23, 36.

Plut Aratus 9, 12, 14.

Plut Philopoemen 3, 4.

In fact became an αὐτουργός.

Bevölkerung der Griechisch-Römischen Welt pp 156-8.

Diodorus XVIII 70 § 1.

Livy XXXIV 50, Plut Flamininus 13.

Polyb XXXIX 8 §§ 1-5.

Only in Appian civ I 8 § 2. The provision is ascribed by Suet Jul 42 to Julius Caesar. The two writers were contemporary. Whence did Appian get his story?

Case of Persia.

Cases of Messana, Syracuse, etc.

Case of Carthage.

Livy II 23 etc.

Referred to in Iwan Müller’s Handbuch IV ii 2, ed 3 pp 533 foll, article by H Blümner.

That the household as a vigorous unit outlived the gens is I think clear. I guess that this was because production for the supply of life-needs was more closely correlated with the former. Labour was more easily divorced from the clan-system than property was.

Cic Cato mai § 56, Liv III 26, Dionys X 8, 17, Plin NH XVIII 20, Valer Max IV 7. The discrepancies in the versions do not concern us here.

Liv III 13 §§ 8-10, Dionys X 8.

Liv III 27 § 1.

Liv X 36 § 17, Dionys VI 3, etc.

Liv II 22 §§ 5-7.

Varro sat Men fr 59 and title of his satire Marcipor. Quintilian I 4 § 26, Festus p 306 L = 257 M Marcipor Oppii in title of Plaut Stichus. Sallust hist fr III 99 Maurenbrecher. Inscriptions CIL I 1076, 1034, 1386, Dessau 7822-3. For Pliny see below.

Argument as in Luke’s gospel 17 §§ 7-9.

Cic Cato mai §§ 55-6, etc.

Dionys XIX 15.

Preserved in a fragment of Dion Cassius, fr 40 § 27.

Columella I 4 § 2, Pliny NH XVIII §§ 27-8, cf Valer Max IV 4 § 4.

Livy epit XVIII.

Valer Max IV 4 § 6. The version given in Seneca ad Helv 12 § 5 is much the same, but ends characteristically fuitne tanti servum non habere, ut colonus eius populus Romanus esset? Here colonus = tenant farmer.

colendum locari.

Plin NH XVIII § 39.

Polyb I 31 § 4.

Cato 5 § 4 (of duties of vilicus) operarium mercennarium politorem diutius eundem ne habeat die.

How far we can infer this from references to slaves such as Livy XXIII 32 § 15 (215 BC), XXV 1 § 4 (213 BC), XXVI 35 § 5 (210 BC), is not quite certain. The Licinian law to check the grabbing of state domain land certainly does not prove it, for that land was probably for the most part pasture.

Liv XXVIII 11 § 9.

Weissenborn’s note on the passage.

Liv XXII 57 § 11, and index to Livy under volones.

Liv XXIII 49 §§ 1-4, XXIV 18 § 11, XXV 1 § 4, 3 § 8-4 § 11.

Liv XXI 63 §§ 3, 4, Cic II in Verr V § 45.

Liv XXVI 36.

Liv XXIX 16 §§ 1-3.

Liv XXXI 13.

See Rudorff gromatische Institutionen pp 287-8.

Liv XXXIII 42 § 3.

lex agraria, line 31, in Bruns’ fontes or Wordsworth’s Specimens.

Appian civ I 7 § 5. But the account given in this passage of the spread of latifundia and slave-gangs is too loose to be of much value. In particular, the assertion that slave-breeding was already common and lucrative is not to be believed. Appian was misled by the experience of his own day. See Sallust Iug 41 § 8 interea parentes aut parvi liberi militum, uti quisque potentiori confinis erat, sedibus pellebantur.

The urban artisans engaged in the sedentary trades do not concern us here. See Weissenborn on Liv VIII 20 § 4 opificum vulgus et sellularii.

Dionys III 31, IV 9, 13, etc.

Dionys VI 79, a passage much coloured by later notions.

Liv VII 4, 5. A slightly different and shorter version in Cic de off III § 112.

Cic pro Sex Roscio § 46 recognizes this familiarity.

Sallust Catil 4 § 1.

Cic pro Sex Roscio §§ 39-51.

Cic pro Sex Roscio §§ 50-1.

Livy VI 12 § 5, cf VII 25 § 8.

Dionys XVII [XVIII] 4. L Postumius Megellus was consul 305, 294, 291 BC. The story relates to his third consulship. His earlier career may be followed in Liv IX 44, X 26 § 15, 32 § 1, 37, 46 § 16.

Liv epit XI.

See the precept of Mago cited by Pliny NH XVIII § 35.

That is, on those possessed of a certain minimum of property, which was lowered in course of time. Originally reckoned on land only, thus reckoning only those settled on farms (adsidui). See Mommsen Staatsrecht index. The rise in the census numbers between 131 and 125 BC is explained by Greenidge History p 150 as due to the increase of adsidui through effect of Gracchan legislation.

See Greenidge History pp 60-1, 424-5.

See Cato’s opinion cited by Cic de off II § 89, Columella VI praef §§ 3-5, Plin NH XVIII §§ 29, 30.

Cic in Catil II § 18.

Cic in Catil II § 20, cf de lege agr II § 78 fundos quorum subsidio familiarum magnitudines sustentare possint.

familiis magnis.

Livy VI 12 § 5, cf VII 25 § 8.

Cairnes The Slave Power ch III. [1862, second edn. 1863.]

Cic de republ III § 16.

But see the oratorical picture of the bad steward, Cic II in Verrem III § 119. That remarkable passage still leaves my questions unanswered, for the comparison with Verres is superficial and only serves a temporary purpose.

Varro I 2 § 17, 17 §§ 5, 7.

Cato 2 § 7, cf Martial XI 70.

As Cato 5 § 2 says, dominus inpune ne Sinat esse.

Foreshadowed in Xenophon memor II 8.

Compare the case of the mercennarius and Regulus referred to above.

Columella I praef §§ 3, 12, 13, 20, XII praef §§ 8-10.

Pliny NH XVIII §§ 41-3 (of earlier times), XIV §§ 48-50 (speculations), XVIII §§ 273-4.

M Weber Römische Agrargeschichte pp 242 foll.

Sueton Aug 32, Tib 8, cf Seneca the elder contr X 4 § 18. Later, Spart Hadr 18. In law, Digest XXXIX 4 § 12².

Even a valetudinarium is provided. See Columella XI 1 § 18, XII 1 § 6, 3 §§ 7, 8.

Columella I 7.

Weber op cit pp 244-5. See the chapter on Columella for this interpretation. It can hardly be considered certain, but it is not vital to the argument.

Varro I 17 § 2, cf Colum I 3 § 12.

Varro I 17 §§ 3-6.

Plato Laws 777 d, Arist Pol VII 10 § 13, Oec I 5 § 6.

Livy XXXIII 36 § 1.

Livy XXXIX 29 §§ 8, 9, cf 41 § 6.

Diodorus book XXXIV, and other authorities enumerated in my Roman Republic § 683.

Strabo XIV 1 § 38 [p 646], Diodorus XXXIV 2 § 26.

Diodorus XXXVI.

According to Appian civ I 116 § 2 he was at first joined by some free rustics. The same seems to have been the case in Sicily and Asia.

Sallust Catil 44 §§ 5, 6, 56 § 5.

Tacitus ann IV 27.

Tacitus ann III 53-5.

Text edited by Keil 1895.

Plutarch Cato maior 27.

Jordan’s edition of his remains, p 77, Plut Cat mai 23.

Pliny NH XVIII §§ 29, 30, and Cicero de off II § 89, Columella VI praef §§ 3-5.

Jordan op cit p 43. Plutarch Cat mai 4.

Plut Cat mai 3-5, 20-1.

Cato agr 3 § 1, Pliny NH XVIII § 32.

Cato agr 4.

Cato agr 56-7.

Cato agr 16, 136-7, 146.

In 147 the emptor of a season’s lambs seems to be bound to provide a pastor, who is held as a pledge to secure the final settlement.

Cato agr praef.

Cato agr 10 § 1, 11 § 1.

2 § 7 patrem familias vendacem non emacem esse oportet.

Cato agr 1.

Mommsen in Hermes XV p 408.

praef § 2, 1 § 4. According to a speaker in Seneca controv VII 6 § 17 Cato’s later wife was coloni sui filiam ... ingenuam. Plut Cat mai 24 makes her πελάτιν, that is daughter of a client. There seems to be no real contradiction. The cliens might be his patron’s tenant.

2 § 7 boves vetulos ... servum senem, servum morbosum ... vendat. Cf Plut Cat mai 5, Martial XI 70, Juvenal X 268-70. In Terence Hautont 142-4 the Old Man, on taking to farming, sells off all his household slaves save such as are able to pay for their keep opere rustico faciundo. His motive for giving up domestic comfort and taking to hard manual labour on the land is to punish himself. So ibid 65-74 he appears as neglecting to keep his farm-hands at work.

Plut Cat mai 21.

Pliny NH XVIII § 35.

Polyb XXXII 13 §§ 10, 11.

Plut Cat mai 21, 25, 4.

Jordan op cit p 43.

Cf Plin epist III 19 § 5.

Plut Cat mai 21, 4.

Plut Cat mai 20.

Pliny even refers to his precepts as oracula.

Cato agr 1 § 3 operariorum copia siet.

Cato agr 4 operas facilius locabis, operarios facilius conduces.

Cato agr 5, 83, 143.

Cato agr 2 § 1.

Cato agr 13 § 1 duo custodes liberi ... tertius servus ... etc.

Ibid 66 ubi factores vectibus prement.

Ibid 64 § 1.

Ibid 144.

Ibid 144-5.

Ibid 146.

Ibid 149 § 2.

Ibid 150.

Ibid 66-7.

Ibid 56.

Ibid 10 § 1, 11 § 1.

It is to be noted that bubulci are to be indulgently treated, in order to encourage them to tend the valued oxen with care. 5 § 6.

Ibid 56 compeditis ... ubi vineam fodere coeperint. Cf Columella I 9 § 4.

Ibid 14.

Ibid 16, 38.

Ibid 136. In 5 § 4 the politor appears as a hired wage-earner, apparently paid by the job. In Varro III 2 § 5 we find fundo ... polito cultura. See Nonius p 66 M for politiones = agrorum cultus diligentes. Greenidge hist p 79 regards the politores as métayer tenants, why, I do not know.

Ibid 7 § 2, 21 § 5.

Ibid 5, especially § 4 operarium, mercennarium, politorem diutius eundem ne habeat die. This is taken by Wallon II pp 100, 345, to mean that these hired men are to be paid off at the end of their stipulated term. Keil thinks they are to be dischargeable at a day’s notice. eundem seems to imply that it was convenient to change your hired men often.

Ibid 2 § 2, and § 4 viam publicam muniri.

The account given in Greenidge’s History of Rome deserves special reference here. On pp 266-7 he well points out that it was not the Gracchan aim to revive the free labourer but the peasant proprietor.

This is known from the lex agraria of which a large part is preserved. See text in Bruns’ Fontes or Wordsworth’s Specimens. Translated and explained in Dr E G Hardy’s Six Roman Laws.

Perhaps some inference may be drawn from Sallust Iug 73 § 6 plebes sic accensa uti opifices agrestesque omnes, quorum res fidesque in manibus sitae erant, relictis operibus frequentarent Marium ... etc, though this refers directly to political support, not to the recruiting of troops.

See the important paper by Dr E G Hardy Journ Phil 1913.

Monum Ancyr III 22 [cap XVI].

Varro RR I 2 §§ 3, 6. I find since writing this that Heisterbergk Entstehung des Colonats p 57 treats this utterance, rightly, as rhetorical.

See Mr Storr-Best’s translation, Introduction pp xxvii-xxx.

RR I 4 § 5. Surely in 49 Varro was in Spain.

As in RR II praef § 6.

The wild hill-pastures are referred to by Varro RR II 1 § 16 as still leased to publicani to whom the scriptura or registration fees had to be paid. I have given further references in my Roman Republic § 1351. See M Weber Römische Agrargeschichte pp 135 foll.

RR I 18.

RR I 17.

RR I 6-16.

These are specimens only. Others would be hired freemen, asses, and (near a river) barges.

ipsi suggests peasant owners.

pauperculi cum sua progenie.

mercennariis ... conducticiis liberorum operis.

obaerarios or obaeratos, who work off a debt by labour for a creditor.

de quibus universis. This seems to refer to all human workers.

gravia loca. Cf I 12 § 2.

operarios parandos esse, not conducendos, for these are clearly slaves. Cf I 16 § 4.

The text here is damaged. I give the apparent meaning.

qui praesint, a very general expression.

That is, obedience.

offensiones domesticas. Varro may have in mind the Syrians in the Sicilian slave-wars and the Thracians and Gauls under Spartacus.

peculium.

Here also the text is doubtful.

RR II 3 § 7 in lege locationis fundi excipi solet ne colonus capra natum in fundo pascat.

RR I 2 § 17 leges colonicas ... etc.

Caesar BC I 34, 56.

servis libertis colonis suis.

colonis pastoribusque.

As a creditor on a debtor.

RR I 16 § 4 itaque in hoc genus coloni potius anniversarios habent vicinos, quibus imperent, medicos fullones fabros, quam in villa suos habeant.

RR II praef § 5, cf I 2 § 13 foll, and Columella VI praef §§ 1, 2.

They evidently own slaves, though not special craftsmen, and are distinct from the pauperculi of I 17 § 2.

RR II praef §§ 3, 4.

RR III 16 §§ 10, 11.

RR II 10 §§ 4, 5.

RR I 22 § 1. Basket work is often referred to in scenes of country life. Cf Verg buc II 71-2, georg I 266.

RR III 3 § 4, 17 § 6.

Cf Cato 56, Columella I 9 § 4.

RR I 18 §§ 2, 6.

valetudini tempestati inertiae indiligentiae.

In RR III 2 § 5 cum villa non sit sine fundo magno et eo polito cultura the reference is quite general.

This is well illustrated by the words of Cicero de republ V § 5.

As in his opinion the younger Cato did.

See pro Murena § 62, where disputandi causa is opposed to ita vivendi.

See Brutus § 257, de orat I §§ 83, 263, II § 40, de finibus V § 52, Tusc disp I § 34, III § 77, V § 104. The messores whose rustic brogue is referred to in de orat III § 46 surely are free Italians.

From lack of the ingenuae artes and liberales doctrinae etc.

de offic I § 150 inliberales autem et sordidi quaestus mercennariorum omnium quorum operae non quorum artes emuntur: est enim in illis ipsa merces auctoramentum servitutis.

The operae often referred to.

The familiae publicanorum. The publicani complained loudly when their slave-staff was in danger from the violence of others. Cf de imperio Pompei § 16.

Cf the famous case of Clodius and Milo.

Cf pro Rosc com §§ 32, 49, 54, pro Tullio § 21.

For a discussion of these see Greenidge in the Appendix to The legal procedure of Cicero’s time.

pro Tullio §§ 7-12.

pro Tullio §§ 14-22.

§ 17 mittit ad procuratorem litteras et ad vilicum.

To conduct of this kind Cicero makes a general reference in Paradoxa VI § 46 expulsiones vicinorum ... latrocinia in agris.

pro Caecina §§ 10-19.

pro Caecina § 1 in agro locisque desertis.

pro Vareno fragm 5, pro Cluentio § 161, cf pro Tullio § 8.

in toga candida fragm 11 alter pecore omni vendito et saltibus prope addictis pastores retinet, ex quibus ait se cum velit subito fugitivorum bellum excitaturum. For the fugitivi in Sicily cf II in Verrem II § 27, III § 66, IV § 112, V passim, and the famous inscription of Popilius, Wilmanns 797 and Wordsworth specimens pp 221, 475, CIL I 551, referring to first Sicilian slave-war.

Brutus § 85.

pro Roscio Amer §§ 39-51.

pro Caecina §§ 58, 63.

Thus in pro Cluentio § 163 a disreputable tool is mercennarius Oppianici.

de officiis I § 151 quorum ordini conveniunt.

de officiis I § 41.

II in Verrem I § 147, IV § 77.

Thus of orators, Brutus § 297, de orat I §§ 83, 263, cf II § 40. Also opifex in Tusc disp V § 34.

de orat I § 249 si mandandum aliquid procuratori de agri cultura aut imperandum vilico est.

pro Tullio § 17 mittit ad procuratorem litteras et ad vilicum.

Cicero’s own estate at Arpinum seems to have been let in praediola to tenants. See ad Att XIII 9 § 2.

pro Caecina §§ 17, 57, 94.

pro Caecina § 57, cf 63. So in § 58 the word familia is shewn not to be limited to slaves personally owned by the litigant referred to.

II in Verrem III §§ 53-5, and passim. These arationes paid decumae.

pro Cluentio §§ 175, 182.

de orat II § 287.

de republ V § 5, where the perfect ruler is a sort of blend of dispensator and vilicus.

pro Plancio § 62.

II in Verrem III § 119.

pro Rabirio §§ 10-17.

hanc condicionem ... quam servi, si libertatis spem propositam non haberent, ferre nullo modo possent.

Philippic VIII § 32.

Cic ad fam XVI 16 § 1 eum indignum illa fortuna nobis amicum quam servum esse maluisti.

pro Roscio Amer § 120 homines paene operarios.

II in Verrem III § 27.

quid, qui singulis iugis arant, qui ab opere ipsi non recedunt ... etc.

The infamous henchman of Verres.

Diodorus fragm XXXIV 2 § 48, XXXVI 5 § 6.

de lege agr II §§ 80-3.

See Beloch Campanien pp 304-6.

de lege agr II § 84 agros desertos a plebe atque a cultura hominum liberorum esse non oportere.

genus ... optimorum et aratorum et militum ... illi miseri, nati in illis agris et educati, glaebis subigendis exercitati ... etc.

de lege agr II §§ 88-9 locus comportandis condendisque fructibus, ut aratores cultu agrorum defessi urbis domiciliis uterentur ... receptaculum aratorum, nundinas rusticorum, cellam atque horreum Campani agri ... etc.

de lege agr II § 82 deinde ad paucos opibus et copiis adfluentis totum agrum Campanum perferri videbitis.

See above, chap XXV p 183.

Sallust Cat 4 § 1.

Sallust Cat 37 § 7 iuventus, quae in agris manuum mercede inopiam toleraverat ... etc.

Sallust Iug 73 § 6 opifices agrestesque omnes, quorum res fidesque in manibus sitae erant ... etc.

Two notorious instances are Pompey and M Brutus.

Horace Odes II 15, III 6, etc.

Horace Odes IV 5, 15, etc.

A picture forestalled by Lucretius III 1053-75.

Already illustrated in the case of Cato noted above.

See Cic de legibus III § 30. Cf Horace epodes IV.

See Rostowzew, Röm Colonat, for detailed inquiry into Eastern phenomena, Egyptian in particular. For the case of China see reference to Macgowan [Appendix D 6]. A very interesting account of the system in Hindustan in the 17th century, with criticism of its grave abuses, may be found in the Travels in the Mogul empire by François Bernier, ed 2 by V A Smith, Oxford 1914, pages 226-38. I believe the legal phrase is ‘Eminent Domain.’

In Greenidge, History pp 292-3, there are some good remarks on the process.

Frontinus grom I p 35, Columella III 3 § 11, and Heisterbergk’s remarks cited below. See Index, Italian land and taxation.

Tacitus ann II 59 seposuit Aegyptum hist I 11 domi retinere. This need not be taken to mean that he treated it strictly as part of his private estate, as Mommsen thought. See on the controversy a note of E Meyer Kl Schr p 479.

See M Weber Agrargeschichte pp 243 foll.

The estates of Atticus in Epirus are a leading case of this. Horace epist I 12 refers to those of Agrippa in Sicily. Such cases have nothing to do with emigration of working farmers, in which I do not believe. Surely Greenidge History p 270 is right in saying that the Gracchan scheme of colonization was commercial rather than agricultural. Also the municipalities, beside their estates in Italy, held lands in the Provinces. See Tyrrell and Purser on Cic ad fam XIII 7 and 11. In general, Seneca epist 87 § 7, 89 § 20, Florus II 7 § 3.

We may perhaps carry this back into the time of the Republic. See the references to the royal domains of Macedon, Livy XLV 18 § 3, and with others Cic de lege agr II § 50.

See the chapter on the African inscriptions.

For the cases of India and China see references to Sir A Fraser and Macgowan [Appendix D 6].

Tacitus ann XIV 27 records the failure of Nero’s colonization of veterans singly in Italy, who mostly returned to the scenes of their service. He strangely regrets the abandonment of the old plan of settling them in whole legions. It is to be remembered that in the later Empire the army was more and more recruited from the barbarians.

The γῆ κληρουχική, assigned in κλῆροι to soldiers.

See Herodotus II 165-7, cf 141, Strabo XV 1 § 40 (p 704), § 34 (p 701), § 54 (p 710), cf Diodorus II 40-1, Arrian Indica 10 §§ 8, 9. The references to slave-traffic in the Periplus maris Erythraei do not really imply existence of a slave-system in India. See Rapson Ancient India p 97. Much of interest in Sir J D Rees, The real India, on the Land-system etc. In The early history of India by V A Smith the existence of slavery in India is maintained.

See Dionysius II 28, cf 8, 9.

The operae referred to in the African inscriptions.

It is possible to see a beginning of this system in the tenancy-on-shares (the colonia partiaria) which we find not only in Italy but in Africa as a recognized plan.

This is the view of Rostowzew Röm Colonat p 397.

Hor Sat II 7 23, Epist II 1 139-40.

Hor Odes I 12.

Odes II 15, 18, Sat II 6 6-15.

Odes III 6.

Odes III 5. See above pp 139-40.

Odes III 1 redemptor cum famulis.

Odes II 3, Epist II 2 177-8.

Odes I 1, II 16, III 16.

Odes I 1 patrios ... agros, Epode II 3 paterna rura bobus exercet suis.

Epode IV 13 arat Falerni mille fundi iugera, etc.

Odes III 16 quicquid arat impiger Apulus.

Epode II 39 foll.

A fact recognized by Horace himself in lines 14-16 of Odes III 4, and Sat I 5 lines 77 foll.

Odes I 35 pauper ... ruris colonus, II 14 inopes coloni. Sat II 2 115, where the fact of expulsion in favour of a military pensioner is judiciously ignored. See below.

These coloni of course owned their farms; that is, were domini. Odes III 4 lines 37-8, Sat II 6 55-6.

Odes I 1 mercator ... indocilis pauperiem pati, cf III 2.

So Cicero’s estate at Arpinum is spoken of ad Att XIII 9 § 2 as praediola and was perhaps let in the same way.

Cf Seneca epist 47 § 14, 86 § 14.

The ownership of the slaves is another matter, for in letting farms the dominus often supplied the slaves. See Index, instrumentum.

I find that Mr Warde Fowler, The death of Turnus p 105, also takes this view. But he understands pater to imply that the man brought up a family, which I do not. I agree that it gives the idea of headship of a household.

Italische Landeskunde II p 615.

The description of such an agellus in Plin epist I 24 illustrates the wants of a literary landowner excellently.

Tibullus II 1 51 agricola adsiduo ... satiatus aratro.

Tibullus II 6 25-6.

Ovid fasti I 207, III 779-82, IV 693-4.

Ovid metam I 135-6, Manilius I 73-4.

Vitruvius II 1.

I cannot accept Prof. Richmond’s view (Inaugural lecture 1919 p 25) of the Georgics as ‘concerned with every side of husbandry.’

Whether Vergil suffered two expulsions, and what is the chronological order of eclogues I and IX, are questions that do not affect my inquiry.

Pliny epist III 10 § 7.

Aen VII 641-817, IX 603-13.

e.g. Aen VI 613.

Ellis on Catullus XXIII 1.

See page 217.

Sueton Vespas I.

Keightley includes Mago, whether rightly or not I am not sure. Conington’s Introduction treats this matter fully.

The futility of addressing rustic readers in polished literary language (diserte) is commented on by Palladius [4th cent AD] in his opening sentences. He has been thought to have in view Columella, who by the by is Vergil’s great admirer. I cannot accept the views of Daubeny in his Lectures pp 3-5. It is possible that the use of fire in improving land may be a bit of Vergil’s own advice, but I doubt it. See Daubeny pp 91-4, georg I 84 foll.

E Meyer Kl Schr p 488 describing the hopeless task of Augustus in attempting the moral and physical regeneration of Italy makes the general remark ‘Nur an die höheren Stände, nur an die Elite, konnte Augustus sich wenden.’ This is a true picture of the situation as a whole. To have to begin building at the top was fatal.

Most clearly stated in Columella I 7.

For coloni of Cicero’s time see II in Verr III § 55, pro Caecina § 94, pro Cluent §§ 175, 182. The references in Horace are given below. That letting to tenants was practised about 100 BC or earlier, appears certain from the reference to Saserna’s opinion on this policy in Columella I 7 § 4.

Velleius II 88, and many passages in Seneca and other authors.

Dion Cass LII 27-8.

Compare Suet Aug 41 for the Emperor’s actual policy. It seems that the influx of specie captured at Alexandria sent the rate of interest down and the price of land up.

This is admirably dealt with in Sellar’s Virgil, and need not be reproduced here.

Mr T R Glover, Virgil p 14, reminds us that the poet’s father is said to have done some business in timber at one time.

When Cicero de orat III § 46 credits messores with a rustic brogue he can hardly be thinking of foreign slaves.

As in Lucan VII 402 vincto fossore.

Varro RR II 10.

See Varro RR II 2 § 20, 5 § 18, 7 § 16, even for treatment of homines 10 § 10. Written books of prescriptions were provided.

Georg III 515-30.

tristis suggests the owner. A slave was not likely to care.

In Sellar’s Virgil chapter VI § 5 there is an excellent treatment of this episode, with a discussion of V’s relation to Lucretius and a most apposite quotation from G Sand.

Varro II 5 § 4, Columella VI praef § 7, Plin NH VIII § 180.

The molle atque facetum attributed to V by Horace is I think rightly explained by Quintilian VI 3 § 20, and amounts to easy and fastidious taste, of course the result of careful revision, his practice of which is attested in the Suetonian biography.

So Tibullus II 1 41-2.

Cf Cic de off I §§ 41, 150, passages in which the growth of the technical sense is seen.

See the interesting story of the bee-farm in Varro RR III 16 §§ 10, 11.

Pliny NH XIX §§ 50-1.

II 412-3 laudato ingentia rura, exiguum colito. Not found in surviving text of Cato.

II 532.

I 125-8, II 336-42.

II 136-76.

Dionys Hal I 36-7, Strabo VI 4 § 1, p 286, Varro RR I 2 §§ 1-7.

Horace Odes IV 5, 15, published about 14 BC. So Martial V 4 declares that Domitian has made Rome pudica.

Sueton Aug 32 (cf Tib 8), and the elder Seneca contr X 4 § 18. Even in the second century AD, Spart Hadr 18 § 9 ergastula servorum et liberorum tulit. Perhaps the ergastula in Columella I 3 § 12 refer to the same practice.

H Blümner in Müller’s Handbuch IV 2 2 p 543 says that Varro does not refer to the Kolonat als Pacht. But that sense seems clearly implied in I 2 § 17, II 3 § 4 in lege locationis fundi. In I 16 § 4 it surely includes tenants, even if the application is more general. In II praef § 5 colonus is simply = arator, opposed to pastor.

Columella I 7.

Pliny epist III 19, IX 37.

This reminds us of Varro’s words, speaking (I 17 § 2) of free workers ... cum ipsi colunt, ut plerique pauperculi cum sua progenie.

Cf Tibullus II 1 23 turbaque vernarum saturi bona signa coloni.

See above, p 216.

Hor epist I 14 39, cf II 2 184-6.

Hor Sat I 3 99 foll, where animalia seems to mean little more than homines.

Hor Sat II 6 55-6, Odes III 4 37-40.

The one reference to the assignations [G II 198] only speaks of the misfortune of Mantua, not of his own.

Hor Epist I 16 69-72.

Hor Sat I 1 28, 32.

For the story of the φιάλη (freedman’s offering) sent yearly by Maecenas to Augustus as a recognition of his restoration of Roman freedom, see Gardthausen Augustus VII 7 and notes.

Monum Ancyr ed Mommsen, I 16-9, III 22-8.

Tacitus ann XIV 53.

Gardthausen Augustus VII 7, pp 768-9. He quotes Schol ad Juvenal V 3 (Maecenas) ad quem sectio bonorum Favoni pertinuerat.

Varro RR I 17, a notable chapter.

Livy VI 12, VII 25.

Plin NH XXXVII §§ 201-3.

Augustus VI 3, p 547.

Macrob Sat I 11 § 22.

Dion Cass XLVIII 6 § 3.

The words of Donatus (after Suetonius) in his life of Vergil. Reifferscheid’s Suetonius p 59.

Keightley (1846) says the same.

With much respect and regret, I cannot accept the views of Prof Conway in his inaugural lecture of 1903.

The absence of reference to Cicero has of course been noted. But this was general in the Augustan age.

Seneca epist 86 § 15.

Seneca controversiae II 1 § 26.

Seneca excerpt contr V 5

Compare the reference to unruly servorum agmina in Calabria, Tac ann XII 65, in the time of Claudius.

Seneca excerpt contr VI 2.

Seneca contr II 1 § 5.

Seneca contr VII 6 § 18.

Seneca contr X 4 § 18 solitudines suas isti beati ingenuorum ergastulis excolunt. See above p 233 and below on Columella p 263.

Seneca contr VII 6 § 17, cf Plut Cat mai 24.

Val Max IV 4 § 6.

Val Max IV 3 § 5, cf 4 § 7, 8 § 1.

Val Max VII 5 § 2.

Phaedr IV 5, II 8.

Such as Polybius the influential freedman of Claudius, to whom Seneca addressed a consolatio.

Epist 77 § 7 is a notable passage.

Cf de benef III 26.

As by the younger Pliny paneg 42 on Trajan.

de benef V 18 § 2, 19 § 1, VII 4 § 4.

de clement I 18, nat quaest I 16 § 1.

de benef III 22 § 1, cf Athenaeus 276 b.

de benef V 19 § 9, epist 12 § 3.

de constant (ad Serenum) 5 § 1.

epist 47 § 14.

epist 90 § 27, artificem vides vitae etc.

epist 65 § 6.

epist 88 § 21. The contrast of liberalis and sordidus often occurs.

epist 90 § 15.

epist 44 § 3 aquam traxit et rigando horto locavit manus.

epist 114 § 26 quot millia colonorum arent fodiant ... etc.

epist 123 § 2 non habet panem meus pistor: sed habet vilicus, sed habet atriensis, sed habet colonus. atriensis = head of domestics, porter or butler.

de benef VI 4 § 4 colonum suum non tenet, quamvis tabellis manentibus, qui segetem eius proculcavit, qui succidit arbusta, non quia recepit quod pepigerat sed quia ne reciperet effecit. Sic debitori suo creditor saepe damnatur, ubi plus ex alia causa abstulit quam ex crediti petit.

The pactum implied in pepigerat.

de benef VII 5 §§ 2, 3, conduxi domum a te; in hac aliquid tuum est, aliquid meum; res tua est, usus rei tuae meus est. itaque nec fructus tanges colono tuo prohibente, quamvis in tua possessione nascantur ... nec conductum meum, quamquam sis dominus, intrabis, nec servum tuum, mercennarium meum, abduces ... etc. See the chapter on the Jurists of the Digest.

epist 90 § 39 licet itaque nunc conetur reparare quod perdidit, licet agros agris adiciat vicinum vel pretio pellens vel iniuria, licet in provinciarum spatium rura dilatet et possessionem vocet per sua longam peregrinationem ... etc. For iniuria cf Columella I 3 §§ 6, 7. The violent expulsion of poor farmers by the rich is an old topic. Cf Sallust Iug 41 § 8, Appian civ I 7 § 5 and see index.

epist 87 § 7 quia in omnibus provinciis arat ... quia tantum suburbani agri possidet quantum invidiose in desertis Apuliae possideret.

de ira III 29 § 1.

Lucan VII 387-439.

vincto fossore coluntur Hesperiae vegetes.

I 158-82.

longa sub ignotis extendere rura colonis. Cf Seneca de vita beata 17 § 2 cur trans mare possides? cur plura quam nosti? and Petron 37.

VI 152 o famuli turpes, servum pecus.

Calpurn ecl IV 118.

Petron § 37 fundos habet qua milvi volant. A proverbial phrase, cf Persius IV 26 dives arat ... quantum non milvus oberret, Juvenal IX 55.

Petron § 53.

edicta aedilium.

saltuariorum testamenta. They were evidently slaves and could only make wills by leave of their owner. See Dig XXXIII 7 § 12⁴.

Many times referred to in the book.

I 3 §§ 8-13.

Cf Plin epist III 19 § 2 pulchritudo iungendi, and Mayor’s note. Petron § 77.

I 3 §§ 6, 7, where he even refers to a very disobliging neighbour of his own estate.

I 1 § 20 longinqua ne dicam transmarina rura ... etc.

I praef §§ 13-15, XII praef §§ 8-10.

I praef § 12.

I 7 passim.

If we are to hold that opus here refers only to work on the particular farm hired by the tenant, I presume it includes improvements, as in Digest XIX 2 § 24³.

remissionem petere non audet.

felicissimum fundum esse qui colonos indigenas haberet et tamquam in paterna possessione natos iam inde a cunabulis longa familiaritate retineret.

urbanum colonum, qui per familiam mavult agrum quam per se colere.

rusticos et eosdem adsiduos colonos.

in his regionibus quae gravitate caeli solique sterilitate vastantur. Cf I 5 § 5, gravibus, and Varro I 17 § 2.

By H. Blümner in Müller’s Handbuch. So also Gummerus in Klio 1906 pp 85-6.

domini praesentia cariturum.

Dig XXXIII 7 § 25¹, XIX 2 § 24, § 25³.

M Weber Röm Agrargeschichte p 244. Of course opus is a general term, not technical as operae (= labour units) often is. See Vinogradoff Growth of the Manor note 94 on p 110. From Horace epist I 1 21 opus debentibus I can get no help.

See below, in the chapter on the African inscriptions.

Caesar civ I 34, 56.

Wallon, Esclavage II 99, 100, refers to the long leasing of municipal estates, held in virtual perpetuity so long as the rent was paid. He cites Gaius III 145. So too estates of temples, and later of the fiscus.

Wallon II 120, cf Digest XXXIII 7 § 19, an opinion of Paulus. It seems to be a sort of métayer system. See index.

But such as the imbecilli cultores of Plin epist III 19 § 6.

See case referred to by Paulus in Digest XXXI § 86¹.

I praef § 12 ex mercennariis aliquem. In II 2 § 12 operarum vilitas, and IV 6 § 3 operarum paenuria, III 21 § 10 plures operas quantocumque pretio conducere, the hands hired may be slaves.

Of course not necessarily agricultural, in fact generally not. See my article in Journal of Roman Studies 1918, and Index under Emigration.

Very different from the small farmers of old time, who were owners.

See for instance Digest XXXIII 7 § 18⁴, and § 20¹, opinions of Scaevola.

I 8 and XI 1.

I 8 §§ 1-3, XI 1 §§ 3, 4, 7.

I 8 §§ 3, 4, where he says that a man who learns how to do things ab subiecto is not fitted opus exigere. XI 1 §§ 9-13 is not inconsistent with this, but lays more stress on the necessity of training the vilicus.

I 8 § 5 contubernalis mulier. She is to be vilica, cf XII 1 §§ 1, 2. Apuleius met VIII 22.

eidemque actori = him in his capacity of actor. Cf XI 1 §§ 13, 19. See Index, actor.

I 8 §§ 6, 7, XI 1 §§ 22-3.

nisi ut addiscat aliquam culturam. He is in a sense colonus, and hence his sphere of duty is called colonia in XI 1 § 23. In I 4 §§ 4, 5 the value of experiments is recognized.

I 8 § 8, XI 1 §§ 20-1.

I 8 § 9, XI 1 § 21.

I 8 § 10 animi, quantum servile patitur ingenium, virtutibus instructus.

I 8 § 10, XI 1 § 25.

I 8 § 11 operis exactio, ut iusta reddantur, ut vilicus semper se repraesentet, XI 1 §§ 25-6.

magistri singulorum officiorum, XI 1 § 27.

I 8 § 12, XI 1 § 23.

I 8 § 13, XI 1 § 24.

I 8 §§ 13-4, XI 1 §§ 27-30.

In XI 1 §§ 4 foll this notion is, with citation of Xenophon, repudiated, and the need of training a steward emphasized.

In XI 1 § 4 he cites a saying of Cato, male agitur cum domino quem vilicus docet.

I 8 § 15.

I 8 § 16 ut ergastuli mancipia recognoscant ... etc. In XI 1 § 22 this appears as part of the steward’s daily duty.

I 8 §§ 17-8 quanto et pluribus subiecti, ut vilicis ut operum magistris ut ergastulariis, magis obnoxii perpetiendis iniuriis, et rursus saevitia atque avaritia laesi magis timendi sunt.

an ex sua constitutione iusta percipiant. sua = the scale allowed by himself as dominus.

I 8 § 19.

multum confert augendo patrimonio.

I 9 §§ 1-6. Cf XI 1 §§ 8, 9.

mediastinus.

Cf Dig XXXIII 7 § 8 pr.

vineta plurimum per alligatos excoluntur.

ne confundantur opera familiae, sic ut omnes omnia exequantur.

I 9 §§ 7, 8.

VI 2 § 15 pecoris operarii (the very word also used = labourer), 3 § 3 iumentis iusta operum reddentibus.

XI 1 § 18 more optimi pastoris ... idem quod ille diligens opilio.

valetudinarium XI 1 § 18, XII 1 § 6, 3 §§ 7, 8.

IV 3 § 1 quosdam emacitas in armentis, quosdam exercet in comparandis mancipiis; de tuendis nulla cura tangit. Cf I 4 § 7.

XII 3 especially §§ 1, 8, cf praef § 9. He refers to Xenophon.

VIII 11 § 2 tamquam servitio liberatae, also 12 and 15 § 7 parere cunctantur in servitute.

I 6 § 3 vinctis quam saluberrimum subterraneum ergastulum, plurimis idque angustis illustratum fenestris atque a terra sic editis ne manu contingi possint. Cf XI 1 §§ 22.

I 6 § 19 rusticis balneis.

I 3 § 12 [our land-grabbers scorn moderation and buy up fines gentium so vast that they cannot even ride round them] sed proculcandos pecudibus et vastandos feris derelinquunt, aut occupatos nexu civium et ergastulis tenent. Schneider explains nexu etc as = civibus ob aes alienum nexis. Surely at this date it cannot be used in the strictly technical sense. See p 269.

Like the obaerarii or obaerati of Varro I 17 § 2. See on that passage p 180.

suppressio. See Index.

VIII 2 § 7 anus sedula may serve as custos vagantium.

VI praef § 4.

I 8 § 5, 7 § 7, but in XII 3 § 6 for instance actores are not = vilici. Schneider.

See Cic de oratore I § 249, pro Tullio § 17.

I 6 § 23.

I 6 § 7 procuratori supra ianuam ob easdem causas: et is tamen vilicum observet ex vicino. Cf Plin epist III 19 § 2.

In Columella’s time. At a later date this could hardly be said, as the position of coloni became worse.

III 13 §§ 12, 13. Cf Dig XLIII 24 § 15¹.

A good instance in Pliny NH XIV 49, 50.

III 21 § 10 (of hurry resulting from want of forethought) cogitque plures operas quantocumque pretio conducere.

III 3 § 8.

I praef §§ 1, 2, II 1. Cf III 3 § 4 with Varro I 44 § 1.

I 3 § 9 nec dubium quin mimis reddat laxus ager non recte cultus quam angustus eximie, IV 3 § 6.

For milk-delivery see Calpurnius ecl IV 25-6 et lac venale per urbem non tacitus porta. For cheese Verg G III 402.

VI praef §§ 3-5.

Also bee-keeping.

VIII 10 §§ 3, 4.

quia nec parvo conducuntur qui mandant ... etc.

II 9 §§ 14, 16.

siligo, II 6 § 2, 9 § 13.

I 6 §§ 9-17.

II 20 § 6 frumenta, si in annos reconduntur, ... sin protinus usui destinantur ... etc.

I 2 § 3.

As Plutarch C Gracc 7 says εὐθεῖαι γὰρ ἤγοντο διὰ τῶν χωρίων ἀτρεμεῖs.

I 5 §§ 6, 7.

I 3 §§ 3, 4.

II 13 § 7 consummatio operarum.

II 21 § 10.

I praef § 12, XI 1 § 12.

I praef § 17 (of the non-urban population in old times) qui rura colerent administrarentve opera colonorum. The last three words are not in some MSS.

I 4 § 4, Verg G I 51-3.

So the Greeks often refer to Homer as The Poet.

verissimo vati velut oraculo.

Verg G IV 116 foll.

Quintil X 1 §§ 46-131, especially §§ 85-6.

See Tacitus Germ 41 on the exceptionally favourable treatment of the Hermunduri, with Schweitzer-Sidler’s notes.

Seneca ad Helviam 7 § 7 refers to the colonies sent out to the provinces in earlier times, and is rhetorically exaggerated.

Cf Nissen Italische Landeskunde vol II pp 128-30.

A notable utterance on this topic is Seneca ad Helviam 6 §§ 2, 3. See Mayor’s notes on Juvenal III 58 foll.

See Tacitus Germ 29 for interesting matter bearing on these points.

The numerous references need not be given here. They can be found in H. Schiller’s Geschichte der Römischen Kaiserzeit.

Schiller I 515, 534. See Hyginus gromat I p 133, Frontinus ibid pp 53-4, and the rescript of Domitian in Girard, textes part I ch 4 § 5. Suetonius Dom 9.

Domitian also made ordinances forbidding new vineyards in Italy and enjoining the destruction of those in the Provinces. But these were not carried out. Schiller I 533. Suet Dom 7, 14, Stat silv IV 3 11-12.

Schiller I 540.

Plin paneg 26-8.

Schiller I 566, 623, 630, 656.

Schiller I 566.

Capitolinus M Aurel II § 7. The text is in some doubt.

Schiller I 651.

Schiller I 566. Plin epist VI 19 depicts the situation fully. The aim was to make them feel Italy their patria. See the jealousy of rich Provincials shewn by senators, Tac Ann XI 23.

Schiller I 656.

The remarkable community of Lamasba is referred to below in a note after chapter XXXVII.

The locus classicus on emigrant Romans is Cic pro Fonteio §§ 11-13, which belongs to 69 BC. Cf Sallust Iug 21, 26, 47.

That is, allottees of land distributed viritim.

Inscription, Dessau 1334, CIL VIII 15454.

Dessau 6790.

Cf Appian civ I 29 § 2.

Bellum Afr 32, 35, 56, Dion Cass XLIII 4 § 2.

For details of his life see Mayor on Pliny epp III 11. Cf Ritter and Preller hist Philos, Champagny Les Césars IV 1 § 1.

Preserved by Stobaeus flor LVI 18. It is in Greek, the classic language of Philosophy, as the Meditations of Marcus Aurelius, etc.

πόρος, a means of livelihood.

ἢ δημοσίαν ἢ ἰδιωτικήν.

αὐτουργικοὶ καὶ φιλόπονοι ὄντες.

εἴ γε μὴν ἅμα φιλοσοφεῖ τις καὶ γεωργεῖ.

τοῦ καθῆσθαι ἐν πόλει τὸ ζῆν ἐν χωρίῳ.

σύν γε τῷ καλοκαγαθίας μὴ ὀλιγωρεῖν.

These are stock instances of happiness in rustic life. For references see notes in Frazer’s Pausanias VIII 24 § 13, X 24 § 1.

σοφιστάς.

χαλεπώτατον.

He was in command of the fleet at Misenum in 79 AD when the great eruption of Vesuvius took place. He persisted in approaching it, and met his death. The family belonged to the colony of Novum Comum in Transpadane Gaul, now part of Italy.

NH XVIII 1-5.

NH XVIII 7, 18, 20.

NH XVIII 19, 21, 36.

NH XVIII 35.

NH XVIII 27-8.

NH XVIII 32.

NH XVIII 35.

NH VIII 180. In Aelian var hist this is recorded (V 14) as an old rule in Attica.

NH XVIII 36.

NH XIX 60 octo iugerum operis palari iustum est is a good instance. This verb palare = to dig should be added to dictionaries.

NH XVIII 37-8.

agros ... coemendo colendoque in gloriam.

So Tiberius in Tac ann III 54.

Tac hist III 8 Aegyptus, claustra annonae.

NH XVIII 15 foll.

ibid 17 nec e latifundiis singulorum contingebat arcentium vicinos.

NH XVIII 24.

NH XIX 50-1.

NH XVIII 12.

NH XVIII 11, 26.

NH XIV 49, 50.

NH XIV 48.

Such as the agricola strenuus depicted in the letter of Marcus to Fronto (p 29 Naber), who has omnia ad usum magis quam ad voluptatem.

NH XVIII 273-4. Aristotle Politics I 11.

NH XVIII 174.

NH XVIII 178 ... transverso monte.

certe sine hoc animali montanae gentes sarculis arant.

NH XXXIII 26-7.

aliter apud antiquos singuli Marcipores Luciporesve dominorum gentiles omnem victum in promiscuo habebant.

NH XVIII 36 coli rura ab ergastulis pessimum est, et quicquid agitur a desperantibus.

NH XXXVII 201-3.

principatum naturae optinet ... viris feminis ducibus militibus servitiis ... etc.

servorum exercitio.

NH XVIII 11.

NH VIII 180 tamquam colono suo interempto.

NH XVIII 167 coloni vice fungens.

NH XVIII 38 praeterquam subole suo colono aut pascendis alioqui colente domino aliquas messis colligere non expedit, si computetur impendium operae.

In NH XVIII 120 he cites Vergil as giving a piece of advice based on the usage of the Po country. Pliny as a Transpadane may have been prejudiced in Vergil’s favour and possibly jealous of the Spanish Columella.

In NH XVIII 170 he cites Verg G I 53, calling it oraculum illud, but with a textual slip.

NH XVIII 70.

The passing mention in Annals XVI 13 of the great mortality among the servitia and ingenua plebes in the plague of 65 AD is a good specimen. The two classes are often thus spoken of together. Cf Sueton Claud 22, Nero 22.

Annals III 54.

This policy bore fruit in the possibility of forming reserves in the next period. See Spart Severus 8 § 5, 23 § 2.

Annals IV 27.

Annals IV 6 infecunditati terrarum.

Annals VI 16, 17. Caesar’s law is described as de modo credendi possidendique intra Italiam. Nipperdey holds that it cannot be the law of BC 49, but must be an unknown law, not of temporary effect. See his note.

Nipperdey’s restoration of this sentence with the help of Suet Tib 48 seems to me quite certain.

si debitor populo in duplum praediis cavisset. The precedent of Augustus is mentioned in Sueton Aug 41.

See Cicero in Catil II § 18.

See the case of Sittius in Cic pro Sulla §§ 56-9. Such financial opportunities were evidently few in the later Empire.

trepidique patres (neque enim quisquam tali culpa vacuus) ... etc.

Germ 26.

See Schweitzer-Sidler’s notes, and cf the remarks of Caesar BG IV 1, VI 22.

See Pliny NH XVIII 259 and Conington’s notes on Verg G I 71-83. Varro I 44 § 3.

Germ 24.

servos condicionis huius per commercia tradunt, ut se quoque pudore victoriae exsolvant.

Germ 25 frumenti modum dominus aut pecoris aut vestis ut colono iniungit, et servus hactenus paret. The colonus here is clearly a tenant, his German analogue a serf.

Agricola 28.

per commercia venumdatos et in nostram usque ripam mutatione ementium adductos.

CIL VIII 18587, Ephem epigr VII 788, where it is annotated by Mommsen and others.

Mentioned in two routes of the Itinerarium Antoninum.

Cf Gaius II 7, 21, and below, note on p 351.

Cf Digest VIII 6 § 7, XLIII 20 §§ 2, 5.

See Marquardt Stvw 1, index under Lamasba.

Were they perhaps veterani? That there were a number of these settled in Africa is attested by Cod Th XI 1 § 28 (400), cf XII 1 § 45 (358).

Written 97 AD, under Nerva.

de aquis 75. Formerly this offence was punished by confiscating the land so watered, ibid 97.

de aquis 6.

de aquis 9.

de aquis 107-10. But according to Digest XLIII 20 § 1³⁹⁻⁴³ (Ulpian) the grant was sometimes not personis but praediis, and so perpetual.

de aquis 105, 116-8.

de aquis 120, 124-8.

impotentia possessorum.

holitores as in Horace epist I 18 36. Later called hortulani as in Apuleius metam IX 31-2, 39-42. Girard, textes part III ch 4 § 1 e, gives an interesting case of a colonus hortorum olitoriorum between Rome and Ostia, belonging to a collegium. The man is probably a freedman.

de aquis 112-5.

de aquis 11, cf also 92.

Wilmanns exempla 2844-8.

Hermes XIX pp 393-416.

Plin epist VII 18.

Mommsen op cit p 410. See index under instrumentum.

Whether we have in Columella a direct reference to this method is a question I have discussed in the chapter on that author. However answered, it does not affect the present passage. See the chapter on the African inscriptions.

See the case cited in the chapter on Pliny the younger.

By H Blümner in Müller’s Handbuch ed 3, IV ii 2 p 544.

Mommsen op cit p 416. See the chapter on evidence from the Digest.

Mommsen op cit p 412.

Digest XXXIII 7 § 20¹ non fide dominica sed mercede. ibid § 12³ qui quasi colonus in agro erat.

Dig XXXIII 7 § 20³ praedia ut instructa sunt cum dotibus et reliquis colonorum et vilicorum et mancipiis et pecore omni legavit et peculiis et cum actore. Cf also XL 7 § 40⁵.

Dig XXXIII 7 § 20⁴.

But that uxor was sometimes loosely used of a slave’s contubernalis is true. Wallon II 207, cf Paulus Sent III 6 §§ 38, 40, Dig XXXIII 7 § 12⁷,³³.

Mommsen op cit p 409.

Columella I 9 § 4.

Plut de defectu oraculorum 8.

oratio VII, Euboicus seu venator.

A contemporary of the younger Pliny, flourished about 100 AD.

I think Nero is meant here.

Mahaffy, Silver Age p 329, thinks Carystos is meant, though it might be Chalcis.

ἀφορμῆς. This passage seems openly to recognize the ruinous competition of slave labour under capitalists, which the single artisan was unable to face. The admission is so far as I know very rare in ancient writers. That Dion’s mind was greatly exercised on the subject of slavery in general, is shewn by Orations X, XIV, XV, and many scattered references elsewhere.

See the chapter on Musonius.

As in Archbishop Trench’s charming Lectures on Plutarch pp 10, 77 foll.

Matt 21 §§ 28-30. I cannot feel sure of this general inference.

Matt 21 §§ 33-41, Mar 12 §§ 1-9, Luk 20 §§ 9-16.

I Cor 9 §§ 7-10, I Tim 5 § 18, II Tim 2 § 6.

Luk 12 §§ 16-9, etc.

οἰκονόμος, Luk 12 §§ 42-8, 16 §§ 1-12, I Cor 4 § 2.

James 5 § 4.

Rom 4 § 4.

Matt 20 §§ 1-16. Abp Trench, Notes on the Parables, has cleared away a mass of perverse interpretations.

Matt 6 § 12, Luk 7 § 41, 16 § 5.

Matt 25 §§ 14-30, Luk 19 §§ 12-26.

Acts 1 § 18, 4 §§ 34-7.

Often referred to. See Friedländer’s index under Nomentanus, and cf VIII 61, IX 18, 97.

I 55, X 48.

III 47 etc. Cf VII 31, XII 72.

II 11 nihil colonus vilicusque decoxit. This may imply that the vilicus was a servus quasi colonus liable to a rent and in arrears. See notes pp 299, 311. But I do not venture to draw this inference.

VII 31.

X 87. Cf Juv IV 25-6, Digest XXXII § 99, XXXIII 7 § 12¹²,¹³, etc.

XII 59.

IV 66.

VI 73, X 92.

IX 2 haud sua desertus rura sodalis arat.

XII 57.

V 35, X 14, etc.

Plin NH XVIII § 35.

IX 35.

See Juv XIV 267-302 on the risks faced by speculators in sea-borne commerce.

III 58.

III 47.

dona matrum ‘presents from their mothers.’ Eggs, I think. Cf VII 31 and Juv XI 70-1. The conjecture ova matrum (Paley) is good.

The story of the Usipian deserters who found their way back into Roman hands by way of the slave-market is a curious episode of 83 AD. Tac Agr 28. See the chapter on Tacitus.

VII 80.

X 30, of a charming seaside villa at Formiae. o ianitores vilicique felices, dominis parantur ista, serviunt vobis. In Dig XXXIII 7 § 15² we hear of mulier villae custos perpetua.

The note of Mommsen, Hermes XIX 412, deals with the case of servi quasi coloni farming parcels of land, recognized in the writings of jurists. It seems that they farmed either at their own risk or for owner’s account [fide dominica]. In the former case they could have a tenant’s agreement like the free coloni. In the latter they were only vilici and therefore part of the instrumentum. Here I think we may see beginnings of the unfree colonate. But Mommsen does not touch the point of manumission. It seems to me that an agreement with a slave must at first have been revocable at the pleasure of the dominus, and its growth into a binding lease was probably connected in many instances with manumission.

I 55 hoc petit, esse sui nec magni ruris arator, sordidaque in parvis otia rebus amat. And often.

VII 36, XI 34.

I 85, X 85. Cf Pliny epist VIII 17.

X 61, XI 48. The title de sepulchro violato, Dig XLVII 12, will illustrate this.

The form HNS (heredem non sequitur) is common in sepulchral inscriptions.

X 92.

Juv XIV 161-71.

XI 86-9.

XIV 179-81.

XIV 159-63.

II 73-4.

XIV 70-2.

VIII 245 foll. For the error in this tradition see Madvig, kleine philologische Schriften No 10.

III 223-9.

VI 287-95, cf XI 77-131.

XVI 32-4. See Hardy on Plin epist X 86 B, Shuckburgh on Sueton Aug 27, Tac hist III 24 vos, nisi vincitis, pagani. This use is common in the Digest.

VI 1-18, XV 147-58.

X 356-66.

VII 188-9, IX 54-5, etc.

IX 59-62.

VII 188-9, case of Quintilian.

XIV 86-95, 140 foll, 274-5. Cf X 225-6 etc.

XIV 140-55, XVI 36-9. Cf Seneca epist 90 § 39.

XI 151 foll.

VI 149-52, IX 59-62.

I 107-8.

X 356.

III 223-9, bidentis amans.

Mart XIV 49 exercet melius vinea fossa viros.

See his use of ingenuus = not fit for hard work, III 46, X 47, following Ovid, and cf the lines to a slave IX 92.

Juv XI 77-81.

See epist IV 10, VII 16, 32, VIII 16.

Cf Martial I 101, VI 29.

An important limitation, on which see Wallon III 55.

VII 11, 14.

VI 3.

VI 19.

si paenitet te Italicorum praediorum.

III 19.

sub eodem procuratore ac paene isdem actoribus habere. The actores seem to be = vilici, under the newer name. procurator a much more important person. See paneg 36 for the two as grades in the imperial private service. Cf chapter on Columella p 264.

atriensium, topiariorum, fabrorum, atque etiam venatorii instrumenti.

sed haec felicitas terrae inbecillis cultoribus fatigatur. No doubt lack of sufficient capital is meant.

See Digest XX 2 §§ 4, 7, for pignora on farms.

reliqua colonorum.

sunt ergo instruendi eo pluris quod frugi mancipiis: nam nec ipse usquam vinctos habeo nec ibi quisquam. I take instruendi as referring to agri just above. The slaves are a normal part of instrumentum fundi.

hac paenuria colonorum. Not the tenants’ poverty. Cf VII 30 § 3.

sum quidem prope totus in praediis.

Daubeny, Lectures p 147, regards this great variation as normal in modern experience, and vineyards as the least lucrative kind of husbandry.

VIII 15, IX 28, IV 6, X 8 § 5.

II 4 § 3.

querellae rusticorum, V 14 § 8, VII 30 § 3, IX 36 § 6.

remissiones, IX 37 § 2, X 8 § 5.

As de Coulanges remarks pp 17-8, Pliny does not propose to get rid of them, but to keep them as partiary tenants. They would be in his debt. He uses the expression aeris alieni IX 37 § 2. He would have to find instrumentum for them.

IX 20 § 2.

IX 16.

IX 20 § 2 obrepere urbanis qui nunc rusticis praesunt.

IX 37.

necessitas locandorum praediorum plures annos ordinatura.

priore lustro. The lustrum or quinquennium was the common term of leases, and recognized in law books. Cf Digest XII 1 § 4¹, XIX 2 § 24, etc.

ut qui iam putent se non sibi parcere.

si non nummo sed partibus locem, ac deinde ex meis aliquos operis exactores custodes fructibus ponam. His new tenants would be coloni partiarii.

VIII 2.

V 6 § 12.

VIII 17.

VI 25.

interceptusne sit a suis an cum suis dubium.

Cf Juvenal X 19-22.

Fronto, when appointed to govern Asia, one of the most peaceful Provinces, at once looked out for a military officer to deal with latrones. Fronto p 169 Naber.

Paul Ephes 6 §§ 5 foll, Coloss 3 §§ 22 foll, I Pet 2 §§ 18 foll.

X 29, 30, with Hardy’s notes.

The first reference to a practice that was common later.

cum haberent condicionis suae conscientiam.

On the other hand we hear of free citizens trying to shirk army service earlier than this. Cf Sueton Aug 24, Tib 8.

Capitolinus Marcus 21 §§ 6, 7.

VII 18.

actori publico mancipavi. See chapter on the alimenta of Trajan’s time. References to municipal benefactions are very numerous in the Digest.

As we have seen above, the tenant coloni employed slave labour. Whether they worked with their own hands, or confined themselves to direction, probably varied in various cases.

Sueton Julius 26, 28.

Aug 21 sub lege ... ne in vicina regione servirent neve intra tricesimum annum liberarentur. See Shuckburgh’s note.

Aug 32, Tiber 8.

Aug 16.

Aug 24.

Aug 42 quod earum [frumentationum] fiducia cultura agrorum cessaret.

Aug 41 usum eius (pecuniae) gratuitum iis qui cavere in duplum possent.

Claud 25.

Nero 31.

Vesp 1.

mancipem operarum quae ex Umbria in Sabinos ad culturam agrorum quotannis commeare soleant.

Vesp 4 ad mangonicos quaestus. Hence his nickname mulio, for which as a sign of indigence cf Gellius XV 4.

Domit 7, 9. See p 272.

Fronto p 144 Naber, cf Seneca epist 44 § 3.

Sueton fragm p 24 Reifferscheid, Gellius III 3.

Gellius V 3.

Gellius II 18.

Madaura was in the Numidian part of the Province, near the Gaetulian border. See the Apologia 24. Oea, referred to below, was in the eastern strip, on the coast.

Juvenal VII 148-9 nutricula causidicorum Africa.

F Norden Apuleius von Madaura und das Römische Privatrecht (Teubner 1912).

Metamorphoses VIII 24. See Norden’s remarks pp 83-4.

See for instance Metam IV 9, VI 31, VII 4, 9.

Metam IX 39-42.

It seems certain that the convenience of humble rustics was little regarded by the upper classes. Even Marcus Aurelius (in Fronto p 35 Naber) confesses to the reckless scattering of a flock of sheep and to having been taken for a mounted brigand.

Metam IX 35-8. This is a case of periculum mortis ab hominis potentis crudelitate aut odio, referred to Digest XXXIX 6 § 3 [Paulus] as a risk like that of war or brigandage.

cuncta facile faciens in civitate.

Norden pp 161-3.

cum alioquin pauperes etiam liberali legum praesidio de insolentia locupletium consueverint vindicari.

Fierce dogs seem to have been a marked feature of country life. See VIII 17, IX 2.

hortulanus, see IV 3, IX 31-2, 39-42.

See V 17, VII 15, VIII 17, 29, 31. Cf Norden pp 88-9.

IX 32. Cf the case of small farmers in Africa, Apol 17, 23.

See IV 30, VIII 26. Cf Norden p 89, and pp 84-5 on metaphorical use of the legal term postliminium, which occurs also in Rutilius de reditu I 214.

Norden pp 26-7.

Apologia 17.

an ipse mutuarias operas cum vicinis tuis cambies.

Because of the strict rules of the laws passed to check manumission. Gaius I §§ 42-7. Norden p 86.

Apol 23.

triduo exarabas, to mark the smallness of the agellus.

Apol 93.

Apol 47 XV liberi homines populus est, totidem servi familia, totidem vincti ergastulum. See Norden p 87. ergastulum = the inmates of a lock-up, regarded as a body. See quotations from Columella p 263 and Pliny p 285, Mayor on Juvenal XIV 24, and cf Lucan II 95. So operae is used = ‘hands.’

viliconum, Apol 87. Cf Metam VIII 22.

Norden p 81.

Metam IX 12.

Herodian II 4 § 6.

δεσπότης.

Vopisc Aurel 48 § 2.

Vopisc Probus 16 § 6.

Trebell Claud 9 §§ 4, 5. Scythicis is an emendation. senibus MSS.

familias captivas.

Vopisc Aurel 39 § 7.

Lamprid Alex 55 §§ 2, 3, cf Trebell Gallien 9 § 5.

Vopisc Probus 18 §§ 1, 2. See Zosimus I 71 and No V of the Panegyrici cap 18 for other versions, in which the raiders are called Franks.

Even the extreme license of the soldiery, in deposing and murdering their own nominee, occurs repeatedly, and was no doubt one of the chief evils that prompted the reforms of Diocletian.

O Seeck, Untergang der antiken Welt book II ch 6.

See index under the word.

See chapter on evidence of the Digest.

See chapter on the African inscriptions.

This matter is ably treated at length by Seeck op cit vol I pp 578-83. That they were distinct from coloni and servi is clear from the later constitutions in Cod Theod V 17, 18 (9, 10), XII 19, and Cod Just XI 48 § 13.

We shall find some reference to them later in the Codes.

Herodian VII 4 §§ 3-6.

τοὺς ἐκ τῶν ἀγρῶν οἰκέτας.

πεισθέντες κελεύουσι τοῖς δεσπόταις.

φύσει γὰρ πολυάνθρωπος οὖσα ἡ Λιβύη πολλοὺς εἶχε τοὺς τὴν γῆν γεωργοῦντας.

ὑπερμαχόμενοι τῶν δεσποτῶν.

Capitolinus Maximin 13 § 4, 14 § 1.

per rusticanam plebem deinde et quosdam milites interemptus est.

Frontin gromat p 53.

non exiguum populum plebeium.

legere tironem ex vico.

This evidence has come to hand since Heisterbergk wrote (1876) Die Entstehung des Colonats.

op cit pp 116-8.

Dion Cass epit LXXVI 10. For this story Dion is a contemporary witness.

The special treatises on these documents are fully mentioned in Girard’s Textes de droit Romain, ed 4, 1913. An essay on the Colons du saltus Burunitanus in Esmein’s Mélanges (1886) is still of great value.

Text in Girard’s Textes de droit Romain part III chapter 6.

We seem to have the names of two former owners, Varianus and Mancia. For the retention of names of former owners see Dittenberger in Orientis Graeci inscriptiones selectae No 669 note 18. Rostowzew Gesch des Röm colonates ch 4 rejects this view and makes the lex Manciana an imperial law.

Pliny epist III 19 § 7. Digest XIX 2 § 19², XXXII § 91¹, XXXIII 7 passim.

Dig XIX 2 § 3, and Monro’s note.

So Cuq, Seeck, Schulten, rightly I think. But in practice I believe the chance seldom occurred.

Text in Girard, part I chapter 4 § 10.

This significant hint seems to have been almost normal in such petitions. A good instance is the petition of Scaptoparene (see index, Inscriptions).

It is perhaps worth noting that under Commodus the transport of corn from Africa was specially provided for by the creation of a classis Africana for that purpose. See Lamprid Commodus 17 §§ 7, 8.

De Coulanges pp 10 foll deals with this point at length, but I think he pushes his conclusions too far.

Cf the Aragueni (see index, Inscriptions) παροίκων καὶ γεωργῶν τῶν ὑμετέρων.

Dig I 19 § 3¹ is of a later date, but refers to a protective rescript of Antoninus Pius. Cf XLIX 14 § 47¹, L 6 § 6¹¹. See Schulten in Hermes XLI pp 11-16.

CIL VIII 14428.

Seneca ad Helviam 7 § 7 ubicumque vicit Romanus habitat.

Text in Girard, part III chapter 6.

From comparing the remains of the next inscription (5) it appears that the emperor is Hadrian.

Cf agrum rudem provincialem in Hyginus, Gromat I 203. In the later empire we find legislation to promote such cultivation. See cod Th V 11 § 8 (365 AD), § 12 (388-392), 14 § 30 (386).

Dig XLI 3 § 33¹. Of course the dominus could possess per colonum. See Buckland, Elementary Principles § 38 p 77.

quae venibunt a possessoribus.

For aridi fructus cf Digest XLIX 14 § 50.

in cuius conductione agrum occupaverit.

rationi (bus fisci) gives the sense. But rationi simply may be correct, cf Digest II 14 § 42, etc.

Girard cites Rostowzew’s opinion that the right to occupy abandoned land as well as old wastes was an extension of the lex Manciana by the lex Hadriana.

See Dig XIX 2 §§ 15³, 24², 25³, 51ᵖʳ, 54¹.

Later legislation to prevent this neglect of poorer land. Cod Th V 14 § 34 (394 AD), X 3 § 4 (383), XI 1 § 4 (337), etc.

Prof Buckland writes to me that he believes these squatters were to be owners, not coloni, owners in the only sense possible in non-Italic soil, paying tributum. The words frui possidere used to describe their right are the technical words for provincial ownership. Cf Gaius II 7.

In Hermes XXIX pp 215, 224.

Girard, part III chapter 6.

lege Manciana condicione saltus Neroniani vicini nobis.

It is tempting to identify these with the six mentioned in Nos (2) and (4) above.

For the vast extent of imperial estates, particularly in Africa, see Hirschfeld, der Grundbesitz der Römischen Kaiser, in his Kleine Schriften.

De Coulanges seems hardly to recognize how small was the amount of operae, a few days in the year. But in his tenth chapter he shews how vastly the system was extended (so many days a week) in the early Middle Age.

Mommsen in Hermes XV pp 391-6.

Such as the lex coloniae Genetivae Iuliae of 44 BC, and the leges of Salpensa and Malaca of 81-4 AD. Girard, and Bruns’ Fontes.

Esmein p 309 well refers to the passages in Lachmann’s Feldmesser, Frontinus p 53 and Siculus Flaccus p 164. Cf Hirschfeld l.c. p 558.

Colum I 6 §§ 7, 8.

Colum I 7.

conductor and coloni are both bound by the statute for the fundus or saltus. In theory both are tenants of the emperor, in practice the conductor has the upper hand, as Cuq points out.

Compare Dig XIX 2 § 15⁴ with § 25⁶.

quasi societatis iure. Of course not a real socius. See Index, colonia partiaria, and Vinogradoff, Growth of the Manor note 91 on p 109.

See Dig I 19 § 3¹, an opinion of Callistratus, a jurist of the time of Severus. That in some sense or other the coloni were tenants of the emperor seems certain. See CIL VIII 8425 (Pertinax), 8426 (Caracalla), also 8702, 8777. And Esmein pp 313-5.

This becomes an important subject of legislation in the Theodosian code. See Cod Th V 11 § 8, 14 § 30.

See de Coulanges pp 140-4, where this view is more strongly expressed.

Die Entstehung des Colonats pp 70 foll, citing especially Frontinus Gromat I p 35 and Columella III 3 § 11.

This is very nearly the view of Wallon III 264 ‘le Colonat à l’origine ne fut pas un droit mais un fait.’ Ib 266.

I have made some reference to it below in the chapter on the Digest.

This is fully treated by Seeck, bk III c 5.

In the Ain el Djemala inscription we have them used indifferently. It is not clear that the usage in various provinces was identical. See Vinogradoff Growth of the Manor pp 69, 70.

Given in a long note, vol I pp 578-83.

Marcian in Dig XXX § 112ᵖʳ. Cf L 15 § 4⁸ (Title de censibus) si quis inquilinum vel colonum non fuerit professus etc, where the mention of colonum is suspected of interpolation by Seeck.

Dig XXX § 112ᵖʳ si quis inquilinos sine praediis quibus adhaerent legaverit, inutile est legatum (Marcian). Esmein p 313 takes them to be really slaves, but I cannot follow him.

This conclusion, I am pleased to find, had been forestalled by Esmein p 307.

Le Colonat Romain pp 125, 132.

In fact, as we say, edited.

Of this Title there is a useful little edition by the late C H Monro.

XIX 2 § 15², 25⁶, also § 15¹,⁸.

XIX 2 § 15²,⁵.

XIX 2 §§ 15³, 24², 25³, 51ᵖʳ, 54¹.

XVII 2 § 46, XLIV 7 § 34², XLVII 2 § 68⁵.

XIX 2 § 54ᵖʳ, XX 6 § 14, etc.

XX 1 § 21ᵖʳ, XLIII 32, 33, XLVII 2 § 62³.

XIX 2 §§ 9²,³, 23, 51ᵖʳ, XLV 1 § 89.

XIX 2 § 52, cf XLIX 14 § 50.

XIX 2 § 25⁶ (Gaius?).

IX 2 § 27¹⁴, XLVII 2 § 83¹, § 10 § 5⁴. Compare also XIX 2 § 60⁵, XLVII 2 § 52⁸. I cannot deal with the difficult legal questions involved here. See Buckland’s Elementary principles § 135.

XIX 2 §§ 15⁸, 24⁴, 25¹, XXXIII 4 § 1¹⁵.

VII 8 §§ 10⁴, 11. Having nothing to do with the fructus, the usuary cannot interfere with the colonus.

XIX 2 § 54¹.

XIX 2 §§ 13¹¹, 14. The normal term of a lease was 5 years (lustrum, quinquennium).

XIX 2 § 24¹, XLI 2 § 30⁶, XLIII 16 § 20. So in law of 224 AD, cod Iust IV 65 § 6.

XII 2 § 28⁶.

XIX 2 § 25³, XL 7 § 40⁵. Compare the language of XXXIV 3 § 16 with § 18.

XIX 2 §§ 3, 54².

XIX 2 § 19², XXXII §§ 91¹, 93², 101¹, XXXIII 7 passim, esp § 4. For the vilicus, XXXIII 7 §§ 18⁴, 20¹. A woman caretaker, ibid § 15².

XXXIII 7 § 24.

XIX 2 §§ 19³, 25⁶.

XXXIII 7 §§ 18⁴, 20¹, XLVII 2 § 26¹. I note that de Coulanges p 14 holds that the contract rested solely on the basis of a fixed money rent, citing (p 12) Gaius III 142, Dig XIX 2 § 2ᵖʳ (Gaius). But I am not satisfied that cases of rent in kind were not subject to legal remedy. See Monro on Dig XIX 2 § 19³, and Pliny epist IX 37 § 3. And Vinogradoff, Growth of the Manor note 91 on p 109.

See XIX 2 § 15.

XIII 7 § 25, XXXI § 86¹.

VII 1 § 41, XXVII 9 § 13ᵖʳ.

VII 1 § 13⁴.

VII 4 §§ 8, 10.

XXXII § 91¹, L 16 § 198. Cf Juvenal I 75, Suet Aug 72, Gaius 37, Palladius I 8, 11, 24, 33.

VII 1 § 13, XII 2 § 28⁶, XIX 2 §§ 25⁵, 29, XLVII 2 §§ 26¹, 62⁸, 7 § 9.

XIX 2 §§ 55¹, 61ᵖʳ.

XLIII 24 § 13⁶.

XXXIX 3 §§ 4²,³, 5.

Alternative, XX 1 § 32.

A curious case is the putting in an imaginarius colonus [of course at a high nominal rent] in order to raise the selling price of a farm. XIX 1 § 49 (jurist of 4th cent), earlier in Fr Vat § 13.

See XXXII § 41⁵, XXXIV 4 § 31ᵖʳ.

XXXIII 7 §§ 18⁴, 20¹, XL 7 § 40⁵.

XX 3 § 16, XXXIII 7 § 12³, 8 § 23³.

servus actor, his rationes, XL 7 § 40ᵖʳ,⁴,⁵.

His reliqua, XXXII §§ 91ᵖʳ, 97.

XXXIV 1 § 18³, 3 § 12, XL 7 § 40 passim.

XXXII §§ 41², 91ᵖʳ, XXXIII 7 §§ 12³⁸, 20³,⁴, 22¹. These refer to legata, in which particular intention could be expressed, cf XXXII § 91¹.

IX 2 § 27⁹,¹¹, XIX 2 § 30⁴.

XXI 1 § 32, XXVIII 5 § 35³, XXXII §§ 60³, 68³, XXXIII 7 § 20.

See above on Martial pp 307-10.

XXXII § 99, XXXIII 7 passim, esp § 25¹. Buckland, Slavery p 6.

Alfenus Varus in Dig XV 3 § 16.

Hence the frequent references to peculia. See XXXIII 8 de peculio legato, where from §§ 6ᵖʳ, 8ᵖʳ, it appears that his peculium might include land and houses. Cf de Coulanges pp 55-6, 66-7, 135-6.

XXXII § 97 etc.

XXXIII 7 § 12³ etc.

VII 7 § 3 in hominis usu fructu operae sunt et ob operas mercedes (Gaius), XII 6 § 55.

VII 1 §§ 25, 26, XIX 2 § 60⁷ (Labeo, time of Augustus, cited by Javolenus).

XL 7 § 14ᵖʳ mercedem referre pro operis suis (Alfenus), cf XLV 3 § 18³.

XXXIII 7 §§ 18⁴, 20¹. mercede or pensionis certa quantitate as opposed to fide dominica.

VIII 6 § 20, XLIII 16 § 1²⁰, 24 § 3ᵖʳ.

XLIII 24 § 5¹¹.

XLI 1 § 44.

XLVII 14, cf XLVIII 19 § 16⁷, XLIX 16 § 5².

In XIX 2 § 25⁴ (Gaius?) the tenant is held to blame for wilful damage done by a neighbour with whom he has a quarrel.

XVIII 1 § 35⁸.

XLVII 21 § 2.

XLIII 16, de vi et de vi armata.

XLI 3 § 33¹ etc.

XLI 2 §§ 3⁸,¹², 25¹, etc.

VIII 3 de servitutibus praediorum rusticorum. Specimens of inscribed notices of servitudes, Girard textes part III ch 3 § 1.

VII 1 § 27³, XIX 2 § 15² (Ulpian). The abuse of the quartering of troops was no new evil in the Provinces. We hear of it from Cicero. In the third century AD we have the notable petitions from Scaptoparene in Thrace (238) text in Mommsen ges Schr II 174-6, and from the Aragueni in Asia Minor (244-7), text in Dittenberger Or Graec inscr No 519. For Italy in 5th century see on Symmachus.

XIX 2 §§ 9³, 15.

XLI 1 § 7¹⁻⁶, etc.

XI 4 § 1¹, cf Paulus sent I 6 a § 5.

Dealt with later in the Codes as a frequent evil. For early medieval laws on the point see de Coulanges p 152.

XLVII 9 §§ 3³, 16, Paulus sent V 3 § 4.

XIII 4 § 3.

Callistratus in L 11 § 2, quoting Plato rep 371 a-c.

XLVII 11 § 9.

XLVII 11 § 10, cf cod Th IX 32 § 1, cod Just IX 38.

agri vectigales or (as the title calls them by a later name) emphyteuticarii. VI 3 §§ 1, 2, XIX 1 § 13⁶, XLIII 9 § 1, L 16 § 219. Large blocks were also hired by middlemen (mancipes) and sublet in parcels to coloni, XIX 2 § 53.

VI 3 §§ 1, 3.

L 8 § 2¹.

subiectis aliorum nominibus.

XXXIX 4 § 11¹, auctoritate principali.

Gaius III 145 concludes that the contract in these leases is one of letting and hiring, not of purchase and sale. That is, it includes everything save the bare dominium, notably possessio, and, as Prof Buckland points out to me, covenants usual in such cases could be enforced by the actio ex locato.

XXXIX 4 § 11⁵.

XLIX 14 § 3⁶.

principalibus rescriptis. From the text I infer that these are later than Hadrian.

XXX § 39¹⁰, XIX 2 § 49.

XLIX 14 § 47¹ (Paulus).

XLIII 8 § 2⁴ (Ulpian), a very important passage.

Papirius Justus in L 1 § 38¹, muneribus fungi sine damno fisci oportere.

Callistratus in L 6 § 6¹¹, ut idoniores praediis fiscalibus habeantur.

References are endless. Most significant is L 4 § 4 (Ulpian) honores qui indicuntur.

Title XLIX 14 de iure fisci.

II 14 § 42 (Papinian).

XLIX 14 § 3¹⁰.

XLVIII 22 § 1, cf XLIX 14 §§ 47, 50, (Paulus).

That they did sometimes suffer may be inferred from the case of the Aragueni (p 374) who describe themselves as πάροικοι and γεωργοὶ (= inquilini and coloni) of the emperor.

L 5 §§ 10, 11, etc.

See Spartian Hadrian 7 § 5, Capitolinus Anton 12 § 3, Spartian Severus 14 § 2.

De Coulanges makes it his main thesis that the later colonate was a creation of custom, at length recognized by law. My conclusions here were reached before reading his fine treatise.

attributi or contributi. See Mommsen, Staatsrecht III, die attribuirten Orte.

Cf Dig XXXIII 2 § 28 indictiones temporariae [Paulus], XIX 1 § 13⁶ [Ulpian].

Pliny paneg 29 (of imperial subjects) nec novis indictionibus pressi ad vetera tributa deficiunt.

Hence cod Theod has a title de superindictionibus.

The rising of the Bagaudae in Gaul, at least partly due to agricultural distress, had been put down by Maximian in 285-6. See Schiller III pp 124-6.

It is true that the colonus was guaranteed against disturbance, but I think de Coulanges pp 114-7, 123 makes too much of this.

There were in the latter half of the third century some signs of the coming reconstruction. But they came to no effect.

Cod Th V 17 (9) § 1 apud quemcumque colonus iuris alieni fuerit inventus, is non solum, eundem origini suae restituat verum super eodem capitationem temporis agnoscat ... etc. Runaway coloni are to be chained like slaves, iuris alieni = the control of someone other than the person harbouring him. The colonus is legally dependent, though nominally free.

See Weber, Agrargeschichte pp 256 foll.

See Seeck II 320 foll, 330 foll.

Cod Just XI 59 § 1, in which Constantine, finding the civitatum ordines unequal to this burden, extends the liability to other landlords also.

See Seeck II 214 foll, 223, 249, IV 88.

Seeck II 249, 284. See Cod Th XI 2 §§ 1-5 (dates 365-389), not in Cod Just.

Heisterbergk p 59 with references. Seeck, Schatzungsordnung pp 302-5.

The details of this system are fully discussed in Seeck’s great article, die Schatzungsordnung Diocletians, in the Ztschr für social und Wirthschaftsgeschichte 1896.

Digest I 5 § 17, Dion Cass LXXVII 9 § 5. Schiller Geschichte I pp 750-1 thinks that military motives had much to do with it, as adding to the citizen troops. What is supposed to be a copy of the edict itself has been found in a papyrus, see Girard, textes part I ch 4 § 12. The text is in the Giessen papyri No 40. It seems certain that the lowest class of peregrini (the dediticii) were not included in the grant.

See Seeck II 323. Cf Lactant mort pers 23 § 5, Victor Caes 39 § 31.

Through the ius commercii.

Seeck, Schatzungsordnung, cited above.

A long title in cod Th is devoted to remissions, XI 28, consisting of temporary laws. And these deal chiefly with Italian and African Provinces, notably §§ 7, 12, with Campania. They date from 395 to 436.

In the panegyric (No VIII cap 11) on Constantine we have mention of a reduction of 7000 capita for relief of a district in Gaul.

Cod Th XI 1 § 14. Cf. Seeck, Schatzungsordnung pp 315-6.

Compare the conduct of the magistrates of Antioch in the evidence of Libanius cited below.

See for instance cod Th XIII 10 § 1.

See below, in section on Salvian.

See Ammianus XIX 11 § 3, Victor Caesares 13 §§ 5, 6. A long title cod Th VIII 5 is devoted to the cursus, containing 66 laws from 315 to 407, and other references abound.

Cf cod Th XI 16 § 3 (324), § 4 (328).

Cf Cic II in Verr III § 190, Tac Agr 19. Cf cod Th XI 1 § 22 (386), with Godefroi’s notes, also §§ 11 (365) and 21 (385), XIV 4 § 4 (367).

See the title de naviculariis, cod Th XIII 5, including 38 laws.

Cod Th XIV 18 de mendicantibus non invalidis.

If I rightly interpret Dig L 5 § 1² (Ulpian) cases had occurred earlier of men liable to office even pretending to be mere coloni in order to evade liability (ad colonos praediorum se transtulerunt. See Dirksen under transferre).

Very significant is the law cod Th XVI 5 § 48 (410) by which even heretics are held to curial duty.

See Seeck, Schatzungsordnung pp 315-6, De Coulanges p 119.

See Weber, Agrargeschichte pp 266-7.

Cf cod Th XI 16 passim.

A rule of 366, or later according to Mommsen, cod Th XI 1 § 14, cod Just XI 48 § 4.

Cf cod Th XIII 10 § 3, retained in cod Just XI 48 § 2, plainly recognizing this.

See the advantages of the colonate summed up in de Coulanges p 144, and cf ibid p 139.

Lactantius de mort pers 7 § 3.

enormitate indictionum.

Cf Augustin de civ Dei X 1 coloni, qui condicionem debent genitali solo, propter agri culturam sub dominio possessorum.

Cf cod Th V 17 (9) §§ 1, 2 (332), etc.

Cod Th XI 3 § 2.

The capitatio.

Cod Just XI 48 § 7.

Schatzungsordnung pp 313-4.

Rostowzew Geschichte des Röm Colonates pp 381-97 traces the abandonment of the policy of favouring coloni, and adoption of reliance on great possessors, as a result of the pressing difficulties of the collection of revenue.

Cod Just XI 50 § 1 (Constantine).

Cod Just XI 50 § 2.

Cod Th XI 1 § 12 (365).

Wallon, Esclavage III 266, 282.

For instance cod Th XI 11 (date somewhere 368-373), IV 13 §§ 2, 3 (321). Also XI 7-10, 16 § 10, etc.

Seeck, Schatzungsordnung pp 285-308, with an account of local variations. For instance, in Africa and Egypt there was no capitatio.

See cod Th VII 13 § 7, 8 (375, 380). Even the imperial estates made liable, ibid § 12 (397). Dill p 196. In 379 Theodosius had to raise recruits from γεωργοί, Libanius XXIV 16.

Cod Th VII 18 § 10, cf VIII 2 § 3 (380). See Seeck II 490-1.

Cod Th VIII 2 § 3. By long use the word had become quite official. Cf inopes ac vagi in Tac ann IV 4, etc.

Cod Just XII 33 § 6.

De Coulanges pp 168-9 points out that in the early Middle Age we find ingenui = coloni.

temonaria functio. See Dirksen under temo. Cod Th XI 16 §§ 14, 15, 18, cf VII 13 § 7, VI 26 § 14.

Wallon III 149, 476.

Cod Th VII 13 § 7, where occur the words cum corpora postulantur opposed to aurum. For the money-commutation (adaeratio) often accepted from the landlords see Mommsen Ges Schr VI p 254 Das Röm Militärwesen seit Diocletian. Also Rostowzew in the Journal of Roman Studies vol VIII on Synteleia tironon, and Wagner on Ammianus XIX 11 § 7.

Cf Vegetius rei milit I 7, of the disasters caused by slovenly recruiting, dum indicti possessoribus tirones per gratiam aut dissimulationem probantium tales sociantur armis quales domini habere fastidiunt.

Cod Th IV 13 §§ 2, 3, kept with variants in cod Just IV 61 § 5.

Cod Th XI 8.

Cod Th XI 16 § 10, 17 §§ 2-4.

For the special position of imperial senators see Dill pp 126, 166, 196, 218 foll.

Cod Th XI 11, kept with some omissions in cod Just XI 55 § 2.

Cod Th XI 16 § 4, cod Just XI 48 § 1.

Seeck I, chapter on die Ausrottung der Besten.

Pliny NH XVIII 296. Palladius VII 2.

hoc compendio. Pall.

Orat 50. I take the date given by Förster.

For such properties see cod Th X 3.

φιλανθρωπότατε βασιλεῦ.

§ 36 γράμμασι, which I take to be = indictiones.

In cod Th the title XI 24 is de patrociniis vicorum, and the laws range from 360 to 415. Cod Just XI 54 shews that the evil was still in existence in 468.

Orat 47 §§ 8-10. Zulueta (see below) points out that the protection given by the patrons was exerted quite as much by improper influence on judges as by use of force.

§ 6 τοῦτο καὶ λῃστὰς γεωργοὺς ἑποίησε.

§ 11 ἀλλὰ καὶ οἷς εἷς ὁ δεσπότης.

§§ 19-21.

§ 24 ὦν εἰσιν (οἱ γεωργοί).

§§ 17, 18.

§ 34.

§§ 36-8 δὸς δὴ νεῦρα τῷ νόμῳ καὶ ποίησον αὐτὸν ὡς ἀληθῶς νόμον ἀντὶ ψιλῆς προσηγορίας ... etc.

Cod Th XI 24 § 2 (Valens).

Note that the law Cod Th XII 1 § 128, sternly forbidding militares viri to interfere with curiales or to use any violence to leading men in the municipalities, is dated 392 July 31. Also that it is retained in Cod Just X 32 § 42. Zulueta de patrociniis vicorum pp 38-40 concludes that it is uncertain to what emperor Libanius is appealing, and places the date in 386-9 AD. He finds the reference in Cod Th V 17 § 2 (Theodosius), not in XI 24 § 2.

The leading authority on Symmachus is O Seeck. In particular the dating of many of the letters in his great edition (MGH, Berlin 1883) is often helpful.

See epist II 6, 7, 52, IV 5 (4), 18, 21, IX 14, 114 (124), X 2, 21, relat 3 §§ 15-18, 9 § 7, 18, 35, 37.

epist III 55, 82, IV 54, 74, VII 38, 68, relat 18.

epist II 6, III 55, 82, IX 42, VII 68, relat 9, 18, 37.

epist VII 66, IX 10, relat 18.

epist II 55, IV 68.

epist VI 15 (14).

epist VI 15 (14), VII 18, 68. Seeck, V 284, 555.

epist I 5 ut rus quod solebat alere nunc alatur. Cf cod Th XI 1 § 4.

epist VI 82 (81).

nihilque iam colonis superest facultatum quod aut rationi opituletur aut cultui.

epist VII 56 cum sit colonus agrorum meorum atque illi debita magis quam precaria cura praestetur.

epist IX 6. Cf IX 11.

epist IX 47 (50).

epist IX 140 (X 18).

epist VIII 2. Plin epist I 6, V 6 § 46.

Amm Marc XXVIII 4 § 18 alienis laboribus venaturi.

epist II 22.

epist V 18.

epist II 52. Cf the cases contemplated in Dig XIX 2 §§ 13⁷, 15².

epist VII 38.

epist IX 45 (48).

epist VI 11.

epist IX 27 (30).

epist VII 66, IX 49 (52). In the law of 414 Cod Th XVI 5 § 54 we have these conductores privatorum opposed to conductores domus nostrae in Africa. See above, chapter on the African inscriptions.

epist VI 12.

In quality the Apulian wheat was thought excellent. Varro RR I 2 § 6.

epist IX 29.

epist VII 126 res ... non tam reditu ampla quam censu.

epist IX 11 sed maior opitulatio ex tui arbitrii favore proveniet, cum causae eius etiam iustitia non desit.

epist IX 37 (40).

ut perspiciatur in discretione iudicium.

epist IX 47 (50).

epist IX 10.

epist VI 59 (58), 65 (64).

epist IV 74.

epist II 7.

quanto nobis odio provinciarum constat illa securitas.

relatio 40.

quod nihil subsidii decreta dudum oppida conferebant. This seems to imply a previous grant to Tarracina, levied on other towns. Cf relat 37 decretae provinciae, referring to supply of Rome.

Capuana legatio. Meaning Campanian, I take it.

Neratius Cerealis, praef annonae 328, praef urbi 352-3, consul 358. Godefroi’s Prosopographia, Wilmanns inscr 1085, and cod Th XIV 24. The order is given thus, eum frumenti numerum, quem Cerealis ex multis urbibus Romano populo vindicarat, restitui omnibus.

secretum.

XVI 5 §§ 14, 15.

Seeck, Schatzungsordnung p 306, keeps the MS reading capitulis here. See his remarks, and for the word capitulum cf cod Th XI 16 § 15 (382) capituli atque temonis necessitas, ibid § 14 capitulariae sive ... temonariae functionis.

The title cod Th XI 28 is de indulgentiis debitorum.

norat enim hoc facto se aliquid locupletibus additurum, cum constet ubique pauperes inter ipsa indictorum exordia solvere universa sine laxamento conpelli. We shall return to this point in connexion with Salvian.

XVII 3.

quicquid in capitatione deesset ex conquisitis se supplere. conquisita are the sums produced by a superindictio raising the amount to be levied. Cf cod Th XI 1 § 36, and title XI 6 de superindicto.

Cf XXX 5 § 6 provisorum, cod Th XII 1 § 169 tuae provisionis ... incrementis.

indictionale augmentum.

sollemnia ... nedum incrementa.

XVIII 1.

quorum patrimonia publicae clades augebant.

XVIII 2 § 2 and references in Wagner’s edition. Schiller, Kaiserzeit II p 313.

XXIX 5 §§ 10-13.

messes et condita hostium virtutis nostrorum horrea esse.

As when in Pannonia (373) they crossed the Danube and occupatam circa messem agrestem adortae sunt plebem, XXIX 6 § 6.

XXIX 5 § 13 in modum urbis exstruxit.

XXIX 5 § 25 muro circumdatum valido. In XXX 10 § 4 we find Murocincta as the name of a villa and Triturrita in Rutilius de reditu I 527, 615. Cf cases in Caesar’s time, Bell Afr 9, 40, 65.

XXVIII 6 § 8.

XXX 2 § 10 negotiis se ruralibus dedit.

There was much jealousy on this score, and a powerful reaction, as after the death of Valentinian in 375, but even then the foreign element prevailed. Schiller II 389.

XXXI 4 §§ 4, 5.

ex ultimis terris tot tirocinia. Cf XIX 11 § 7.

et pro militari supplemento, quod provinciatim annuum pendebatur, thesauris accederet auri cumulus magnus. I hope I am right in referring this to the temonaria functio or obligation of paying the temo = the price of a recruit. Cod Th XI 16 §§ 14, 15.

XXXI 6 § 5.

dudum a mercatoribus venundati, adiectis plurimis quos primo transgressu necati inedia vino exili vel panis frustris mutavere vilissimis.

XXXI 10 § 17, inventute valida nostris tirociniis permiscenda.

XXVIII 5 § 15 of Theodosius defeating Alamanni, pluribus caesis, quoscumque cepit ad Italiam iussu principis misit, ubi fertilibus pagis acceptis iam tributarii circumcolunt Padum. 370 AD. Cf XXXI 9 § 4, 377 AD, and XX 4 § 1, 360 AD.

For instance, in Rufinum I 200-5, de bello Gildon 105-12, de IV cos Honor 412-8.

in Rufin I 380-2.

in Rufin I 189-92.

metuenda colonis fertilitas.

in Eutrop I 401-9.

de bello Gildon 49-74.

See Bury, Later Roman empire I 108-9, Seeck, Untergang V 379-80, Dill, Roman Society p 233, Wallon, Esclavage III 276-7. The affair is referred to in cod Th X 10 § 25 (Dec 408).

de cos Stilichonis II 204-7.

in Eutrop II 194-210.

bene rura Gruthungus excolet et certo disponet sidere vites.

quem detinet aequi gloria concessoque cupit vixisse colonus quam dominus rapto.

in Eutrop I 406 Teutonicus vomer.

de bell Goth 450-68.

non iam dilectus miseri nec falce per agros deposita iaculum vibrans ignobile messor ... sed vera inventus, verus ductor adest et vivida Martis imago.

Cf Vegetius rei milit I 7, of disasters in recent times, dum longa pax militem incuriosius legit.

in Eutrop II 370-5.

de bell Goth 366-72.

epitoma rei militaris I 3.

rei milit I 5, senos pedes vel certe quinos et denas uncias [has not ad fallen out before senos?]. In a law of 367, cod Th VII 13 § 3 in quinque pedibus et septem unciis.

tunc. When? From I 28 it might be inferred that he looks back to the first Punic war. But I do not think so.

necdum enim civilis pars florentiorem abduxerat iuventutem. So I 7 civilia sectantur officia.

The assertion that Martius calor has not subsided (I 28), accepted by Seeck I 413, seems to me rhetorical bravado. Much more likely is the view (ib 414) that the improved standard of recruits in the fifth century was due to prevalence of barbarians.

Seeck II 88 foll. Hence army service was called militia armata.

mulomed I 56 §§ 11-13.

si saepius et cum moderatione animalia sedeantur. For sederi cf § 35 sub honesto sessore, Spart Hadr 22 § 6, cod Th IX 30 § 3.

servorum impatientia.

neque enim de damno domini cogitant, quod eidem contingere gratulantur.

Julian orat VII p 232 a-b.

Above, p 393.

de mortibus persecutorum 22-3.

For the census under the new system, first in 297 and then every fifth year, see Seeck II pp 263 foll. It was only concerned with the land and taxation units liable to the levy of annona. De Coulanges pp 75-85 urges that the system already described by Ulpian in Dig L 15 §§ 3, 4, is much the same, and points out that monastic records shew it still surviving in the early Middle Age. But practice, rather than principle, is here in question.

hominum capita. In most provinces the taxable unit was fixed by taking account of the number of able-bodied on each estate as well as of the acreage. Seeck II 266 foll, also Schatzung pp 285-7.

The urban taxation was conducted in each town by the local decemprimi, aldermen, and was quite distinct.

adscribebantur quae non habebantur may mean ‘were put on the record as owning what they did not own.’

pecuniae pro capitibus pendebantur. The capita here seem to have a double sense.

De Coulanges pp 75-6 treats it severely on the score of Christian prejudice.

Sulp Sev dial II 3.

For instance cod Th VII 1 § 12, VIII 5, XI 10, 11.

Cod Th VII 20 § 7.

Sulp Sev vita S Martini 2 § 5, and cf cod Th VII 22, also 1 § 8. See the note of Seeck II 490.

This view has been challenged by Dill, pp 118-9. But cf Sidonius epist V 19, IX 6.

The earlier part of book V of the de gubernatione Dei, especially §§ 34-50. The rising of the Bagaudae (286) in Gaul is dealt with §§ 24 foll. See Schiller II pp 124-6.

dediticios se divitum faciunt et quasi in ius eorum dicionemque trascendunt.

addicunt, a technical law term.

possesio ... capitatio.

pervasio = attack, encroachment. Cf cod Th II 4 §§ 5, 6.

fundos maiorum expetunt et coloni divitum fiunt.

iugo se inquilinae abiectionis addicunt. See cod Th V 18 (10) de inquilinis et colonis, cod Just XI 48 § 13.

fiunt praeiudicio habitationis indigenae. That is, by prescription they acquire a new origo. See cod Th V 17 (9) §§ 1, 2, 18 (10), cod Just XI 64 § 2, 48 § 16.

extraneos et alienos; that is, belonging to someone else.

et miramur si nos barbari capiunt, cum fratres nostros faciamus esse captivos?

I think de Coulanges is too severe on the rhetoric of Salvian (pp 141-3). After all, the Codes do not give one a favourable picture of the later colonate, and the Empire did fall in the West.

This arrangement was especially frequent in the East. See on Libanius pp 400-1, and cod Th XI 24 de patrociniis vicorum, cf cod Just XI 54. But so far as individuals were concerned it was widespread.

Seeck cites cod Th III 1 § 2 , XI 1 § 26 , 3 §§ 1-5 [319-391], and for the legal tricks used to defeat the rule XI 3 § 3.

de gub Dei V § 18 quae enim sunt non modo urbes sed etiam municipia atque vici ubi non quot curiales fuerint tot tyranni sunt?

From adscribere, to record the liability of the lord, his coloni came to be called adscripticii. Weber Agrargeschichte p 258.

Cod Th XI 1 § 26 refers especially to Gaul. He is servus terrae in fact, as Weber Agrargeschichte p 258 remarks.

In Esmein’s Mélanges there is an excellent essay on some of the letters of Sidonius discussed here, forestalling a number of my conclusions.

See Seeck II 175 foll.

Sidon epist I 10.

See Dill, Roman Society in the last century of the Western Empire, p 179.

See epist II 2, 9, 14, IV 24, VIII 4.

epist VII 12 § 3.

quia sic habenas Galliarum moderarere ut possessor exhaustus tributario iugo relevaretur.

Instances in epist III 1, VI 10.

epist III 5.

suffragio vestro.

epist VI 10.

domesticis fidei, already, it seems, a stereotyped phrase. See Ducange.

debitum glaebae canonem.

epist VI 12.

See Dill, book IV ch 3.

aggeres publici, cf epist II 9 § 2, IV 24 § 2. It is an official expression, used by jurists.

No doubt some were castles, more or less defensible. The burgus of Leontius by the Garonne was such, cf carm XXII 121-5.

epist I 6, VII 15, VIII 8.

epist II 14.

epist IV 9 § 1, VII 14 § 11. liberti mentioned VII 16. See Dill p 178.

epist VIII 4 § 1.

epist II 2. Cf Dill pp 168-72.

In epist III 9 is a curious case of a farmer who owned slaves and in his slack simplicity let them be enticed away to Britain.

Dill p 220, citing epist IV 24. See Esmein pp 377-83 for the legal points of the case.

centesima, that is 1% per mensem, I suppose.

epist IX 6. See Dill pp 174-5.

epist V 19.

sub condicione concedo, si stupratorem pro domino iam patronus originali solvas inquilinatu.

mox cliens factus e tributario plebeiam potius incipiat habere personam quam colonariam.

He calls his solution compositio seu satisfactio. Esmein pp 364 foll shews that compositio was now a regular expression for the practice of avoiding the strict Roman Law, under barbarian and ecclesiastical influences.

See Index, inquilini, and de Coulanges pp 65, 74, 85.

See de Coulanges pp 100-1.

See this question fully discussed by Esmein pp 370-5. Also the doubts of de Coulanges pp 101, 104.

For this point see Seeck, Schatzungsordnung pp 314-5.

Cod Th V 18 si quis colonus originalis vel inquilinus ... etc. And below, originarius . Cod Just XI 48 § 13 inquilinos colonosve, quorum quantum ad originem pertinet vindicandam indiscreta eademque paene videtur esse condicio, licet sit discrimen in nomine, ... etc, and § 14 causam originis et proprietatis. The limiting word paene may refer to difference in mode of payment of taxes. These laws, retained in cod Just, date from 400.

Seeck just cited. Weber, Agrargeschichte p 257.

E Meyer Kl Schr p 185 takes the words of Aristotle Pol I 2 § 5 ὁ γὰρ βοῦς ἀντ’ οἰκέτου τοῖς πένησίν ἐστιν as proving that even in Ar’s time the small farmer had to do without a slave. I think they prove that if he could not afford a slave he must do with an ox only. For the additional protection of the ox see Index. Cf Maine, Early Law and Custom pp 249-51.

E Meyer Kl Schriften p 179 will only use the word slaves of a part of these, but the distinction does not matter here.

See Dig XXXII § 99 (Paulus), and XXXIII 7 passim, especially § 25¹.

That religious scruple was opposed to keeping members of the same race-unit in slavery is most probable. This trans Tiberim rule is known from Gellius XX 1 § 47, referring to debt-slaves. Greeks however, even when abhorring the enslavement of Greek by Greek in principle, did not discontinue the practice. E Meyer Kl Schr p 202 compares the medieval scruple in reference to brother Christians. See also his remarks p 177. For Hebrew law and custom see Encyclopaedia Biblica (1903) vol IV and Hastings’ Dictionary of the Bible (1902) vol IV, articles Slavery.

Different also from the position of a food-producer class in a great territorial state, being based on local conditions.

Illustrated with great clearness in the provisions of the Gortyn laws.

Varro RR I 17 § 2 on obaerarii or obaerati.

The relative importance of land and the means of cultivation [especially oxen] in early times, the power thus gained by chiefs granting cattle to tenants, and the connexion of these phenomena with legends of debt-slavery, are instructively discussed in Maine’s Early history of Institutions, lecture VI.

Mr G G Coulton kindly reminds me of an analogy observable in the history of Art. It is progressive on simple lines up to a certain point. Then it begins to ramify, and differences of taste become more acute. Hence an anarchy of taste, driving men to yearn (like Ruskin, Morris, etc.) for the old simplicity. So the peasant up to a point is useful and noble. But fresh currents of civilization alter his position. Then men yearn for the old simplicity, only defective through being essentially simple.

Mr Zimmern, The Greek Commonwealth pp 265 foll, has some interesting remarks on craftsmen as wage-earners, and points out their preference for serving the state rather than private employers. The latter plan would have put them almost in the position of slaves.

When food was provided, we must reckon it as part of his wage.

A vast number of Greek records of manumission refer to such cases.

See Francotte, L’Industrie dans la Grèce ancienne book II chap 5, La concurrence servile. I cannot follow E Meyer Kl Schr pp 198-201. And the oft-cited passage of Timaeus (Athen VI 264 d), where free Phocians object to slaves taking their employment, refers solely to domestic and personal attendance.

Of this there is abundant American evidence from writers on Slavery. The hired slave sometimes got a higher wage than the hired freeman.

See Whitaker’s Almanack, and the exposure of an impudent agency for the purpose in the Times 15 Sept 1914.

Compare Wendell Phillips ‘Before this there had been among us scattered and single abolitionists, earnest and able men; sometimes, like Wythe of Virginia, in high places. The Quakers and Covenanters had never intermitted their testimony against slavery. But Garrison was the first man to begin a movement designed to annihilate slavery.’ Speech at G’s funeral 1879.

Prof Bury, Idea of Progress p 275, points out that Guizot noted that Christianity did not in its early stages aim at any improvement of social conditions.

The conclusions reached in this paragraph are in agreement with E Meyer Kl Schr pp 151-2, 155, 205, 209. But he seems to put the decline of the slave-gang system rather earlier than I venture to do.

We must bear in mind that a tenant was naturally unwilling to work for a margin of profit not to be retained by himself. Hence the tendency to find means of constraining him to do so.

coloni or quasi coloni, cf Dig XV 3 § 16, XXXIII 8 § 23³, or XXXIII 7 §§ 12³, 18⁴, 20¹, and numerous other references.

The compulsory tenure of municipal offices is commonly cited as illustrating the pressure even on men of means. It began in the second century. See Dig L 1 § 38⁶, 2 § 1 [Ulpian], 4 § 14⁶ [Callistratus citing Hadrian], and many other passages. Notable is L 4 § 4¹ honores qui indicuntur [Ulpian].

This topic is the subject of Churchill Babington’s Hulsean dissertation, Cambridge 1846. I learn that a pamphlet by Brecht, Sklaverei und Christentum, takes a less favourable view, but have not seen it. The survival of the colonate and its heavy burdens in the early Middle Age are treated by de Coulanges, particularly in connexion with the estates of the Church.

The slow progress of emancipation is referred to by E Meyer Kl Schr p 178, of course from a very different point of view. He mentions that slavery was not completely forbidden in Prussia till 1857, and is against its abolition in German colonies. Seeley in his Life of Stein points out that the armies of Frederic the Great were mainly recruited from serfs.

The Turk and his Rayahs furnishes a very striking illustration.

E Meyer, Kl Schr p 188.

Since writing this section I have found in Prof Bury’s Idea of Progress pp 269-70 a passage which seems to justify the objection here raised, though it occurs in a different connexion.

It is perhaps hardly necessary to refer to the great economic disturbance caused by the Black Death in fourteenth century England.

John Spargo, Bolshevism, the enemy of political and industrial Democracy. London, J Murray 1919. I think I may accept the author’s evidence on the points here referred to, confirmed as it is by other observers. See his remarks pp 69, 156, 275, 278, in particular. That the same sharp distinction between peasant and wage-earner is drawn by the Socialists in other countries also, and is to them a stumbling-block, is clearly to be seen in King and Okey’s Italy today. See appendix.

A remarkable article in the Times of 10 May 1920 describes the influences tending in the opposite direction in the United States, particularly the workman’s prospect of proprietorship.

For the survival of the colonate in the West see de Coulanges pp 145-86.

See Krumbacher’s history of Byzantine Literature in Iwan Müller’s Handbuch, and Oder’s article in Pauly-Wissowa.

Varro RR I 17 §§ 3, 4.

In the Journal of Hellenic Studies 1910 and 1912. There the views of Zachariä are discussed.

The truth seems to be that serfage had never become so widespread in the East as in the West, as Mr Bouchier, Syria as a Roman Province p 181, points out.

Vol II pp 418-421.

Sir W. Herringham, A Physician in France, pp 167-8 on Peasantry as a strength to the State.

INDICES

Where the reference is less direct, the figure is given in brackets

I GENERAL

=Agriculture, etc.= Accommodation-labour, mutual between neighbours, 170, 333-4 Accommodation land, 190-1 Aqueducts, 293-6 asses, 107, 330, 334, 400, 422 contempt for, 12, 69, 145-7, 160, 334 Decay of, general, 337, 383, 387, 393 Decay of, in Greece, 11, 96, 104, 127, 129, 132, 300 foll. Decay of, in Italy, 11, 14, 143-4, 147, 154 foll., 163, 174, 209-10, 250-1, 265, 271-2, 281 foll., 288, 299, 358, 365, 404 foll. Delegation of management, 432-3 growth of distaste for, 42, , 88, , 124, 251, , 302 Importance and recognized value of, 3, 5, 6, 8-11, 82, 141, 200, 204-6, 212, 226, , 283, 400, 437, 444 improved by knowledge of foreign countries, 179, Industrializing of, 146-7, 150-1, 168-9, 203-4, 445, 447, 452 in Peloponnesus, 30, 49, 50, , 82, 118, 120, 122-3, 128-9 in the East, 303-5 Landed peasantry not ‘proletarian’, 457-8 Military point of view, 3, 8-11, 64-5, 74-5, 122, , 132, 133, 147, 152, 163, 166, 176, 213-4, 283, 395-7, 438, 440 Moral or civic point of view, 3, 11, 31, 64, 70, 83, 96, 107-8, 124, 133, 135 foll., 166, 213, [277 foll.], 281 foll., 302, 439-40, 445, 458 need of capital, 47, , 83, 104, 144, 154, 174, 200-1, 204, , 250, 255, 320, 345, 365 problem of food-supply, 3, 9, 14, 15, , 29, 30, 47, 48, 62, 66, 77, 81, 87, 92, 96, 118-9, 132, 208, 211, 283, 288, 309, , 332, , 339, 347, 357-8, 375, 379, 382-4, 387-98, 403, 406-8, 411-2, 416, 427-8, 460-1 Property and proprietary rights, 436 Punic, 151, 164, , , 203-4, , 353 remunerative or not, 14, 41, 83, 107, 111, 154-60, 166, 169, 174, 186, , 201, 205, 252-3, , , 284, 306, 308-10, 318, 320-2, 351, 365, 404-5

Barbarian and Greek, 27, 28, 31-2, 34, 54-5, 78-9, , 113,

Barbarian lords and Roman subjects, 427

Barbarians and the Roman army, 14, 210, 270, 273, 292, 339, 382, 387, 397, 413-4, 417-8

Barbarians, fertility of, 382

Barbarians, settlement of, within Roman Empire, 337-8, 340, 360, 384, 414-5, 416, 426, 431

Bee-keeping, 184, 228, 230, , 309

Beggars, 18, 19, 23, 25, 72, 243, 392

Book-keeping on great estates, 249-50, 258-9, , 335, 368

Bucolic poetry, 115-6, 218-20, 280

Capitalism and employment of labour, 2, 36, 48, 55, 57-8, 70-1, 107, 150, 151-2, 156 foll., 173, 220, 254, 302, 441, 443, 454-6

Capitalism, growth of, 13, 25, 33, 36, 47-8, 49, 58, 70, 76, 83, , 129, 142-4, 212, 282, 288 foll., 314

Capitalist influence hostile to free peasantry, 151-2, 201, ,

Capitalist profiteers, 403

cases, query, hypothetical?, 264, 304-5

Caste and gild system of later Roman Empire, 210, 212, [376-7], 383, 389-91, 396, 405, 413, 423, 451

Census, the later Imperial, 388, 390, 420-2, 431

Centralization, bureaucratic, 379-80, 381, 384

Cereal crops, 19, 47-8, 81, 104, 107, 111, , , 154, 174, 249, , 266-7, 283-4, 291, 303, 309, 350, 352, 375, 388, 403, 406, 412, [428-9], 461, 463

Charcoal, 42, 64

Charitable institutions, 271, 273, 296, 324

Charity, private, 403

Christianity, influence of, 410-1, 420, 422-3, 426-32, , 449 foll.

Citizen and alien, 32, 36, 47, 48, 66, 96-7, 301, 314, 329

Citizens as such not producers, 102

Citizens, new, incorporation of, 126-7, 149, 153, 271, 288, 389,

Citizenship, 86, 92, 94, 98, 113-4, 120, 301-2, 389, 431, 444

City and country, 9, 13, 24, 31-2, 40, 43-4, 48, 49, 63, 83, 89, 90, 108-9, 115-6, 124-5, 145-6, 153, 184, , 217, 222, 235-6, 251, 278-9, 301-2, 306, 308, 332, 400, 409, 429

City and State, 380

Cleruchies, 39, 41-2, 51-2, 81, 83, 105-6,

Clients [πελάται, clientes], 25, 134, , , 243, 314, 431, 433

Colonies, 26-7, 51, 67, 72, 76, 83, 87-8, 152, 174, 207, 270, , 273-5

Commerce and seafaring, 19, 23, 39, 114, 215, 288, 290, 309, 347, 381, 391, 403, 412

Commerce restricted, 77, 92, 96, , 100, 102, ,

Communistic schemes and legends, 41, 45, 89, 92, 120, 218, 232, 236, 248,

Confiscation and redistribution, 67, , 72, , 89, 128, 155-6, 176-7, 178-9, 193, 200, 203, , 234, 236, 240

Continuity of occupation, importance of, 207-8, 252-3, 255, 344-5, 347, 355-6, 377, 383-4

Corn-dealers, 81, 403

Corn trade (Euxine), 31, , 81, 104-5

Cosmopolitanism, 113-4, , 232, 271,

Country carts, 39, 400

Country houses, 51, 82, 106, 108-9, 124, 157, , 165-6, 201, 224, 235, 246, 310, 312, 366, 427-9

Country life idealized, desire of, 43, , 124-5, 200-1, 215, 217, 222, , 234-6, 280, [302-3], 417, 429

Craftsman as employer, 2, , , 172-3, , 441, 446

Crops, dealers in, 111, 171, 322, 375

Crops, hanging, sale of, 171, 265, 284, 322

Crops, variety in, movement towards, 203, 266

Cultivation etc. by contract, 140, 166, 171-3, , 186, 264-5

Cultivation, intensive, 231, 265,

Cultivation, movements to extend or maintain, 126-7, [207-8], 211-2, , , 337-8, 340, 349-52, 357, , 387, 394

Damage, responsibility for, 363, 366, 373-4

Debt, pressure of, 22, 25, 133-4, 144, 155, , 321, 430, 436-7

Devastation of farms in war, 31, 38, 40, 43, , 104, 118, 133, 136, 139, 144, 410-1, 412

Differentiation of soldier and farmer, 210, 382, 417-8

Digging, 35, 46, 116, 172, 186, 261, 282, 317

Dogs, 23, 331, 372

Domains, imperial, 207, 209, 337, 342-58, 377-8

Domestication of animals, 15, 32, 433-4

Drainage, 366

East and West, 409, 460-4

Education, 68-9, 72-3, 76, 101

Emigration of working farmers (?), 207, 256, , 274-5, , 348-9

=Estates= abroad, 39, 51-2, 81, 83-4, 106, 207, 214, 248-9, 251, 281-2, , 298, , 309, 319, 341, 348, 353-4, 405 and boundaries, 17, 108, 174-5, 190, 331 as ‘Peculiars’, 354, 377, 392-3 division of, 22, 190-1, 256 Great, growth of, in Italy, 126, 143-4, 147, 152-3, 154, 165, 201, 203, 205, 248, 251, 256, 263, 281-3, 297, 314, Large and small, 46, 47, 51, 88, 106-7, 119, 125, 129, 138, 141-4, , 182, 196, 201, 214, 281-4, 296-7, 334 Letting to tenants, 14, 36, 39, 52, 82-3, 84, 106, 111, , 157-8, 160-1, 167, 177, 183, 191, 194-5, 198, 201-2, 208, 211, 216, 224, 233-5, 246-7, 252-7, 264, 277, 280, 297-9, 303, 307-8, 320-1, 325, 355, 358-9, 362 foll., 367-8, 376, 390, 433, 450, 463 Management by owner, 13, 57-8, 82, 106, , 167, 170-1, 224, [250-1], 284, , 325 Management by owner’s steward, 13, , 36, 51, 57-60, 88, 106, 116, 124, 140, 153, 158-60, 168, 186, 194, 224, 251-3, 256 foll., 297 foll., 304, 321, 325, 335, 343, 353, 367-8, 461 Mixed, 82, , 106, 108, , 169, , 310 of collegia, 295 retain names of former owners, 343 Small, profits on, 160, 184, 230, 284, 306 Suburban, 109, 128, 164, 248, 294-5, 306, 312

Eugenics, 72-3, , 93

Evidence, lack of, from working farmer or labourer, 4, 374, [429-30], 454

Experiments, 258

Fallows and rotation of crops, 291

Familiar details, tendency of writers to omit, 16, 44, 136, 140, 213-4, 379

Farm-equipment found by landlord, 216, 255, 297-9, 320-1, 344-5, 364-5, 367

Farmer and politics, 11, 12, 36, 40-4, 49, 70, 89, 90, 302

Farmer as man of substance, 39-40, 41, 46, 104

Farmer-heroes, Roman, 135 foll., 145-6, 197, 213, 232, 281, 313, 328, 415, 418, 445

Farmer not a soldier, 74, , 101, 210, 313, , 396-8, 417

Farmer rather a seller than a buyer, 42, 167,

Farmers’ capital mostly fixed, 46, 47, 104,

Farmers required to be resident, 204-5, 208, 297, 383-4

Farmers resident in the city, 33, 51, 82

Farm-hands as oarsmen, 90, 95, 183

Farming, fancy, 109, 179, 282, 308-10

Farming, high or scientific, 98-9, 122, 179, , 201, 286

Farming means unremitting attention and toil, 22, 23, , 159-60, 166, , 218, 222, 251, 321, 451

Farm slaves barbarians, 63, 92, 94, 124, , , 337

Farm tenants and their burdens, 14, , [157-8], 183, 195, 197, 209, 211, 254, 377-8, 397, 415

Figs, 45, 81, 108, 266, 283, 303,

Financial interests, power of, 152

Financial system and motives of later Roman Empire, 211-2, , 346, 348, 354-5, 375-8, 381-3, 388 foll., 394, 401, 410 foll., 427

Fires, 249, 374, 428

Firewood, 42, 107, 111, , 118, 252, 309, 388, 408

Flocks and herds (grazing and breeding), 16, 19, 20, 29, 81, 88, 90, 115-6, 121, 154, 165, 171, 174, 179, 266, 278, 301, 303, 309, , 388, 406, 429, 448

Floods, 108, 312, 322, 374

Flower gardens, 108-9

Food, imported, 39, 47, 48, 69, 77, 81, 104, 119, 154, 174, 184, 266, 283, 288, 309, 326, 347, 358, 403, 416

Foods, 19, 20, 24, 25, 45, 137, 283, 403

Fortified homesteads, 412-3, 429

Free craftsmen employed by farmer, 172-3, 184,

Freedmen (German), 292

Freedmen (Greek), 80, 82, 85,

Freedmen (Roman), 127, , 168-9, 183, 188, 192-3, 196-7, 201, 213, 234, 236, 243, 244, 264, 271, 284, , 290-1, 300, 312, 314-5, 318, , 379,

Freedom, its local value, 21, 137

Fruit-trees and orchards, 19, 20, 25, 127-8, 139, , 230, 344, 350, 421

Goats, 47, 84, 183

Granaries, 107, , 249, 267, 288, 411-2, 429

Greeks enslave Greeks, 27, 31, 55, 73, 112, 435

Herdsmen and shepherds, etc., 16-7, 33, 35, 63, 84, 109, 115-6, 154, 162, 179, 218-20, 301, 304, 310, 315, 448

Highwaymen and brigands, 154, 160, 179, 191-2, 233, 323, 329, 342, 372, 375, 392, 405

Home or Manor Farm on estates, , , 216-7, 235, 246, 254-6, 257, 298, 319, 342, 353, 355

Horses, 33, 57-8, 120-1, 418-9

Hunting, fishing, bird-catching, etc., 185, 307, 309, 319, 405

Imperial jealousy of great private estates, 207, 301, 353, 387, 392-3, 394-5

Imperial taxation, crushing effect of, 301, , 336, 357, 381-4, 387 foll., 393, 410 foll., 421-2, 424, 427

Improvement by fire, 223

Internal maladies of Roman Empire, 409 foll., 413

Irrigation, 16, 246, 293

Italian agriculture, pictures of, discussed, 178-9, [182-3], 200-1, 214-8, 235, 251-3, 288, 404-6,

Italian agriculture, protection of, 157,

Italian land and taxation, 205, 212, , 358, 365, 388, 406

Italian land, encouragement to invest in, 274, 289, 291, 297, 319

Italian slaves in Italy, 137, 149,

Jealousy of wealth, 41, 44, 66, 70, 72, , 87,

Jurists as Ministers, 336

=Land, etc.= as investment, 106, 144, 159, 165, 169, 190, 201, 225, 289 foll., 319-20, 365-6, 405 as security, 143, 288-90, 296, 324, 326-7, bought by capitalist speculators, 47, 57, 106, 142-4, 153, 191, , 238, , 353 buying or selling of, 23, , 57, 84, 88, 106, 108-9, , [135-6], 143-4, 154, 167, 175, 190-1, 193, , 234-5, 238-9, 251, 282, 284, 288 foll., 295, 305, 315, 318-20, 405, 428 grabbing and monopoly, 67, 88, 120, 142-4, 165, 174, 190, 248-9, 251, 282, 313-4, 438 holding peasantry and military duty, 10, 14, 42, 89, 90, 132-4, 138, 141-2, 148-9, 152-3, 175 foll., 198, 204, 213, 230, 313, , 438, 440 hunger, 8, 52, 54, 87, 106, 128, 133, 135, 145, 174, lots, κλῆροι, 20, 21, 22, 26, 39, 51-2, 67, 76-7, 88-9, 91, 94, 120, 128, 133, 174, 177, 210, 441 lots, sale of, forbidden, 88, , 175-6 lots, small in early times, 135-6, 243, 281-3, 313 lots, tradition of primitive equality, 75, 89, mortgages on, etc., 25, , 88, 106-7, 109, 155, 288-90, 327, neglect of poorer soils, 351 owners, large, and war, 38, 39, 41 owning and citizenship, 8, 14, 25, 31, 32, 36, 44, 57, 66-7, 70, 77, 86, 94, 96, 97, 105-6, 127, 138, 148, 191, , 437, 440, 444 owning and residence, 51-2, 94, 106, 108-9, 124-5, 153, 165-6, 168, 250-1, 256 owning, prestige of, 13, 14, 39, 58, 106, 154-5, 157, 201, 205, 235, 297, 358, 365-6, 438 foll. precarious tenure of, 20, 134, 167 proud capitalists, 14, , 155, , 201, 235, 249-50, 282-3, 290-1, 314, 332, 358 public, 68, 94, 134-5, 143, , 165, 174-5, 177, 195, 197-8 question of improvements, , 174, , 233-4, 252, , 365-7 regarded as property of the state, 204, , 303, rent of, in money or kind, fixed or by quota, 26, 77, 252, 292, 297, 303, 321, 332, 343-4, 346-7, 356, 365, 371, 376, , 428, 433 systems, foreign, 204-5, 210-1, 291-2 tenure, questions of, 237-8, 272, the classes concerned with it, 432-3 value dependent on presence of labour, 60, , 122, 142, 144, , 170, 201, 256, , 320, 383, 393-5, 396 various qualities, importance of, 25, , 41-2, 47, [63-4], 82-3, [108-9], 121, 139, 180, 186, 231, , , 365

Landed peasantry, attempts to revive, 174-5, 186, 198, , 210, 226, 231, 239, , 273, ,

=Landlord= as tax-collector, 393-4 can force tenant to cultivate properly, 253-4, 351, 363, 433 distrains on defaulting tenants, 298, 320-1, 378 duty to his tenant, 404 duty to support his tenant’s interests, 404 encroach on tenants’ rights, 246-7, great, and politics, 153, 155, 157, 159, 160, 165, 207 great, as protectors, 392, 393, 424 great private, and imperial policy, 281-2, 301, 352-4, 366, , 392-3, 394-5 mad finance of, 154-5, 157, 289 rights of, 363-4, 367, 394 selfishness of, 294-6, 375, 405, 407 the enterprising, glorified, 12, 58, [178-9], 284 the town-bred man, 108, 200,

=Laws= Agrarian of 111 B.C., 143, 175 Claudian, 142, , Codes, Theodosian and Justinian. See under list of passages cited Digest. See under list of passages cited Imperial by-laws, 343 foll., 346, 349, 352, 354 Imperial rescripts and constitutions, 346-7, , 360-1, 372, 376, 378, 386-7, 431 Julian (of Caesar), 177, 288 Jurists separately cited, 293, 333, 351 Law appealed to, , 331, 402 Law as evidence, 131, 361-2, 399 Licinian, 131, 141, 174 municipal charters, 354 of Gortyn, 436 on manumission, 333 Sempronian (of Gracchi), 175 Servilian (of Rullus), 177, 198 Twelve Tables, 283

Leases, perpetual, 359, 376

Leisure for citizens, 77-8, 93-4, 97, 102, , 454

Lime, 172, 388, 408

Limitation of scope, 6, 132

Literary evidence, nature and value of, 5, 6, 30, 131, 136 foll., 142-4, 145-8, 160, 187-8, 199-201, 213-7, 218 foll., 267-9, 281, 286-7, 300 foll., 303 foll., 305 foll., 317 foll., 325, 328, 399, 402, 409, 415, 417, 420, 422-3, 426 foll., 454

Loans by the state to landlords, 225, 273, 326

Local conditions, importance of, 255, 267, 282, 319-20, 372, 388

Local custom, recognition of, , 364-5, 367

Local government, questions of, 379-80

Luxury and extravagance, 381

Luxury, its effect on farming, 179, 246, 266, [306, 308-10], 365-6

Malarious lands, 180, 182, 253,

Manufacture of articles on the farm, 185, , , 262

Manufactures, 53, , 381, 441

Manuring, 44, 174, 266, 284

Market gardens, 184, 231, 265, 295-6, 306, 330, 332

Markets, urban, 306, 308-9

Master’s eye, importance of, 57-9, 116, 166, 170-1, 194, 243, , 252-3, 266, 282

Metics, 49, 71, , 97, 98

Migration, power of, the mark of freedom, 386, 444, 451

=Military= Class control [and plunder] farmers, 26-8, 68, 91-2, , 101, , , 436 Colonies and settlement of discharged soldiers on land, 10, 11, 29, 155-6, 176-7, 179, 210, 214-5, 219, , 234, 236, 238, 240, 251, 274-5, 293 Gymnastics and military service, 100-1, 128, 316 License and outrages, 104, 160, 219, [313, 315], 330, 342, 374, 378, 405, 422-3 Mercenary soldiers, 10, 50, 53-4, 64-5, 71, 95, 103-4, 112-3, 116, 119, 125, 132, 292, 339 Professionalism, growth of, 13, , 69, , 95, 100, 153, 177, 186, 210, 313, 316, 417 Service unpopular and evaded, 41, 71, 103, 324, 326 Substitutes, 324, 396 Systems, 9-11, 27, [97-8], 101, 122, 128, 132-3, 138-9, 152-3, 175-7, 186, 209-10, , 323-4, 339, , 396-7, 407, 413-4, 417, , 438 Tenure of barbarian colonists, 273, 339-40, 415 Veterans, retired, as local magnates, 400, 402

Milk and cheese, 265, 309

Mining and quarrying, 51, 59, 108, , 443, 446-7

Money-values, difficulty in ascertaining, 375, 387-8

Moral causes of Imperial decline, 423-6

Mules, 24, 33, 400, 422

Municipal estates, 207, 255, 359, 375-7, 400

Municipalities and benefactors, 271, 324, 381,

Municipalities as taxation-centres, 380-1, 390, 392, 401, , 421, 425

Municipalities, jealousy between, 380, 401 408-9

Municipalities, local senators and magistrates of, 217, 293, 376, 390, 400-1

Municipal jurisdictions, 354, 380, 399 foll.

Municipal offices shirked, 377, 381, 392, , 425

Music, 98, 123

Nationalization of aliens, , 444

New Hellenism, 112-4, 164, 275-6

Official favours and corruption, 357, 389-91, 403-7, 409, 410-1, 413-4, 421-2, 425

Old age, state-relief in, 80

Olives and oil, 19, 24, 42, 46, 47-8, 81, 84, 104, 108, 171-2, 174, 266, 283-4, 303, 350, 352, 406, 428,

Oriental and other foreign influences, 6, 7, 204-8, 210-1, 314

Oriental Greeks, 113, 153, 271, 379

Oxen, 16, 22, 24, 44, 47, 99, 172, 180, , 214, 228-9, 231, 243, 249, 253, 261, 282, 284, 286, 331, 364, 398, 433-4, 438

Patrons of villages, 212, 400-1, 425

Payment in kind, not in debased currency, 211, [359-60], 384, 388

Peasant-farmer, hard life of, 25, 35-6, , 83, 90, 213, 222, , 235, ,

Peasant-farmer, retirement of, 237

Penal servitude, 326

Pigs, 372, 388

Pitch-works, 192

Plantation system, 162, 165, 201, 203, 239, 297, 443

Ploughing, 16, 19, 22-4, 33, 116, , 218, 261, 278, 284, 334

Police, rural, no regular force, 189, 311, 323, 372, 448

Poor freemen, their trials, 63, 125, 199, 302

Populations, forced transfer of, 113

Post, Imperial [cursus publicus], 378, 391, 397

Poultry, 262-3, 309

Poverty and discontent, 33-4, 38, 41, 66, 70,

Poverty, dread of, a stimulus, 22, 23, 25, 29, 36, , 46, 47-8

Poverty in Greece, 29, 53, 54, 302, 329

Poverty no reproach, 23, 111, [135 foll.], 302

Private property in land, growth of, 143-4, 174-5, 203, 205, 313, 436-8

Property, private, forbidden, 73, 75

Provincial land, tenure of, 293, 303, 351,

Public opinion, no force of, in Roman Empire, 357, 389

Reaping, 16, 22-4, 108-10, 180, 278

Reaping machine, 398

Reclamation encouraged by temporary exemption from rent or taxes, 337, 344, 349-50

Religion, 18, 19, 23, 44-5, 120, 170, 258, 260, 314, , 434, 444, 448

Remission of dues to relieve distress, 390-1

Rent, arrears of, , 209, 256, 298, 320-1, 365, 404

Repetitions unavoidable, 5

Representative government unknown, 66,

Restoration of exiles, effects of, 119, 122, 128

Rich and poor, 90, 94, 112, 120, 129, 205, 271, 273, 295, 302, 306, 329, 331-2, 391, 400, 403-4, 410, 424-5

Rights of way, watercourses, etc., 108, , 294-5, 373

Roads, 267, 295, 391, 429

Roads, public, work on, 173, 378, 391

Roman Empire a machine, 381-2, 384, 425, , 451

Roman Empire, stagnation in, 398, 451

Roman power of assimilation, failing, 270-1, 338, 340

Roman subjects prefer Barbarian rule, 423-4

Rural disputes and affrays, 188-91, 315, 372-4,

Self-help, duty of, 23

Sheep, 109, 309

=Slavery, Labour, Serfdom, etc.= Abolitionism, a modern movement, 34, 84, 445 foll. Apprenticeship, 79 Competition of slave labour with free, , , 71, 85, 124, , 157, 302, 441, Eunuchs, 28, 310 Handicraftsmen, 16, 18, 23, 25, 28, 35, 62, 68, , 88, 144, 184, , 199, 245, 437-8, 441 Handicraftsmen, free, their difficulties, 302 Harbouring runaways, 375, , 404 Hired labourers not αὐτουργοί, 12, 13 Itinerant labourers, jobbing gangs of, 14, , 173, 222, 256, 327, 443 Journeyman contrasted with independent craftsman, 2, 35, , 452, 455 Labour, attempts to entice it from neighbours, 394 Labour despised, 19, 22, 28, 59, 64, 78, 80, 85, 188, 193, 245, 287, 359, , 440, 442, 444-5, 452 Labour, division of, 12, 15, 99 Labourer goes with the land, 94, , , 319-20, [360-1], 368, [393-5] Labourer, status of, often uncertain, 3, 33, 110-1, 117, 128, 193, 218-21, 222, 227-8, 256, 442-3 Labour for daily bread, 55-6, 58, 62, 111, , 199, 204, 313, 327, 441 Labour, for self or for another, 12-15, 25, 144, 148, 299, , 370, 399, , 438-44, 445, 458 Labour glorified, 231, 277-80 Labour good for the labourer, 56, 58, 64, 277-80, 316-7 Labour in discharge of debt, 161, 180, 182, 263, 437 Labour not degrading, 16, 19, 23, , 111, 149, 246, 277-9 Labour, personal, of working farmer, (see αὐτουργία), 23-4, 25, 30, 36, 44, 45, 58, 86, 123, 128, 136, 148-9, , 180, , 197, 208, 213-4, , 226, 230-1, 234, , , 283, 304, , 332, 345, 347, 353, , 395, 439 foll., Labour question fundamental, 211-2, 237, 239-40, 268, 287, , 394 foll., 458 Labour, rustic, as a punishment, 124-5, 145-6, , 248, 444 Labour, rustic, as healthy exercise, 236, 277-80, 316-7, 440 Labour-services of tenants due without wage, 161, [201-2], , 211, 254, , 257, , 298, 342, 344-6, 348, 351, 353-4, 359, 383-4 Later serf-colonate a result of gradual change, 211-2, 254-6, 257, 333, 356, 359, 361, 378 foll., , 393-4, 424-5, 436, 450 Manual labour and direction, 12, 13, 20, 23-4, 35, 57-60, 124-5, 158, 176, 181, 258, 299, 316, 319, 371, 395, 445, 455, 458 Occasional labour, 15, 53, 85, 108, 111, 157, 161, 166, 180 foll., 186, 201, , 265, 342, 344-5, 346, 348, 359, 434, 443, 455 Odd jobs, porterage, etc., 46, 327 Overseers, etc., 51, , 59, 60, 88, 97, 165, 181, 261, 321, 404, 443, 447, 462 Quasi-slavery of free workers, 99, 144, 188, 441 foll. Self-disposal, 441, 443-4, 451, 453, 456 Serfage and slavery confused, 84, 86, 292 Serfage distinct from slavery or caste-system, 26-7, , 360-1, 436 Serf-colonate failing, 460, , 464 Serf-cultivators, 26-8, 30, 37, 50, 60, 69, 75, 77, 82, 84, 87, 92, 127, , 292, 361, 431, 436 Serfdom is practically slavery, 425, Serf employed in war, 37, 75, 95 Slave artisans and craftsmen, 51, 55, 57, 184, 441, 446 Slave as fellow-man, 34, 56, 62, 113, 245, , 323, 328, 445 Slave brigands, 154, 189-92, 392, 448 Slave-gangs, not to be homogeneous, 77, 94, 162, 181-2 Slave-gangs, special foremen of, 158, 185, 260 Slave insurrections, 162, 175, 177, 181, 191, 198, 448 Slave-labour always available, 157, 174-5, 239, [285-6], 446, 455 Slave-labour, excess of, attempt to lessen, Slave-labour, specializing of, on estates, 203, 261, 265, 461 Slave-labour untrustworthy and wasteful, 97, 111, 157, 180 foll., 186, 253, 283, 285, 319, 355, , 417, 419, 445, 455 Slave not a person, 44, , 77, 401 Slave not enrolled in army, 175, , 323-4, Slave philosophers, 327 Slave-qualities, 34, 56, 180-1, 259 Slavery, absolute power of master, 18, 56-7, 158-9, 167, 244, 446 Slavery and labour in general, 2, 3, 15, 16, 34, , 48, 78, 110-2, 135-8, 161, 170, 180-2, 186, 216, 222, 230-1, 239, 281, 285, 299, 304, 316, , 385, 395, 429, 433-5, 440 foll., 444-5, 455 Slavery, attempts to justify, 79, 439 Slavery, domestic, 8, 26, 30, , 61, , 97, , , 124, 137, 221, 231, 244, 249-50, 285, 309-10, 311, 318, 429, 431, 441-2, 446 Slavery from gambling debt, 291 Slavery, growth of humaner views on, 61-2, , 167, 182, 185, , , 242-3, 244-5, [260-1], , 310-1, 317, 323, 326-8, 438, 445 Slavery ignored, 237-40 Slavery, industrial, 8, 51, 53, 55, , 123, , 335, 441 Slavery, its economic success or failure, 156 foll., 283, 285, 323, 370, , 442, 445 Slavery justified, 34, 78-9, 100, 439, 442 Slavery, kidnapping, 20, 53, 55, 79, 122, 160, 243, 263, , 326, Slavery, legends of none in early times, 15, 30, 62, 123, 439, Slavery of debtor to creditor, 25, , 263, 269, 436-7, , 442 Slavery, origin of, 15, 17, 78, 236-7, 434, 446 Slavery originally on small scale and domestic in character, 137, 149, , , 243, 245, 285, 434-5, 446 Slavery, query, assumed, 16, 17, 20, 30, 32, 37, 44, 48, 68, 74-5, 84, 136, 213-4, 220, 304, 368, 445 Slavery, question of manumission, 21, 38, 58, 62, 79, 80, 84, 97, 122, 123-4, 129, 149, 158, , 182, 196, , 219, 260, 263, , 311-2, 318, 326, 333-4, 368, 369, 371, 431, 442-3, 446-7 Slavery recognized as basis of social and economic system, 45, 56, 60, 77-8, 99, 100, 102, [141-2], 192, 239, 256, 285-6, 310 Slavery, rustic, 8, 9, 20, 23-4, 25, , 37, , 44-5, 46-7, 50-2, 57-9, 63-4, , 77, 79, 80, 84, 87, 97, 106-110, 116-7, 122, 124, , 135-8, 144 foll., 151-4, 158, 160-2, 165 foll., 170 foll., 174 foll., 180 foll., 184 foll., 203, , 214, 216-7, 222, 227-33, 237, 240, 242-3, 258-63, 281, 285, 299, 310-1, 315, 321, 325, 333-4, 337, 340, 341-2, 345, 353, 355, 363-4, 369, 387, 394, 404, 414, 429, 435, 443-4, 455, 461-2, 464 Slavery, secondary (slaves of slaves), 18, Slavery, the relation questioned, 33-5, 56, 113, 244, , , 446 Slavery unknown among the gods, 35 Slavery, was it the basis of ‘classical’ civilization?, 7, 8, 15, 453, 455 Slaves acquire property, [see peculium], 38, 58, 80, 167-8, 181-2, 219, 250, 263, 318, 369, 442 Slaves and freemen work side by side, 48, 63, 135-8, , 149, 171-3, 180 foll., 444-5 Slaves as gladiators, 162, 189, 328 Slaves as informers, danger from, 84, 244, Slaves as oarsmen, 53, 90, 95, 122, 326 Slaves as property, 17, 18, , 56-7, 77, 82, 122, 155, 167, 172, 182, 189, , 311, 315, 369-70, 442-3 Slaves as war-booty, 10, 17, 27, 37, 53, 55, 120, 122, 129, 136, 153, 176, 236-7, 310, 325, 337, 387 Slaves a worry to masters, 97, 124, 285 Slaves brought on the stage, 34, 62, 113 Slaves, care of their health, 77, 161, 185, 262, 442, 462 Slaves, condition of, 17, 18, 20, 21, 56-7, 311, 324, 370-1 Slaves, contractors’ gangs of, 108, 110, 166, 214 Slaves, cruel punishment of, 196, 244, 249, 443 Slaves, deliberate breeding of, 161, , 181, , 257, 260, 262, 311-2 Slaves employed in business and professions, 97, 192, 305, 446 Slaves employed in hunting, 405 Slaves, female, 17, 18, 24, 45, 57, 168, 181, 221, 231, 257-8, 260, 262, 307, 318, 364, 431 Slaves, food, lodging and dress of, 20, 23-4, 25, 45, , 116, 154, 157, 171-2, 181, , 258, 260, 309, Slaves, good health of, 317, 440 Slaves, home-born [οἰκογενεῖς, vernae], 129, 169, 181, 235, 262, 311-2, 430-1 Slaves let out for service at a rent, 38, 39, 61, 64, 80, 110, , 170, 193, 247, 256, 370-1, 442-3 Slaves liable for masters’ safety, 244, 323 Slaves, loyalty of, 18, 20, 34, 61, 240 Slaves, masters responsible for their vices, 56-8, 61, 77, 245 Slaves, moral qualities needed in, 56-8, , 77, , [181-2], 196, 259-61, 323 Slaves, names of, 45, 63-4, 137, 213, 285 Slaves not αὐτουργοί, 12, 13, 439 Slaves of publicani, 151, 188, 192 Slaves, old age of, 80, 97, 158, 167, 182, 263, 326, 443, 447 Slaves, public, 68, 86, 91, , 446 Slaves, punishment of, interrupted by war, 45 Slaves, restriction on sale of, 394 Slaves, rewards of, better than punishments, 181-2, Slaves, runaway, 50-1, 158, 192, 375, 404, 435, Slaves serving in war, 10, 122, 129, 142, , 183, [323-4], 396, 407 Slaves, supply of, reduced, or rise in price of, 41, 117, 141-2, 160-1, 162, , 208, 210, 257, 298, 310, 340, 344, 351, , , 387, 450 Slaves, torture of, 110, 421 Slaves, training of, 57, 169, 181-2, , 260 Slaves unruly, 38, 78, 181, , Slave-tenant or métayer a quasi-partner, 298-9, Slave-tenants, 257, 299, , 367-8, 369, 371, , , 450 Slave-trade, 17, 18, 20, 25, 53, 55, 57, 61, 79, 87, 112, 122, 137, 153-4, , 176, 210, 236, , 256, , 291-2, 310, 325-6, 327, 329, 414, 435, 446 Unskilled labour (‘hands’), 39, 99, 170, 172, [180-1], 188, 193, 227, 261, 442 foll. Wage-earning, 3, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 23, 24, 25, 29, 34, 35, 44, 46, , 58-9, 61-4, 78-9, , 109-10, 117, 125, 140, 144-5, 150, 157-8, , 170-3, 175-6, 180, 182, 186, 188, 193, 199, 200-1, 216, 222, 235, 256, 287, 304-5, , 327, , , 370, 385, 434, 441 foll., 452, 456-9 Wage-labour for special work, 46, , 111, 125, 157, 171-3, 180, 182, 186, , 266 Wage, legal right to, 304

Small cultivating owners in Roman Empire, 341, 346, 390

Small holdings of state tenants, 177, 198

Small landholders persecuted by big neighbours, 144, 242, 248, 251, 283, 315, 330-1, 372, 467

Soldiers as practical farmers, 184, 340

Soldiers driven to farm-work, 53, , 147-8

Specialization in politics, 69, 72-5, 92-3, 98, 102

Squatters on waste land, 230, 272, 300 foll., , 349-52, 357, 428

State-contracts, 83, 142, 151-2, 187, 192, 366, 376

State-pay for public duties, 34, 38, 46, 47, 83, 87, 88, , 441

Steward a slave, 59, 97, , 124, 140, 153, 158-9, 166, 170-1, 186, 195-6, 216-7, 224, 242, 257-9, 264, , 443

Steward (vilicus) as tenant of a farm, 299, , 367-8

Steward directing free workers or overseeing tenants, [see procurator], 173, 216, 264

Steward, the interest of, 153-4, 158-9, 166, 254, 443, 447

Stoicism and Stoics, 187, 193, 242, 244-6, 275 foll., 310, 442, 449

Tax-farming system superseded, 206

Tenancies, beneficial, 143, 376

Tenancies, large, not common, 298, 343-4

Tenancy a contract-relation regulated by law, 208-9, 246-7, 252-7, 297-9, 321, 345, 362 foll., 433

Tenant, claims of, 363-4, 374,

Tenants find sureties, 345, 363

Tenants, good, hard to find, 208-9, 252-6, 298-9, 320-1, 367, 369, 450

Tenants-in-chief as rent and tax collectors, 343, 355

Tenants-in-chief, holding of the state [Middlemen], 195, 207-8, 209, 211-2, 343-53, 356, 358-9

Tenants-in-chief oppress sub-tenants, 346, 348, 354-7, 359, 384

Tenants-in-chief subletting to small farmers, 195, 197, 208-9, 211-2, , , 343 foll., 353, 355, 376-7,

Tenants, interest of Imperial government in their welfare, 394, 397-8, 400

Tenant’s property pledged to landlord, 363, 368

Tenant, the town-bred man, 254

Threshing, 16, 24, 278

Tillage by Mattock, 214, 284, 313,

Tillage, the appliances of, 180, 197, 303

Timber, 39, 96, 118, 227, 320

Tombs on estates, , 109, 312

Transport as an element of cost, 391

Transport by road or river, 267, 322

Upkeep, importance of, 262, 365

Veterinary treatment, 228, 418

Village communities, 134, 291, 437-8

Vines, 19, 24, , 47-8, 81, 104, 107-8, 111, 121, 139, , 172, 174, 185-6, 261, 266, 283-4, 303, 308, 320-2, 352, 406, 416, 421, 428,

Voluntary action, its limits in ancient world, 440-4

War and peace, 67, 89, , 95, 100, 102

Wayfarers, nuisance from, 267

Weather-wisdom, 31-2

Wine, use of, 19, 42, 283, 388

II LIST OF WORDS AND PHRASES

A. GREEK

ἀγορά, 101

ἄγροικος, 63, 117

ἀγρονόμοι, 79

ἄκληρος, 20,

ἀνδράποδα, 17, 56, 60, 138

ἀνδράποδα μισθοφοροῦντα, 39, 110

ἀντίδοσις, 106

ἀπαρχή, 77

ἀπελεύθεροι, 97

ἄποροι, 463

ἀποφορά, 61, 64, 370

ἀρετή, 86, 89, [91, 98]

ἀστικός, 108

αὐτουργία consistent with slaveowning, 13, 23, , 44, 50, 58-9, 84, , 123, 136-7, 165, , 345, 439-40

αὐτουργοὶ and αὐτουργία, 12, 13, , 23, 24, 35-6, , 49, 50, 58, 60, 62, 67, 82, 94, 102-3, 107, 123, 128, 197, 277, 302, , 439 foll.,

ἀφορμή, 302

βάναυσοι, 73-4, 91, 98, 99, 101

βάρβαροι, 31

βασιλεύς, 400

βασιλικοὶ γεωργοί, 204, , 347,

γαμόρος, 27, 32,

γαπόνος, 36, 37

γεωργεῖν, 47, , 106

γεωργοί, a special class, 29, 68, 74, 101, , [347, 378], 395, 401

γεωργός, γεωργεῖν, etc., 33, 37, 39, 84, 90, 121, 445, 462

γῆ κληρουχική, 210

γῆ πεφυτευμένη, 104

γράμματα, 400

δασμολογεῖν, 83

δεσπότης, 337, 341, 401

δεσποτική, 97

δημιοεργοί, 18, 75

δημόσιοι, 68

δμῶες, 17, 18, 20, 23

δουλεία, 240

δοῦλος, 17, , 110

ἔθνος, 122

ἐνεργός, 225

ἐπικαρπία, 225

ἐπιμέλεια, 58

ἐπιστάτης, 59,

ἐπίτροπος, 57, 59, 60, 461

ἔργα, 16

ἐργασία, 461-2

ἐργάτης, 35, 107, 116, 121, 125, 128, 304, 461

ἔργον, 19, 22-3

ἔριθοι, 10, 23, 116

ἔρις, 22

ἐσχατιά, 106

εὐπορία, 92, 102

θῆτες, θητεύειν, 16, 18, 19, 20, 23, 25, 29, 35, 85, 98, 110, 144, 147

θρέμματα, 122

ἰδία, 211

κατασκευή, 122, 240

κατοικεῖν, 108

κοινόν, 66

κοινωνοί, 463

μισθός, 16, 23, 34, 64, 75, 95, 110,

μισθωτοί, 46, 78, 85, , 110, 117, 125

νόμος, 402

ξύλα, 107

οἰκέται, 30, 39, 64, 110, 341

οἰκεύς, οἰκῆες, 17, 21, 30

οἰκογενεῖς, 129

οἰκοδεσπότης, 304

οἰκονόμος, 461

ὀπώρα, 108, 111

ὄρη, 111

ὅροι, 107

παραμονά, 123

πάροικοι, 347, 378

πενέστης, 37, 116

περίοικοι, 94

πρόκλησις, 110

σκαφεύς, 35,

στάσις, 66

στρατιώτας, 116

συνοικία, 108

σώματα, 122, 396

τεμένη, 111

τεχνῖται, 68, 98

τροφή, 75, 95, 304

φελλεύς, 47, 83

φιάλη, 237

φύσις, 34-5

χορηγία, 86,

χρηματιστική, 98

χωρία, 463

B. LATIN

abigei, 372

actor, 258, 263, 299, 300, 319, 324, 367-8

adaeratio, 396

addicere, 424

adscribere, adscripticii, 425

adsidui, 10, 152, 253

advenae, 425

aedificare, 214

agellus, 215-6, 219, 243, 318, 334, 425

aggeres publici, 429

agrestes, 199, 200, 230

agricola, 227, 230, 284, 398, 445

agri fiscales, 347

agri rudes, 349

agri vectigales, 376

alimenta, 296 foll., 324

alligati, [see compediti]

annonariae regiones, 388

annona urbis, 388, [402-3], 427

aquarii, 294

arare, arator, 195, 197-8, 214, 219, 227, 248, 308, 312

aridi fructus, partes aridae, 350

artes, 188, 193

artifex, 245

asinarius, 172, 227

atriensis, 246, 250, 319

attributi, 380

auctoritas principalis, 376

bubulcus, 172

burgus, 429

calcarius, 172

canon, 350-1, , 428

capita, 395, 421

capitatio, 386, 395, 411, , 424,

capitulum, 410

capulator, 172

casa, 312

castella, 413

censitores, 421

civilis pars, 418

classes, decuriae, 261

colere, 184, 230, 253, 267, 364

coloni Caesaris, 208-9, [293?], 347, 355, 357, 377-8

coloni indigenae, 252, , 396

colonia partiaria, 211, 321, 332, 343, 347, , 356,

colonia, place to which colonus belongs, 258

colonia [settlement], official sense, 133, , 152

colonus as serf-labourer, 383-4, 392, 394, 401, 416, 424-5, 429, 431

colonus as sub-tenant, 195, 209, 343-52, 355-6, 359, 376-7

colonus becoming bound to the soil, , 201, 210-2, 257, 274, 333, 344-52, 356, 358-9, 383-4, 386-99, , 415-6, 450

colonus, cultivator, 133, 167, 183, 195, 215, 230, , 249, 267, 286, , , 445

colonus, free but dependent, 161, 183, , 209, 254, , 307-8, 312, 340, 358-9, 404

colonus imaginarius, 367

colonus may sublet farm, 364

colonus, mean economic and social position of, 195, 235-6, 243, 246-7, 255, 307-8, 364

colonus, member of a colonia, 293

colonus originalis, 431

colonus, tenant farmer [free in law and fact], 139, 157-8, 183-4, 194-5, 202, , 210, 215-6, 221, 224, 233-5, 243, 246, 252-5, , 286, , 295, 315, 325, 332, 362-3, 364, 366-7, 371-3

colonus, veteran allottee, 155-6, , 223, 249, [293?]

colonus, yeoman farmer, 230

compediti alligati vincti, 166, 172, , 220, 227, 248, , 260-3, 300, 320, 334-5

compositio, 431

conductor, 264-5, 343, 345-51, 355-7, 359, 364, 366, 377, 405

conductum, 247

conquisita, 411

contubernalis, contubernium, 258, 300

corpora, 396

cultores, free, 141, , 320

cura domini, 252

curia, curiales, 390, 392, 401-2, 425

cursus publicus, , 391

custodes, 171-2, 311,

decem primi, 421

decretae provinciae, 408

decreta oppida, 408

decuma, δεκάτη, 195, 197, 204

dediticii, 389, 424

dispensator, 196

divisio, ascertainment of shares, 350

domestici = familia, 185

domestici fidei, 428

dominium, 247, 376, 393

dominus, 166, 171, 184, 215-6, 219, 229, 239, 247, 252, 260, 264, 292, 311, 343, 350, 356, 363, 366, 368, 397, 416, 419, 430, 431

dotes, 299

emphyteusis, 350, 359, 376

emptor, 171

epistates, , 172

ergastulum, 141, 145-6, 160, 185, 192, 233, 242, 260, 262-3, 285, 334

exceptio iurisiurandi, 364

faber, 172, 184, 319

faber ferrarius, 173

factores, 171

familia, 137, 155, 170-3, 188, 194, 245, 253, 258, 261, 334

famulus, famula, 220-1, 227, 230-1, 249

fide dominica, 299, 311

fideiussores, 363

fiscalis raeda, 422

fiscus, 377-8

forma perpetua, 347

fossor, [see σκαφεύς], 186, 227, 248-9, 317

fructus, 247, 321, 363, 366, 404

frui licere, 363

frui possidere, 351

frumentationes, 326

fugitivi, 191-2

fullones, 184

fundi fiscales, 377

fundus, 343, , , 360, 366, 368, 412

genitale solum, 393

gens as landholder, 134

gravia loca, 180, 253

heredium, 231

holitor, 295

honores qui indicuntur, 377

hortulanus, 295, 332

hortus, horti, 231, 249, 283, 295, 312

ianitor, 311

immunitas, 377

impatientia, 419

imperium, 148, 247

impotentia, 295

incolae, 360

indictiones, 382-3, 393, 410-1

indigenae, 425

indulgentiae, 410

ingenuus, 243, 287, 312, 317, 396

inquilini, 339-40, 346, 360, , 395, 424, 430-2

inquilinus or colonus, 431-2

instruere, instrumentum, 216, 243, 255, 297-9, 311, 320-1, 344-5, 364-5, 367-8, 371

interdicta, 189-91, 373

iugatio, 395

iugerum, 135, 139, 143, 167, 172, 184, 186, 230, 275, 281-2, 284, 313

iuris alieni, 386, , 425

ius commercii, 389

iusta, fair task, 259, 261

latifundia, 143, 154, 160, 167-8, 185, 198, 201, 203, 205, , 224, 236, 247, 249, 281, 283, 297, , 315, 354-5, 358, 369

latrones, 372

legata, 368

leguli, 171

lex = charter, by-law, 343, 354

lex = contract, agreement, 233

lex Manciana, 343, 352-3

liberalis, 245, 331

locator, 364

lustrum, 321, 364,

magister pecoris, 172, 219, 228

magistri, 228, 259, 260, 267

manceps, 327, 376

mancipia, 260, 262, 285, 320, 369

matrimonium, 431

mediastinus, 217, 261

medici, 184, ,

mercator, 215

mercennarius, 125, 139-40, 159, 173, 176, 180, 182, 186, 188, 193, 235, 247, 256, 371,

merces, 370-1

messores, 188, 227, 417

militares viri, 402

militaris impressio, 405

militia, 418

monitor, 261

munera, 377, 397

navicularii, 391

nexus, 263, 269

nudo consensu, 364

nutrix, [see τροφός], 431

obaerarii [obaerati], 180, 182, 216, 263, 269, 437

obnoxii, 404

offensiones domesticae, 181

opera, operae, , 180, , 188, 193, 211, 229-30, 235, 254, 256, 265, 267, 269, 282, 286, 327, 333, , 344-6, 347-8, 351, 354, 370-1,

operarius, 125, 170, 172-3, 180, 185, 193, 197, 243, 261

opifex, 144, 175, 193, 199, 245

opilio, 172, 219, 262

opus [meaning of], 161, 252-4

opus exigere, facere, operis exactor, etc., 258-9, 261, 265, 321

ordo [decurionum], 293, 376, 387

originarius, originalis, 431

origo, domicile, 211, 386, 396, 425, 430-1

paganus, 313, 411, 423

palare, verb, 282

palatium, 347

partes agrariae, 346,

partes aridae, 350

partiario, partiarius, 166, 172, 343, 347

pastinatio, 264, 284

pastores, 162, 165-6, 171-2, 179, 183, 188, 191, 219, 227-8,

pater, patres, 215-7

patrocinia vicorum, 400-1, 425

patronus, 430-1

peculium, 158, 167-8, 180-2, 219, 263, 299, 369

pensiones, 161, 252

peregrini dediticii, 389

persona plebeia )( colonaria, 431

pervasio, pervasor, 424

pignora, 320

pistor, 246

plebs, plebeius, 341-2

politio, politores, 172-3, 186

poma, 350

possessio, 189, 191, 194, 349-50, 372-3, 376, 405, 424

possessiones, 143, , 165, 174-5, 247-8

possessores, 233, 295, 350, 392-3, 397, 427

postliminium, 332

potentes, 392

praedia, 289, 319, 320-1, 360

praedia Caesaris, 207, [353-4], 377

praediola, 194, 216

praefectus annonae, 403, 427

prospectus urbi, 402-3, 426

praetorium, 366

precario, 167

procurator, 190, 194-5, 264, 319, 354-5, 368

procurators, imperial, 341, 343, 345-52, 354-5, 377

proprius, 425

provisa, provisiones, 411

publica adflictio, 424

publica, publicani, 151-2, 179, 188, 192, 206, 318, 376

pulchritudo iungendi, 251,

quasi colonus, 299, 311, 368-9, 450

quasi societatis iure, 356,

quinquennium, see lustrum

ratio = imperial account, 346, 350

rationes, 368, 404

reconductio, 345, 364

reditus )( census, 406

relationes, 402-3

reliqua, 298-9, 320-1, 343, 347, 365, 368,

remissio, 252, 320-1, 365

rustica mancipia, 369,

rusticatio, 250

rusticus, 230, 347

salictarius, 172

saltuarii, 250

salius, 165, , 191, 214, 222, 235, 314, 343-52, , 360

scriptura, 179, ,

secretum, 408

sederi, sessor, 418

sermo, 349, 352

servitia, slaves, 141, 239, 285, 287

servitium, 229, 249, 262

servitutes, 373-4

servus, serva, 219, 221, 229, 247, 249, 252, 285, 334, , 368, 371, 404

servus terrae, 426

sollemnia )( incrementa, 411

sordidus, 245, 312,

stipendiarii?, 345

strictores, 171

subsiciva, 272

subulcus, 172, 219

suburbicariae regiones, 388,

suffragium, 428

sui (or mei) = slaves, 184, 321, 323

summa [consummatio] of labour, 172, , 267

superexactiones, 397

superindictiones, 382, 411

supprimere, suppressi, 233, 243, 263

temo, temonaria functio, etc., 396, 410, 414

territorium, 428

Teutonicus vomer, 416

tirocinia, 413-4

topiarii, 319

trans Tiberim, 435

tributa, 350-1, 378, 382, 410,

tributarii, 415, 431

tributarium iugum, 427

trientabula, 143, 152

usus, 247, 363

usus fructus, 370

vagus, vagi, 229, 396

valetudinarium, 161, 262

vectigal, 376

veterani, milites, 293

vicarii, 324

vilica, 170, 172, 251, 262, 306-8

vilicus, 124, 140, 153, 158-60, 166, 170, 172, 185-6, 190, 194-6, 215-7, , 224, , 242, 246, 251, 257-9, 262-4, 282, 299, 306-8, 311, 316, 335, 343, 345, 355, 364, 367, 404, , 461

villa, 125, [136-8], 141, 165, 214, 216, 224, 231, 235, 246, 255, 282, 298, 309, 311, 322, 343, 347, 366, 372,

vincti, [see compediti]

vinitor, 219, 265

vir bonus, umpire, 367

viritim, viritanus, 133, 274

vis and vis armata, [189-91], 373

voluptaria praedia, 366

III LIST OF PASSAGES CITED

=Aelian=, var hist V p 14, =282=

=Aeschines= Timarchus 13, =106=; 14, =109=; 4, =111=; Embassy 59, =112=

=Aeschylus= Agam 733, =30=; Eumen 186-90, =31=; 890-1, =32=; Persae 186-7, 255, 337, 391, 423, 434, 475, 798, 844, =31=; Prom 454-8, 708, =31=; Suppl 612-4, =32=; fragments =32=

=Agrimensores= [gromatici, ed Lachmann], I 35, =205=, =358=; 53-4, =272=, =341=, =354=; 133, =272=; 203, =349=; 164, =354=

=Ammianus=, XVI 5 §§ 14, 15, =410=; XVII 3, =411=; XVIII 1, =411=; XVIII 2 § 2, =412=; XIX 11 § 3, =391=; XIX 11 § 7, =396=, =413=; XX 4 § 1, =415=; XXVII 4 § 18, =405=; XXVIII 6 § 8, =413=; XXVIII 5 § 15, =415=; XXIX 6 § 6, =412=; XXIX 5 §§ 10-13, =412=; XXIX 5 § 25, =412=; XXX 5 § 6, =411=; XXX 10 § 4, =412=; XXX 2 § 10, =413=; XXXI 4 §§ 4, 5, =413=; XXXI 6 § 5, =414=; XXXI 10 § 17, =414=; XXXI 9 § 4, =415=

=Andocides= (by pages) de reditu 22, =81=; de mysteriis 12, =82=; de pace 25, 28, =84=

=Antiphon=, fragm =82=

=Appian=, civ, I 8 § 2, =131=; I 7 § 5, =144=, =248=; I 116 § 2, =162=; I 29 § 2, =275=

=Apuleius= apolog 24, =328=; 17, 23, =332=; 17, =333=; 23, =334=; 47, =334=; 93, =334=; 87, =335=; metam IV 9, =329=; IV 3, =332=; IV 30, =332=; V 17, =332=; VI 31, =329=; VII 4, 9, =329=; VII 15, =332=; VIII 22, =258=, =335=; VIII 24, =329=; VIII 17, =331=; VIII 17, 29, 31, =332=; VIII 26, =332=; IX 12, =2=; IX 31-2, =295=, =332=; IX 39, 42, =330=; IX 35-8, =330=; IX 2, =331=; IX 39-42, =332=

=Aristophanes= Acharnenses 32-4, 180, 211, 557 foll, 626 foll, =42=; 248-50, 259, 266, =44=; 1018-36, =47=; Aves 1152, 1431-2, =46=; 712, =48=; Ecclesiazusae 243, =40=; 197-8, 591-2, =41=, =46=; 651, =45=; 605, =48=; Equites 792-4, =40=; 316-7, =42=; Lysistrata 1173-4, =43=; 1203-14, =45=; Nubes 202-3, =41=; 43 foll, =42=, =45=; 138, =45=; 71-2, =47=; Pax 632-6, =40=; 570, 1185-6, =42=; 190, 509-11, 551-70, 1127 foll, 1318-24, =43=; 1140 foll, 1248-9, =45=; 552, 1318, =47=; Plutus 510-626, =41=, =46=; 223-4, 903, =42=; 26-7, 253, 517-20, 525-6, =45=; Ranae 164-77, =46=; Vespae 442-52, =45=; 712, 959, =46=, =111=; fragments =43=, =46=

=Aristotle= Ἀθην πολ 16, 24, =11=, =25=, =86=, =89=; 11, 12, =25=, =89=; 4, =91=; de mundo 6 §§ 4, 7, 13, =102=; Economics I 5 § 1, 6 § 5, =87=, =97=; I 5 § 3, =95=, =304=; I 5 § 5, =97=; I 6 § 9, =97=; I 5 § 6, =162=; Ethics II 1 § 4, =93=; VIII 11 § 6, =99=; X 5 § 8, =95=; X 10 § 13, =101=; Politics [cited in old order of books], I 7 § 5, =87=; I 7, =97=; I 8 §§ 3 foll, =98=; I 9, =98=; I 10, 11, =98=; I 11 § 1, =98=; I 11 §§ 3-5, =99=; I 2 § 5, 5 §§ 8, 9, =99=; I 13 § 13, =99=; I 5, 6, =100=; I 11, =284=; I 2 § 5, =433=; II 6 § 13, =65=, =67=; II 7 § 1, =65=; II 7 § 6, =65=; II 12 § 10, =65=, =67=; II 7, 8, =65=, =67=; II 7 § 7, =67=, =91=; II 7 §§ 3-7, =67=; II 7 §§ 14, 15, =67=; II 8 §§ 2, 3, =67=; II 7 §§ 8, 9, =68=; II 6 § 15, =91=; II 7 § 12, =91=; II 6 § 17, =95=; II 9 §§ 21-2, =95=; II 9 § 34, =95=; II 3 § 4, =97=, =124=; II 5 §§ 4, 8, =97=; II 5 § 28, =99=; II 5 § 19, =101=; II 10 § 16, =101=; II 6 § 6, =102=; III 13 § 2, =66=; III 15 § 13, =89=; III 5 § 2, =97=; III 5 §§ 4-6, =98=; IV 4 §§ 15, 18, =89=; IV 6 § 2, =89=; IV 15 § 6, =92=; IV 8 § 5, 9 § 4, =94=; IV 9 §§ 7-9, =95=; V 6 §§ 12, 13, =95=; VI 4 §§ 8-10, =88=; VI 4 §§ 1, 2, 13, 14, =89=, =90=; VI 4 § 11, =90=; VI 5 §§ 8-10, =92=; VI 8 § 3, =99=; VI 2 § 3, 4 § 20, =101=; VII 6 §§ 7, 8, =54=, =90=, =100=; VII 4 § 6, =86=, =96=; VII 8 §§ 7-9, =86=, =102=; VII 9, =89=; VII 16 §§ 12, 13, =90=, =93=; VII 8, 9, 10, =94=; VII 9 § 5, =95=; VII 14, 15, =95=; VII 2 §§ 3-7, =97=; VII 10 § 14, =97=; VII 6 §§ 1-5, =99=; VII 15 §§ 1-6, =100=; VII 12 §§ 3-6, =101=; VII 10 § 13, =162=; VIII 4, =95=, =100=, =101=; VIII 6 §§ 3-8, =98=; VIII 3 § 7, =100=; Rhetoric I 13 § 2, =35=; I 9 § 27, =99=; I 12 § 25, =102=; II 4 § 9, =102=; III 8 § 1, =97=

=Arrian=, Indica 10 §§ 8, 9, =123=, =210=

=Athenaeus=, 149 d, =50=; 263, 267 e-270 a, =62=; 272 a, 264 c, =123=; 276 b, =245=; 264 d, =442=

=Attic Comedy=, 61-5, =121=

=Augustin=, de civitate Dei X 1, =393=

=Caesar= bell Afr 32, 35, 56, =275=; 9, 40, 65, =412=; bell civ I 34, 56, =14=, =183=, =254=; bell Gall IV 1, VI 22, =291=

=Calpurnius=, IV 118, =249=; IV 25-6, =265=

=Cato= de agri cultura 5 § 4, =140=, =173=; 2 § 7, =158=, =167=; 5 § 2, =159=; 3 § 1, =166=; 4, =166=, =170=; praef =166=, =167=; 16, 136-7, 146, =166=; 147, =166=; 56-7, =166=, =172=, =186=; 10 § 1, 11 § 1, =167=, =172=; 1 § 4, =167=; 1 § 3, =170=; 2 § 1, =170=; 5, 83, 143, =170=; 13 § 1, =171=; 64 § 1, =171=; 66, =171=; 144-5, =171=; 146, =171=; 149 § 2, =171=; 150, =172=; 66-7, =172=; 16, 38, =172=; 5 § 6, =172=; 14, =172=; 7 § 2, 21 § 5, =173=; 2 §§ 2, 4, =173=; 136, =173=; Remains (ed Jordan) p 77, =164=; 43, =165=, =169=

=Catullus=, XXIII 1, =221=

=Cicero= ad Atticum XIII 9 § 2, =194=, =216=; ad familiares XIII 7, 11, =207=; XVI 16 § 1, =197=; Brutus § 257, =188=; § 85, =192=; § 297, =193=; Catil II § 18, =14=, =155=, =289=; II § 20, =155=; Cato maior § 56, =135=, =137=; de finibus V § 52, =188=; de imperio Pompei § 16, =188=; de lege agraria II § 78, =155=; II § 80-3, =198=; II §§ 84, 88-9, =198=; II § 82, =199=; II § 50, =207=; de legibus III § 30, =201=; de officiis I § 150, =188=, =230=; I § 151, =193=; I § 41, =193=, =230=; II § 89, =154=, =165=; III § 112, =145=; de oratore I §§ 83, 263, =188=, =193=; I § 249, =194=, =264=; II § 40, =188=, =193=; II § 287, =195=; III § 46, =188=, =193=, =227=; de republica III § 16, =157=; V § 5, =186=, =195=; in toga candida, fr 11, =191=; II; in Verrem I § 147, =193=; II § 27, =191=; III § 119, =158=, =196=; III § 66, =191=; III §§ 53-5 and passim, =195=; III § 27, =197=; III § 55, =224=; III § 190, =391=; IV § 112, =191=; IV § 77, =193=; V § 45, =142=; V passim, =191=; paradoxa VI § 46, =190=; Philippics VIII § 32, =196=; pro Caecina §§ 10-19, =190=; § 1, =191=; §§ 58, 63, =193=, =194=; §§ 17, 57, 94, =194=; § 94, =224=; pro Cluentio § 161, =191=; § 163, =193=; §§ 175, 182, =195=, =224=; pro Fonteio §§ 11-13, =274=; pro Murena § 62, =187=; pro Plancio, § 62, =196=; pro Rabirio (perd) §§ 10-17, =196=; pro Roscio comoedo §§ 32, 49, 54, =189=; pro Sex Roscio §§ 39-51, =146-7=, =193=; § 120, =197=; pro Sulla §§ 56-9, =290=; pro Tullio §§ 7-12, 21, =189=; §§ 14-22, =190=; § 17, =190=, =194=, =264=; § 8, =191=; pro Vareno fr 5, =191=; Tusculan disputations I § 34, =188=; III § 77, =188=; V § 104, =188=; V § 34, =193=

=Claudian=, =415-7=

=Codex Justinianus=, IV 65 § 6, =364=; IV 61 § 5, =397=; IX 38, =375=; X 32 § 42, =402=; XI 48 § 13, =340=, =424=, =431=; XI 59 § 1, =387=; XI 48 §§ 2, 4, =393=; XI 48 § 7, =394=; XI 50 §§ 1, 2, =394=; XI 55 § 2, =397=; XI 48 § 1, =398=; XI 54, =400=, =425=; XI 64 § 2, 48 § 16, =425=; XII 33 § 6, =396=

=Codex Theodosianus=, II 4 §§ 5, 6, =424=; III 1 § 2, =425=; IV 13 §§ 2, 3, =395=, =397=; V 17, 18 [= 9, 10 Gothofr], =340=; V 11 §§ 8, 12, 14 § 30, =349=, =357=; V 14 § 34, =351=; V 17 §§ 1, 2, =386=, =393=, =425=; V 17 § 2, =402=; V 18 , =424=, =425=, =431=; VI 26 § 14, =396=; VII 13 §§ 7, 8, 12, =395=, =396=; VII 13 § 7, =396=; VII 18 § 10, =396=; VII 13 § 3, =418=; VII 1 § 12, =423=; VII 20 § 7, =423=; VII 22, 1 § 8, =423=; VIII 5, =391=, =423=; VIII 2 § 3, =396=; IX 32 § 1, =375=; IX 30 § 3, =418=; X 3 § 4, =351=; X 3, =400=; X 10 § 25, =416=; XI 1 § 28, =293=; XI 1 § 4, =351=, =404=; XI 2 §§ 1-5, =388=; XI 1 § 14, =390=, =393=; XI 28, =390=, =410=; XI 1 §§ 11, 21, 22, =391=; XI 16 §§ 3, 4, =391=, =398=; XI 16, =393=; XI 1 § 12, =394=; XI 3 § 2, =394=; XI 7-10, 16 § 10, =395=; XI 11, =395=, =397=; XI 8, =397=; XI 16 §§ 14, 15, 18, =396=, =414=; XI 16 § 10, 17 §§ 2-4, =397=; XI 24, =400=, =425=; XI 24 § 2, =402=; XI 16 § 15, =410=; XI 1 § 36, =411=; XI 6, =411=; XI 1 § 26, 3 §§ 1-5, =425=; XI 3 § 3, =425=; XI 1 § 26, =426=; XII 1 § 45, =293=; XII 19, =340=; XII 1 § 128, =402=; XII 1 § 169, =411=; XIII 5, =391=; XIII 10 § 1, =391=; XIII 10 § 3, =393=; XIV 4 § 4, =391=; XIV 18, =392=; XIV 24, =408=; XVI 5 § 48, =392=; XVI 5 § 54, =405=

=Columella=, I 4 § 2, =139=; I praef §§ 3, 12, 13, 20, =160=; I 3 § 12, =161=, =233=; I 7, =161=, =224=, =233=, =252=, =355=; I 9 § 4, =172=, =186=, =300=; I 3 §§ 6, 7, =248=; I praef §§ 12, 13-15, =251=, =256=; I 1 § 20, =251=; I 3 §§ 6, 7, 8-13, =251=; I 5 § 5, =253=; I 4 §§ 4, 5, =258=; I 8, =258=; I 8 §§ 1-3, =258=; I 8 §§ 3, 4, =258=; I 8 § 5, =258=; I 8 § 6, =258=; I 8 § 8, =258=; I 8 § 9, =258=; I 8 § 10, =259=; I 8 § 11, =259=; I 8 § 12, =259=; I 8 § 13, =259=; I 8 §§ 13-4, =259=; I 8 § 15, =260=; I 8 § 16, =260=; I 8 §§ 17-8, =260=; I 8 § 19, =260=; I 9 §§ 1-6, =261=; I 9 §§ 7, 8, =261=; I 4 § 7, =262=; I 6 § 3, =262=; I 3 § 12, =263=; I 6 § 19, =263=; I 8 § 5, 7 § 7, =263=; I 6 § 7, =264=; I 6 § 23, =264=; I praef §§ 1, 2, =265=; I 3 § 9, =265=; I praef § 12, =267=; I praef § 17, =267=; I 2 § 3, =267=; I 3 §§ 3, 4, =267=; I 4 § 4, =267=; I 5 §§ 6, 7, =267=; I 6 §§ 9-17, =267=; I 6 §§ 7, 8, =355=; II 2 § 12, =256=; II 1, =265=; II 9 §§ 14, 16, =266=; II 6 § 2, 9 § 13, =267=; II 13 § 7, =267=; II 20 § 6, =267=; II 21 § 10, =267=; III 3 § 11, =205=, =358=; III 21 § 10, =256=, =265=; III 13 §§ 12, 13, =264=; III 3 § 4, =265=; III 3 § 8, =265=; IV 6 § 3, =256=; IV 3 § 1, =262=; IV 3 § 6, =265=; VI praef §§ 3-5, =154=, =165=, =266=; VI praef §§ 1, 2, =184=; VI praef § 7, =229=; VI 2 § 15, 3 § 3, =261=; VI praef § 4, =263=; VIII 11 § 2, 12, 15 § 7, =262=; VIII 2 § 7, =263=; VIII 10 §§ 3, 4, =266=; XI 1 § 18, =161=, =262=; XI 1, =258=; XI 1 §§ 3, 4, 7, =258=; XI 1 §§ 9-13, =258=; XI 1 §§ 13, 19, =258=; XI 1 §§ 20-1, =258=; XI 1 § 21, =258=; XI 1 §§ 22-3, =258=; XI 1 § 23, =258=; XI 1 §§ 4 foll, =259=, =260=; XI 1 § 23, =259=; XI 1 § 24, =259=; XI 1 §§ 25-6, =259=; XI 1 §§ 27-30, =259=; XI 1 § 22, =260=; XI 1 §§ 8, 9, =261=; XI 1 § 22, =262=; XI 1 § 12, =267=; XII praef §§ 8-10, =160=, =251=; XII 1 § 6, 3 §§ 7, 8, =161=; XII 1 §§ 1, 2, =258=; XII 1 § 6, 3 §§ 7, 8, =262=; XII 3, praef § 9, =262=; XII 3 § 6, =263=

=Deinarchus=, p 99, =96=

=Demosthenes= (cited by marginal pages) Androtion 613, =107=; Aphobus 816, =106=; Aristocrates 668, =108=; Callicles 1274 etc, =108=; Crown 239, =106=; 242, =109=; 314, =111=; Embassy 376, 386, 426, 442, =106=; 376, =107=; 401-2, =112=; Eubulides 1319, =109=; 1318, =111=; 1313, =111=; Euergus and Mnesibulus 1155 etc, =109=; For Phormio 945, =106=; Lacritus 933, =107=; Leptines 466-7, =104=; Midias 568, =107=; 530 etc, =112=; Nausimachus 986, =106=; Nicostratus 1253 etc, =108=; Olynthiacs 17, =104=, =111=; Pantaenetus 979, =108=; Phaenippus 1040-1, =106=, =111=; 1044-5, =111=; Polycles 1207-8, =105=; Timotheus 1187, =109=; 1199 etc, =110=

=Digest=, I 19 § 3¹, =347=, =357=; I 5 § 17, =389=; II 14 § 42, =350=, =378=; VI 3 §§ 1, 2, 3, =376=; VII 8 §§ 10⁴, 11, =363=; VII 1 § 41, =365=; VII 1 § 13, =366=; VII 1 § 13⁴, =366=; VII 4 §§ 8, 10, =366=; VII 1 §§ 25, 26, =370=; VII 7 § 3, =370=; VII 1 § 27³, =374=; VIII 6 § 7, =293=; VIII 6 § 20, =371=; VIII 3, =373=; IX 2 § 27¹⁴, =363=; IX 2 § 27⁹,¹¹, =368=; XI 4 § 1¹, =375=; XII 1 § 4¹, =321=; XII 2 § 28⁶, =364=, =366=; XII 6 § 55, =370=; XIII 7 § 25, =365=; XIII 4 § 3, =375=; XV 3 § 16, =368=, =450=; XVII 2 § 46, =363=; XVIII 1 § 35⁸, =372=; XIX 2 § 24³, =252=; XIX 2 §§ 24, 25³, =254=; XIX 2 § 24, =321=; XIX 2 § 3, =344=; XIX 2 § 19², =344=, =364=, =365=; XIX 2 §§ 15³, 24², 25², 51ᵖʳ, 54¹, =351=, =363=; XIX 2 §§ 15⁴, 25⁶, =356=; XIX 2 §§ 15¹,²,⁸, 25⁶, =363=; XIX 2 § 54ᵖʳ, =363=; XIX 2 §§ 9²,³, 23, 51ᵖʳ, =363=; XIX 2 § 52, =363=; XIX 2 §§ 15⁸, 24⁴, 25¹, =363=; XIX 2 § 15²,⁵, =363=; XIX 2 § 25⁶, =363=; XIX 2 § 60⁵, =363=; XIX 2 § 24¹, =364=; XIX 2 § 54¹, =364=; XIX 2 §§ 13¹¹, 14, =364=; XIX 2 §§ 3, 54², =364=; XIX 2 § 25³, =364=; XIX 2 §§ 19³, 25⁶, =365=; XIX 2 § 15, =365=; XIX 2 § 2ᵖʳ, =365=; XIX 2 §§ 25⁵, 29, =366=; XIX 2 §§ 55¹, 61ᵖʳ, =366=; XIX 1 § 49, =367=; XIX 2 § 30⁴, =368=; XIX 2 § 60⁷, =370=; XIX 2 § 25⁴, =372=; XIX 2 §§ 9³, 15, =374=; XIX 2 § 15², =374=; XIX 1 § 13⁶, 2 § 53, =376=; XIX 2 § 49, =377=; XIX 1 § 13⁶, =382=; XIX 2 §§ 13⁷, 15², =405=; XX 2 §§ 4, 7, =320=; XX 1 § 21ᵖʳ, =363=; XX 6 § 14, =363=; XX 1 § 32, =367=; XXI 1 § 32, =368=; XXVII 9 § 13ᵖʳ, =365=; XXVIII 5 § 35³, =368=; XXX § 112ᵖʳ, =360=; XXX § 39¹⁰, =377=; XXXI § 86¹, =256=, =365=; XXXII 1 § 99, =307=, =369=, =435=; XXXII § 91¹, =344=, =366=; XXXII §§ 91¹, 93², 101¹, =364=; XXXII § 41⁵, =367=; XXXII §§ 60³, 68³, =368=; XXXII §§ 41⁵, 91ᵖʳ,¹, =368=; XXXII §§ 91ᵖʳ, 97, =368=; XXXII § 97, =369=; XXXIII 7 § 12⁴, =250=; XXXIII 7 § 25¹, =254=, =369=; XXXIII 7 § 19, =255=; XXXIII 7 §§ 18⁴, 20¹, =257=, =365=, =367=, =371=; XXXIII 7 § 8ᵖʳ, =261=; XXXIII 7 §§ 12³, 20¹,³, =299=, =369=; XXXIII 7 § 12⁷,³³, =300=; XXXIII 7 § 20⁴, =300=; XXXIII 7 § 12¹²,¹³, =307=, =369=; XXXIII 7 § 15², =311=; XXXIII 7, =344=; XXXIII 4 § 1¹⁵, =363=; XXXIII 7 §§ 4, 15², 18⁴, 20¹, =364=; XXXIII 7 § 24, =365=; XXXIII 7 § 12³, 8 § 23³, =368=, =450=; XXXIII 7 §§ 12³⁸, 20³,⁴, 22¹, =368=; XXXIII 7 § 20, =368=; XXXIII 8 §§ 6ᵖʳ, 8ᵖʳ, =369=; XXXIII 2 § 28, =382=; XXXIII 7 § 25¹, =435=; XXXIV 3 §§ 16, 18, =364=; XXXIV 4 § 31ᵖʳ, =367=; XXXIV 1 § 18³, 3 § 12, =368=; XXXIX 4 § 12², =160=; XXXIX 6 § 3, =330=; XXXIX 3 §§ 4²,³, 5, =366=; XXXIX 4 § 11¹,⁵, =376=; XL 7 § 40⁵, =299=, =364=; XL 7 § 40⁶, =367=; XL 7 § 40ᵖʳ,⁴,⁵, =368=; XL 7 § 14ᵖʳ, =371=; XLI 3 § 33¹, =350=, =373=; XLI 2 § 30⁶, =364=; XLI 1 § 44, =372=; XLI 2 §§ 3⁸,¹², 25¹, =373=; XLI 1 § 7¹⁻⁶, =374=; XLIII 24 § 15¹, =264=; XLIII 20 §§ 2, 5, =293=; XLIII 20 § 1³⁹⁻⁴³, =294=; XLIII 32, 33, =363=; XLIII 16 § 20, =364=; XLIII 24 § 13⁶, =366=; XLIII 16 § 1²⁰, 24 § 3ᵖʳ, =371=; XLIII 24 § 5¹¹, =371=; XLIII 16, =373=; XLIII 9 § 1, =376=; XLIII 8 § 2⁴, =377=; XLIV 7 § 34², =363=; XLV 1 § 89, =363=; XLV 3 § 18³, =371=; XLVII 12, =312=; XLVII 2 §§ 52⁸, 62⁸, 83¹, 10 § 5⁴, =363=; XLVII 2 § 68⁵, =363=; XLVII 2 § 26¹, =365=, =367=; XLVII 2 §§ 26¹, 62³, 7 § 9, =366=; XLVII 14, =372=; XLVII 21 § 2, =372=; XLVII 9 §§ 3³, 16, =375=; XLVII 11 §§ 9, 10, =375=; XLVIII 19 § 16⁷, =372=; XLVIII 22 § 1, =378=; XLIX 14 § 47¹, =347=, =377=; XLIX 14 § 50, =350=, =363=; XLIX 16 § 5², =372=; XLIX 14 § 3⁶, =376=; XLIX 14, =378=; XLIX 14 § 3¹⁰, =378=; XLIX 14 §§ 47, 50, =378=; L 6 § 6¹¹, =347=, =377=; L 15 § 4⁸, =360=; L 16 § 198, =366=; L 11 § 2, =375=; L 8 § 2¹, =376=; L 16 § 219, =376=; L 1 § 38¹, =377=; L 4 § 4, =377=, =451=; L 5 §§ 10, 11, =378=; L 5 § 1², =392=; L 15 §§ 3, 4, =420=; L 1 § 38⁶, 2 § 1, 4 § 14⁶, =451=

=Diodorus=, I 28, 73-4, =29=; II 39, =123=; II 40-1, =210=; V 38 § 1, =2=; XVIII 18, =120=; XVIII 70 § 1, =129=; XX 84, 100, =122=; XXXIV 2 § 26, =162=; XXXIV 2 § 48, =198=; XXXVI =162=; XXXVI 5 § 6, =198=

=Dion Cassius=, Fragm 40 § 27, =139=; XLIII 4 § 2, =275=; XLVIII 6 § 3, =240=; LII 27-8, =225=; LXXVI 10, =342=; LXXVII 9 § 5, =389=

=Dion Chrysostom=, orat VII =300-3=; X =302=; XIV =302=; XV 15, =302=

=Dionysius=, Rom Ant I 36-7, =232=; II 28, cf 8, 9, =210=; III 31, =144=; IV 9, 13, =144=; VI 3, =136=; VI 79, =144=; X 8, 17, =135=; XVII [XVIII] 4, =147=; XIX 15, =138=

=Euripides= Alcestis 2, 6, =35=; Cyclops 76 foll, 23-4, =35=; Electra 37-8, 375-6, =33=; 35-9, 73-4, 75-6, 78-81, 203-4, 252, =35=; 360, 394, =36=; Heraclidae 639, 788-9, 890, =37=; Herc Fur 1341-6, =35=; Orestes 918-20, =36=, =102=; Phoenissae 405, =33=; Rhesus 74-5, 176, =37=; Suppl 870, =30=; 420-2, =36=; fragments =33=, =34=, =36=, =37=

=Festus=, p 306 (Lindsay), =137=

=Florus=, II 7 § 3, =207=

=Fragmenta Historicorum Graecorum=, (FHG), =121=

=Frontinus=, de aquis passim, =294-6=

=Fronto= (Naber), p 29, =284=; 169, =323=; 144, =327=; 35, =330=

=Gellius=, II 18, =327=; III 3, =327=; V 3, =327=; XV 4, =327=; XX 1 § 47, =435=

=Herodian=, II 4 § 6, =337=; VII 4 §§ 3-6, =341=

=Herodotus=, II 141, 164-7, 168, =28=, =29=, =210=; IV 72, =30=; IV 137, =30=; VI 137, =30=; VII 102, =29=; VIII 26, 105-6, =28=, =29=; VIII 68, =28=; VIII 51, =29=; VIII 137, =29=; VIII 142, =30=; VIII 4, 41, 44, 106, =30=; IX 11, 53, 55, =28=

=Hesiod=, Works, =22-4=

=Hipponax=, =25=

=Historia Augusta= Alexander 55 §§ 2, 3, =338=; Antoninus Pius 12 § 3, =378=; Aurelian 48 § 2, =337=; 39 § 7, =338=; Claudius (Gothicus) 9 §§ 4, 5, =337=; Commodus 17 §§ 7, 8, =347=; Gallienus 9 § 5, =338=; Hadrian 18, =160=, =233=; 7 § 5, =378=; 22 § 6, =418=; M Aurelius 11 § 7, =273=; 21 §§ 6, 7, =324=; Maximin 13 § 4, 14 § 1, =341=; Probus 16 § 6, =337=; 18 §§ 1, 2, =338=; Severus 14 § 2, =378=

=Homeric Poems= Iliad =16-17=; Odyssey =17-22=

=Horace= Epistles I 12, =207=; I 14, =215=; I 7, =234=; I 15, 45-6, =235=; I 14, 39, =236=; I 16, 69-72, =236=; I 1, 21, =254=; I 18, 36, =295=; II 1, 139-40, =213=; II 2, 177-8, =214=; II 2, 184-6, =236=; Epodes II 3, =214=; II 39 foll, =214=; II =230=; IV =201=, =236=; IV 13, =214=; Odes I 12, =213=; I 1, =214=; I 35, =214=; I 1, =215=; II 15, =200=, =213=; II 15, 18, =213=; II 3, =214=; II 14, =214=; II 16, =214=; III 6, =200=, =213=; III 1, 4, 5, 16, =214=; III 16, =214=; III 2, =215=; III 4, 37-8, =215=, =236=; III 18, =227=; IV 5, 15, =200=, =232=; Satires I 5 77 foll, =214=; I 3, 99 foll, =236=; I 1, 28, 32, =237=; II 6, 6-15, =213=; II 7, 23, =213=; II 2, 115, =214=, =235=; II 6, 55-6, =215=, =236=; II 2, =234=; II 6, =235=; II 7, 118, =235=

=Hybrias=, =25=

=Hyperides=, fragm =109=, =111=

=Inscriptions= CIL I 1034, 1076, 1386, =137=; I 551, =191=; VIII 15454, =275=; VIII 18587, =293=; VIII 14428, =348=; VIII 8425, 8426, 8702, 8777, =357=; Bruns fontes =143=, =175=; Collitz =126=; Dessau 7822-3, =137=; 1334, =275=; 6790, =275=; Dittenberger =126=, =343=, =374=; General reference =312=; Girard, Textes ed 4, =272=, =343=, =389=; Mommsen =374=; monumentum Ancyranum =177=, =237=; Wilmanns =191=, =296=, =408=; Wordsworth, specimens =143=, =175=, =191=

=Isaeus= (cited by speeches and sections), V § 39, =85=; VI §§ 19-22, =82=; VI § 33, =84=; VIII § 42, p 73, =47=, =83=; VIII § 35, =82=; XI §§ 41-4, =82=; fragment =84=

=Isocrates= (cited by marginal pages in Baiter and Sauppe) Archidamus passim =84=; Areopagiticus 150, =82=; 148, =83=; 150-1, 156, =83=; Busiris 224-5, =29=, =72=; de bigis 349, =81=; de pace 173, 185, =70=; 170, =71=; 178-80, =72=; 183, =82=; 164, =83=; 177, =83=, =84=; Helen 218, =72=; Panathenaicus 271, =75=; 270, =82=; 235, 241, =83=; Panegyricus, 46, =81=; 47-8, =83=; 67-8, =83=; 50, =113=; Philippus 91-2, =82=; Plataicus 306, =85=; Trapeziticus 370, =81=

=Itineraries=, =293=

=Julian=, orat VII =419=

=Jurists= (separately cited) Gaius I 42-7, =333=; II 7, 21, =293=, =351=; III 145, =255=, =376=; III 142, =365=; Paulus sent I 6 a § 5, =375=; III 6 §§ 38, 40, =300=; V 3 § 4, =375=; Fragmentum Vaticanum § 13, =367=

=Juvenal=, I 107-8, =59=, =315=; I 75, =366=; II 73-4, =313=; III 58 foll, =271=; III 223-9, =313=, =316=; IV 25-6, =307=; VI 1-18, =313=; VI 287-95, =313=; VI 149-52, =315=; VII 188-9, =314=; VII 148-9, =328=; VIII 245 foll, =313=; IX 55, =249=; IX 54-5, =314=; IX 59-62, =314=, =315=; X 268-70, =167=; X 356-66, =314=, =316=; X 225-6, =315=; X 19-22, =323=; XI 70-1, =309=; XI 86-9, =313=; XI 77-131, =313=; XI 151 foll, =315=; XI 77-81, =317=; XIV 267-302, =309=; XIV 161-71, =312=; XIV 70-2, =313=; XIV 159-63, =313=; XIV 179-81, =313=; XIV 86-95, 140 foll, 274-5, =315=; XIV 140-55, =315=; XIV 24, =334=; XV 147-58, =313=; XVI 32-4, =313=; XVI 36-9, =315=

=Lactantius=, de mort persecutorum 23 § 5, =389=; 7 § 3, =393=; 22-3, =420=

=Libanius=, XXIV 16, =395=; XLVII passim =400-2=; L 36, =400=

=Livy=, II 23 etc, =133=; II 22 §§ 5-7, =137=; III 13 §§ 8-10, =135=; III 26, =135=; III 27 § 1, =135=; VI 12 § 5, =147=, =156=; VI 12, =239=; VII 4, 5, =145=; VII 25 § 8, =147=, =156=; VII 25, =239=; VIII 20 § 4, =144=; IX 44, =147=; X 4 § 9, =28=; X 36 § 17, =136=; X 26 § 15, 32 § 1, 37, 46 § 16, =147=; XI epit, =148=; XVIII epit, =139=; XXI 63 §§ 3, 4, =142=; XXII 57 § 11, =142=; XXIII 32 § 15, =141=; XXIII 49 §§ 1-4, =142=; XXIV 18 § 11, =142=; XXV 1 § 4, =141=; XXV 1 § 4, 3 § 8-4 § 11, =142=; XXVI 35 § 5, =141=; XXVI 36, =142=; XXVIII 11 § 9, =141=; XXIX 16 §§ 1-3, =143=; XXXI 13, =143=; XXXIII 42 § 3, =143=; XXXIII 36 § 1, =162=; XXXIV 51 §§ 4-6, =127=; XXXIV 50, =129=; XXXIX 29 §§ 8, 9, 41 § 6, =162=; XLV 18 § 3, =207=

=Lucan=, I 158-82, =248=; II 95, =334=; VI 152, =249=; VII 402, =227=; VII 387-439, =248=

=Lucian=, Timon 7, 8, =64=

=Lucretius=, III 1053-75, =201=

=Lycurgus=, p 151, =104=

=Lysias=, Or XXII =81=; p 92, =82=; pp 108-9, =82=, =84=

=Macrobius=, (sat) I 11 § 22, =240=

=Martial=, I 55, =306=, =312=; I 85, =312=; I 101, =318=; II 11, =307=; III 47, =306=, =309=; III 58, =309=; III 46, =317=; IV 66, =307=; V 4, =232=; V 35, =309=; VI 73, =308=; VI 29, =318=; VII 31, =306=, =307=, =309=; VII 80, =310=; VII 36, =312=; VIII 61, =306=; IX 18, 97, =306=; IX 2, =308=; IX 35, =309=; IX 92, =317=; X 48, =306=, =312=; X 87, =307=; X 92, =308=; X 14, =309=; X 30, =311=; X 61, =312=; X 85, =312=; X 92, =312=; X 47, =317=; XI 70, =158=, =167=; XI 34, =312=; XI 48, =312=; XII 72, =306=; XII 59, =307=; XII 57, =308=; XIV 49, =317=

=Menander=, =63-4=, =124=

=Musonius= (in Stobaeus), =277=

=New Testament Writers= Matt 21 §§ 28-30, =303=; 21 §§ 33-41, =303=; 20 §§ 1-16, =304=; 6 § 12, =305=; 25 §§ 14-30, =305=; Mar 12 §§ 1-9, =303=; Luk 20 §§ 9-16, =303=; 12 §§ 16-9, =304=; 12 §§ 42-8, =304=; 16 §§ 1-12, =304=; 7 § 41, 16 § 5, =305=; 19 §§ 12-26, =305=; Acts 1 § 18, 4 §§ 34-7, =305=; Rom 4 § 4, =304=; I Cor 9 §§ 7-10, =303=; 4 § 2, =304=; Ephes 6 §§ 5 foll, =323=; Coloss 3 §§ 22 foll, =323=; I Tim 5 § 18, =303=; II Tim 2 § 6, =303=; I Pet 2 §§ 18 foll, =323=; James 5 § 4, =304=

=Nonius=, p 66 Müller, =173=

The ‘=Old Oligarch=’, 1 §§ 3, 5, 10, 11, 12, =38=; 1 §§ 17, 19, =39=; 2 § 14, =39=

=Ovid= fasti I 207, III 779-82, IV 693-4, =218=; metam I 135-6, =218=

=Palladius=, I 8, 11, 24, 33, =366=; VII 2, =398=

=Panegyrici Latini=, V 18, =338=; VIII 11, =390=

=Pausanias=, VIII 24 § 13, X 24 § 1, =278=

=Persius=, IV 26, =249=

=Petronius=, 37, 53, =249=; 77, =251=

=Phaedrus=, IV 5, II 8, =243=

=Phocylides=, =25=

=Plato= (cited by marginal pages) Laws 630 b, =71=; 697 e, =71=; 850, =71=; 736 c, =72=; 936 c, =72=; 744 e, =72=, =76=; 741, =73=; 737 foll, =76=; 754, =76=; 756, =76=; 919 d, =76=; 922 a-924 a, =76=; 705, =77=; 720, =77=, =79=; 742, =77=, =78=; 745 c-e, =77=; 760 e, =77=; 763 a, =77=; 777 c, =77=; 777 d-778 a, =77=; 793 e, =77=; 806 d, =77=; 832 d, =77=; 838 d, =77=; 842 c-e, =77=; 846 d-847 b, =77=; 865 c, d, =77=; 936 c-e, =77=; 690 b, =78=; 776-7, =78=; 747 c, =79=; 762 e, =79=; 823, =79=; 840 e, =79=; 886 a, =79=; 887 e, =79=; 914-5, =80=; 932 d, =80=; 777 d, =162=; Menexenus 237 e, =81=; Politicus 293-7, =76=; 262 d, =78=; 289-90, =78=; Republic 565 a, b, =71=, =72=, =76=, =102=; 421 e, =72=; 416 d, e, =73=; 417, =73=; 421 d, =73=; 464 c, =73=; 469-71, =73=; 495 d, =73=; 522 b, =73=; 540 e-541 a, =73=; 543 b, =73=; 590 c, =73=; 374 c, d, =74=; 433-4, =74=; 468 a, =74=; 369 b-373 c, =75=; 463 b, =75=; 547 b foll, =76=; 550-2, =76=; 406, =77=; 371, =78=, =375=; 578-9, =78=; 344 b, =79=; 423 b, 435 e-436 a, =79=; 544 d, =79=; 452 c, =79=; 467 a, =79=; 495 e, =80=; Timaeus 24, =29=

=Plautus= Casina 97 foll, =124=; Mercator 65 foll, =124=; passim, =124=; Mostellaria 1-83, =124=; Poenulus 170-1, =124=; 944-5, =124=; Stichus, title, =137=; Trinummus 508-61, =125=; Vidularia 21-55, =125=; 31-2, =125=

=Pliny= (elder) nat hist VIII 180, =229=, =282=, =286=; XIV 48-50, =160=, =265=, =284=; XVIII 20, =135=; XVIII 27-8, =139=, =282=; XVIII 39, =140=; XVIII 35, =151=, =168=, =281=, =282=, =309=; XVIII 29, 30, =154=, =165=; XVIII 41-3, =160=; XVIII 273-4, =160=, =284=; XVIII 32, =166=, =282=; XVIII 1-5, =281=; XVIII 7, 18, 20, =281=; XVIII 19, 21, 36, =281=; XVIII 37-8, =282=; XVIII 11, 26, =283=, =286=; XVIII 12, =283=; XVIII 15 foll, 17, =283=; XVIII 24, =283=; XVIII 174, =284=; XVIII 178, =284=; XVIII 36, =285=; XVIII 38, =286=; XVIII 120, =286=; XVIII 167, =286=; XVIII 170, =286=; XVIII 70, =287=; XVIII 259, =291=; XVIII 296, =398=; XIX 50-1, =231=, =283=; XIX 60, =282=; XXXIII 26-7, =285=; XXXVII 201-3, =239=, =285=

=Pliny= (younger) epistles I 24, =217=; I 6, =405=; II 4 § 3, =320=; III 19 § 5, =169=; III 19 § 7, =220=; III 19, =233=, =319=; III 19 § 2, =251=, =264=; III 19 § 6, =255=; III 11, =276=; III 19 § 7, =344=; IV 10, =318=; IV 6, =320=; V 14 § 8, =320=; V 6 § 12, =322=; V 6 § 46 =405=; VI 19, =274=, =319=; VI 3, =318=; VI 25, =322=; VII 18, =296=, =324=; VII 11, 14, =318=; VII 16, 32, =318=; VII 30 § 3, =320=; VIII 17, =312=; VIII 16, =318=; VIII 15, =320=; VIII 2, =322=; VIII 17, =322=; IX 37, =233=, =319=; IX 28, =320=; IX 36 § 6, =320=; IX 37 § 2, =320=, =321=; IX 16, =321=; IX 20 § 2, =321=; IX 37, =321=; IX 37 § 3, =365=; X 8 § 5, =320=, =321=; X 29, 30, =324=; X 86 B, =313=; Panegyricus 42, =244=; 26-8, =273=; 36, =319=; 29, =382=

=Plutarch= apophthegmata =127=; Aratus 14, 25, 27, 36, 39, 40, =112=; 24, =117=; 5-8, =128=; 9, 12, 14, =128=; Cato maior 27, =164=; 23, =164=; 4, =165=, =169=; 3-5, 20-1, =165=; 24, =167=, =243=; 5, =167=; 21, =168=, =169=; 25, =169=; 20, =169=; C Gracchus 7, =267=; Cleomenes 18, =120=; de defectu oraculorum 8, =300=; de garrulitate 18, =117=; Dion 27, 37, 48, =128=; Flamininus 13, =129=; Philopoemen 7, 15, =112=; 8, =117=; 13, =120=; 3, 4, =128=; Phocion 28, =120=; Timoleon 23, 36, =128=

=Polybius=, I 31 § 4, =140=; II 62, =120=, =122=; IV 63, =118=; IV 66, =118=; IV 75, =118=, =122=; IV 73, =120=, =122=; IV 3, =121=; IV 20, 21, =122=; IV 38, =122=; V 1, 3, 19, =118=; V 89, =118=; IX 17, =121=; X 42, =118=; XII 6, =123=; XVI 24, =118=; XVIII 20, =118=; XX 6, =121=; XXI 6, =118=; XXI 34, 36, 43, 45, =118=; XXIII 1 § 11, =122=; XXV 4, =118=; XXVIII 2, =118=; XXXII 13 §§ 10, 11, =169=; XXXIX 8 §§ 1-5, =129=

=Quintilian=, I 4 § 26, =137=; VI 3 § 20, =229=; X 1 §§ 46-131, =268=

=Rutilius=, de reditu I 214, =332=; I 527, 615, =412=

=Sallust= Catil 4 § 1, =12=, =146=, =199=; 44 §§ 5, 6, 56 § 5, =162=; 37 § 7, =199=; Iug 41 § 8, =144=, =248=; 73 § 6, =175=, =199=; 21, 26, 47, =274=; hist fragm =137=

=Salvian=, de gubernatione Dei V §§ 34-50, =424=; V § 18, =425=

=Scholia=, =238=

=Seneca= (elder), controvers II 1 §§ 5, 26, =242=; V 5, =242=; VI 2, =242=; VII 6 § 17, =167=, =243=; VII 6 § 18, =242=; X 4 § 18, =160=, =232=, =243=

=Seneca= (younger) ad Helviam 12 § 5, =139=; 7 § 7, =270=, =349=; 6 §§ 2, 3, =271=; de beneficiis III 22 § 1, =245=; III 26, =244=; V 18 § 2, 19 § 1, =244=; V 19 § 9, =245=; VI 4 § 4, =246=; VII 4 § 4, =244=; VII 5 §§ 2, 3, =247=; de clementia I 18, =244=; de constantia 5 § 1, =245=; de ira III 29 § 1, =248=; de vita beata 17 § 2, =249=; Epistles 87 § 7, 89 § 20, =207=, =248=; 47 § 14, 86 § 14, =216=; 86 § 15, =241=; 77 § 7, =244=; 12 § 3, =245=; 47 § 14, =245=; 65 § 6, =245=; 88 § 21, =245=; 90 § 27, =245=; 90 § 15, =246=; 44 § 3, =246=, =327=; 114 § 26, =246=; 123 § 2, =246=; 90 § 39, =248=, =315=; nat quaest I 16 § 1, =244=

=Sidonius Apollinaris= epist I 6, =429=; I 10, =427=; II 2, 9, 14, =427=, =429=; II 9 § 2, =429=; II 14, =429=; III 1, 5, =428=; III 9, =429=; IV 24, =427=, =429=, =430=; IV 9 § 1, =429=; IV 24 § 2, =429=; V 19, =423=, =430=; VI 10, 12, =428=; VII 12 § 3, =427=; VII 14 §§ 11, 16, =429=; VII 15, =429=; VIII 4, =427=, =429=; VIII 8, =429=; VIII 4 § 1, =429=; IX 6, =423=, =430=; carm XXII 121-5, =429=

=Solon=, =24-5=

=Sophocles= Antig 338-40, =33=; OT 763-4, 1029, =33=; Trach 31-3, 52-3, 61-3, =33=; fragments =33=

=Statius=, silvae IV 3, =2=, =272=

=Strabo=, VI 4 § 1, p 286, =232=; VIII 8 § 1, p 388, =120=; XII 3 § 40, p 562, =2=; XIV 1 § 38, p 646, =162=; XV 1 § 40, p 704, § 34, p 701, § 54, p 710, =210=

=Suetonius= Aug 32, Tib 8, =160=, =232=, =324=, =326=; Aug 41, =225=, =289=, =326=; Aug 27, =313=; Aug 16, 21, 24, 42, =326=; Aug 72, =366=; Claud 22, =287=; Claud 25, =326=; Domit 7, 9, 14, =272=, =327=; Gaius 37, =366=; Iul 42, =131=; Iul 26, 28, =325=; Nero 22, =287=; Nero 31, =326=; Reliquiae (Reifferscheid), =240=, =327=; Tib 48, =289=; Vespas 1, =222=, =326=; Vespas 4, =327=

=Sulpicius Severus= dial II 3, =422=; vita S Martini 2 § 5, =423=

=Symmachus= epistles I 5, =404=; II 6, 7, 52, 55, =403=; II 22, 52, =405=; II 7, =407=; III 55, 82, =403=; IV 5 , 18, 21, 54, 68, 74, =403=; IV 74, =407=; V 18, =405=; VI 15 , =403=; VI 82 , =404=; VI 11, =405=; VI 12, =406=; VI 59, , 65, , =407=; VII 18, 38, 66, 68, =403=; VII 56, =404=; VII 38, 66, =405=; VII 126, =406=; VIII 2, =405=; IX 10, 14, 42, 114 , =403=; IX 11, =404=, =406=; IX 47 , =404=, =407=; IX 140, [X 18], =404=; IX 27 , 45 , 49 , =405=; IX 29, 37 , =406=; IX 10, =407=; X 2, 21, =403=; X 6, =404=, =406=; relationes 3 §§ 15-18, 9 § 7, 18, 35, 37, =403=; 9, 18, 37, =403=; 18, =403=; 40, 37, =408=

=Tacitus= Agricola 28, =292=, =310=; 19, =391=; annals II 59, =206=; III 53-5, =163=, =283=, =288=; IV 27, =162=, =288=; IV 6, =288=; IV 4, =396=; VI 16, 17, =288=; XI 23, =274=; XII 65, =242=; XIV 27, =210=; XIV 53, =238=; XVI 13, =287=; Germania 41, =270=; 29, =271=; 26, =291=; 24, =291=; 25, =292=; histories I 11, =206=; III 8, =283=; III 24, =313=

=Terence= Adelphoe 45-6, 95, 401, 517-20, 541-2, 845-9, 949, =125=; Hautontimorumenos 62-74, =125=, =167=; 93-117, =125=; 142-4, =125=, =167=; Hecyra 224-6, =125=; Phormio 362-5, =125=

=Theocritus=, =116-21=

=Theophrastus=, Char IV (XIV), =117=

=Thucydides=, =49-52=

=Tibullus=, II 1 51, 6 25-6, =218=; II 1 41-2, =229=; II 1 23, =235=

=Valerius Maximus=, IV 7, =135=; IV 4 §§ 4, 6, =139=, =243=; IV 3 § 5, 4 § 7, 8 § 1, =243=; VII 5 § 2, =14=, =243=

=Varro= de lingua Latina VII § 105, =269=; de re rustica I 2 § 17, 17 §§ 5, 7, =158=, =183=; I 17 § 2, =161=, =184=, =233=, =253=, =263=, =437=; I 17 §§ 3-6, =162=, =461=; I 2 §§ 3, 6, =178=, =406=; I 4 § 5, =178=; I 6-16, =180=; I 17, =180=, =239=; I 12 § 2, =180=; I 16 § 4, =180=, =184=, =233=; I 18, =180=; I 2 §§ 13 foll, =184=; I 22 § 1, =185=; I 18 §§ 2, 6, =186=; I 2 §§ 1-7, =232=; I 2 § 17, =233=; I 44 § 1, =265=; I 44 § 3, =291=; II praef § 6, =178=; II 1 § 16, =179=; II 3 § 7, =183=; II praef § 5, =184=, =233=; II praef §§ 3, 4, =184=; II 10 §§ 4, 5, =185=; II 2 § 20, 5 § 18, 7 § 16, 10 § 10, =228=; II 3 § 4, =233=; II 5 § 4, =229=; III 2 § 5, =173=, =186=; III 16 §§ 10, 11, =184=, =230=; III 3 § 4, 17 § 6, =185=; saturae =137=

=Vegetius= epit rei milit I 3, II, =417=; I 7, =397=, =417=, =418=; I 5, =418=; I 28, =418=; mulomed I 56 §§ 11-13, =418=; I 56 § 35, =418=

=Velleius=, II 8, =225=

=Vergil= Aeneid passim =220-1=; III 327, =229=; VI 613, =220=; VII 641-817, =220=; VII 331-2, =230=; VIII 408-12, =221=; IX 603-13, =220=; XII 520, =217=, =221=; Bucolics I, II, III, IX, X, passim, =219=; I 40, =229=; II 71-2, =185=; III 101, =228=; VII 4-5, =122=; X 32-3, =122=; Georgics I 266, =185=; I 41, =221=, =230=; I 84 foll, =223=; I ad fin, =226=; I 261, =227=; I 272-3, =227=; I 316-7, =227=; I 494, =227=; I 291-302, =230=; I 507, =230=; I 300, =230=; I 125-8, =232=; I 51-3, =267=, =286=; I 71-83, =291=; II 458-74, =222=; II ad fin, =226=; II 207, =227=; II 264, =227=; II 410, =227=; II 513, =227=; II 529, =228=; II 529-31, =228=; II 406, =230=; II 433, =230=; II 459, =230=; II 412-3, =231=; II 136-76, =232=; II 336-42, =232=; II 532, =232=; II 198, =236=; III 402, =227=, =265=; III 420, =228=; III 455, =228=; III 515-30, =228=; III 549, =228=; III 167-8, =229=; III 41, =238=; IV 278, =228=; IV 125-46, =230=; IV 118, 147-8, =231=; IV 116 foll, =268=; Moretum =231=

=Victor= Caesares 39 § 31, =389=; 13 §§ 5, 6, =391=; de viris illustribus 73 §§ 1, 5, =275=

=Vitruvius=, II 1, =218=

=Xenophon= anab I 2 § 27, =55=; III 2 § 26, =54=; IV 1 §§ 12-14, =10=; IV 1 §§ 12, 13, =55=; IV 8 § 4, =55=; V 3 § 4, =55=; V 6 § 13, =55=; VI 1 §§ 7, 8, =53=; VI 4 § 8, =54=; VII 1 § 36, =55=; VII 2 § 6, =55=; VII 3 § 3, =55=; VII 3 § 48, =55=; VII 7 § 53, =55=; VII 8 §§ 12-19, =55=; Cyrop IV 4 §§ 5-12, =60=; VII 5 §§ 36, 73, =60=; VII 5 § 67, =60=; VIII 1 §§ 43-4, =60=; VIII 3 §§ 36-41, =60=; economicus 3 §§ 1-5, =57=; 5 §§ 15, 16, =57=; 9 § 5, =57=; 12 § 3, =57=; 12 § 19, =57=; 13 § 9, =57=; 20 §§ 22 foll, =57=; 7-9, 12-14, 21, =57=, =58=; 1 § 4, =58=; 4 § 6, =58=; 5 § 4, =58=; 5 § 6, =58=; 11 §§ 9, 10, =58=; 14 §§ 8, 9, =58=; 20 passim, =58=; 21 §§ 9, 10, 12, =59=; hellen I 6 § 14, =55=; II 1 § 1, =53=; VI 2 § 37, =53=; VII 5 § 27, =71=; memor I 1 § 16, =56=; I 2 § 57, =56=; I 5 § 2, =56=; II 7, 8, =55=, =56=; II 7 §§ 7-10, =58=; II 5 § 2, =59=; II 8, =59=, =159=; III 7 § 6, =56=; III 9 §§ 11, 15, =56=; III 13 § 4, =56=; IV 2 §§ 22-31, =56=; res publ Ath [see the ‘old oligarch’]; vectigalia =97=; 4 § 22, =59=; 4 passim, =60=

=Zosimus=, I 71, =338=

IV MODERN AUTHORITIES

Adam J, 76

Ashburner, 462-4

Augé-Laribé M, 385

Barker E, 93

Beauchet, 110

Beloch J, 49, 52, 129, 198

Bernays J, 97, 120

Bernier (ed V A Smith), 204

Blümner H, 134, 233, 253, 299

Böckh-Fränkel, 82

Bouchier, 463

Bruns C G, 143, 175, 354

Bryce, Lord, 89

Buckland W W, 350-1, 363, 369, 376

Bury J B, 416, 450, 456, 464

Cairnes J E, 156

Calderini A, 123-4

Champagny, Comte de, 276

Clerc M, 25

Collitz H, 123, 126

Conington J, 223, 227, 291

Conway R S, 241

Cope E M, 35, 99

Cornford F M, 49

Coulanges F de, 321, 347, 354, 358, 361, 365, 369, 375, 379, 383, 392-3, 396, 420-1, 425, 431, 451, 460

Coulton G G, 438, 466

Croiset A, 122

Cuq E, 345, 356

Dareste, Haussoullier, Th Reinach, 27

Daubeny C, 53, 223, 320

Dill S, 395, 397, 416, 423, 427-8, 429-30

Dirksen H E, 392, 396

Dittenberger W, 126, 343, 374

Ducange C D, 428

Encyclopaedia Biblica, 435

Esmein A, 342, 354, 357, 360-1, 426, 430-1

Fowler W W, 217

Francotte H, 48, 441

Frazer J G, 278

Freeman E A, 120

Friedländer L, 306

Gardthausen V, 237-9

Girard P F, 272, 295, 342-3, 346, 349-51, 354, 373, 389

Glover T R, 227

Godefroi (Gothofredus), 391, 408

Greenidge A H J, 152-3, 173, 175, 189, 205, 207

Grote G, 76

Grundy G B, 48, 51, 66, 69

Hardy E G, 175, 177, 313, 324

Hastings’ Dictionary of the Bible, 435

Heisterbergk B, 178, 205, 342, 358-9, 388

Hill G F, 52

Hirschfeld O, 353-4

Jebb R C, 33

Johnson Clifton, 467

Jordan H, 164-5, 169

Kalinka E, 37, 38

Keightley, 223, 241

King Bolton and Okey T, 13, 457, 465

Krumbacher, 460

Laveleye E de, 75

Linforth J M, 24, 25

Macdonell A, 465

Macgowan J, 204

Madvig J N, 313

Mahaffy J P, 119, 121, 301

Maine H J S, 433, 438

Marquardt, 293

Mayor J E B, 251, 271, 276

Meier-Schömann-Lipsius, 110

Meyer Eduard, 7, 121, 206, 223, 433, 434, 435, 441, 450, 451, 454

Mommsen Th, 126, 152, 167, 206, 237-8, 293, 296-300, 354, 374, 380, 393, 396

Monro C H, 344, 362, 365

Newbigin M L, 467

Newman W L, 65, 67, 68, 85, 98

Nipperdey K, 289

Nissen H, 217, 271

Norden F, 328-35

Pelham H F, 385

Phillips Wendell, 449

Prendergast, 177

Prothero R E, 466

Rapson E J, 210

Rees Sir J D, 210

Reid J S, 274

Richmond, 218

Ritter H and Preller L, 276

Rodway J, 80

Rostowzew M T, 6, 204, 212, 343, 350, 394, 396

Rudorff A, 143

Sandys J E, 11, 91

Schiller H, 272-4, 383, 389, 412, 424

Schneider J G, 263

Schulten A, 345, 347, 351

Schweitzer-Sidler H, 270, 291

Seeck O (ed of Symmachus), 402

Seeck O (History), 339, 340, 345, 348, 360, 386-98, 403, 416, 420-1, 423, 425-6

Seeck O (Schatzungsordnung), 388, 390, 392, 394-5, 410, 421, 431

Seeley J R, 452

Sellar W Y, 226, 228, 232

Shuckburgh E S, 313, 326

Smith V A, 210

Spargo J, 457

Stein H, 30

Storr-Best Ll, 178

The Times, 444, 458

Trench Archbishop, 303-4

Tyrrell and Purser, 207

Vinogradoff P, 254, 356, 360, 365

Wagner J A, 396, 412

Wallon H, 110, 131, 173, 255, 300, 359, 395-6, 416

Weber M, 160, 161, 179, 207, 254, 392, 426, 432

Wescher and Foucart, 123

Whitaker’s Almanack, 444

Wilkins A S, 216

Wordsworth J, 143, 175, 191

Wyse W, 85

Zimmern A E, 38, 441

Zulueta, 401-2

V COUNTRIES, PLACES AND PEOPLES

Achaia, 50, 117-8, 120-1, 129, 309

Aegina, 52

Aetolia, 10, 117, 122, 126

Africa, 207, 246, 281, 283, 293, 309, 328, 333-4, 341-2, 353, 358, 372, 377, 383, 388, 390, 391, 395, 403, 407, 413, 416, 426, 447

Alexandria, 113-4, 118, 225, 309

Antioch, 390, 399 foll

Apollonia, 126

Apulia, 162, 165, 214, 248, 406

Aquinum, 305

Arabia, 375

Aragueni, 347, 374

Arcadia, 9, 29, 50, 117, 121-3

Argos, 26, 29, 50

Ariminum, 405

Armenia, 55

Asia, 162, 180, 323

Asia Minor, 54, 114

Athens and Attica, 8, 9, 11, 25, 29, 30, 31-2, 34, 36, 37-9, 40-7, 49-51, 63-4, 70-1, 76, 81-4, 86, 88, 96, 105-11, 114, 116-7, 120, 282, 302

Bagaudae, 383, 424

Baiae, 309

Bastarnae, 338-9

Bithynia, 324

Boeotia and Thebes, 9, 22, , 101, 103-4, 121

Britain, 292, 325, 412, 426, 429

Brundisium, 162

Bruttium, 192

Byzantium, 55, 122,

Campania, 177, 198, 390, 404, 406

Capua, 198, 408

Carthage, 118, 126, 132, 151, 164, 204, 353, 358

Cephallenia, 118

China, 204, 209

Chios, 51, 53

Cisalpine, Po country, 14, 152, 163, 220, 228, 240, 286,

Constantinople, 388, 403, 408, 416, 460-1

Corcyra, 51, 53, 126, 178

Corinth, 28, 31, 53, 66, 70, 86, 118

Cremona, 141, 152

Crete, 9, 26-7, 101

Dacia, 338

Delphi, 123

Demetrias, 113

Egypt, 20, 28-9, 72, 180, 204, 206-8, 210, 283, 309, 358, 375, 388, 391, 395, 403, 407, 416, 460-2

Elis, 50, 118, 120

Epidamnus, 126

Epirus, 181, 207, 309, 416

Etruria, 14, 27-8, 134, 156, 162, 165, 190-1, 220, 337, 435

Euboea, 52, 300 foll

Euxine, 53-5

Formiae, 311

Franks, 338, 412, 424, 426

Gaul, 325, 383, 390, 398-9, 410 foll, 416, 423 foll, 426-31

Gepidae, 338

Germany and Germans, 270-1, 273, 288, 291-2, 387, 410, 412, 414, 416

Goths, 337, 413-4, 416, 424, 426-7, 428

Greece, Roman, 300 foll, 329-33

Gruthungi, 338, 416

Heraclea Pontica, 29, 436

Huns, 416, 424, 427

Illyria, 126

Illyricum, 180, 416

India, 27, 204, 209-10

Ionia, 25

Isauria, 337

Italy and the Provinces, 163, 203-5, 232, , 271, 283, 288, 308-9, 323, 365, 380-2, 407

Italy becomes Provincial, 272, , 365, 388, 403, 406

Italy, survival of peasantry in upland parts, 14, 163, 182, , , 220, 222, 239, 284-5, 297,

Lamasba, 274, 293

Larisa, 126-7

Lemnos, Imbros, Scyros, 84

Lesbos, 52

Ligures Baebiani, 296

Lucania, 14, 165, 220

Lugudunum, 426-7, 429

Lysimacheia, 113

Macedon, 10, 29, 80-1, 101, 103-5, 117-8, 121-2, 126, 132, 207

Macedonia, 403

Madaura, 328

Mantua, 236

Massalia, 183

Mauretania, 405, 412

Mediolanum, 388

Megalopolis, 117, 120, 122, 129

Megara, 50-1, 66, 82

Messenia, 121

Miletus, 66

Moesia, 338

Narbo, 429

Novum Comum, 281, 322, 324

Oea, 328

Ostia, 309, 405

Patrae, 309

Peiraeus, 38, 46, 79, 88, 90, 96, 100

Persia, 27-8, 54, [60-1], 66, 71, 80, 83, 103, 132, 338

Phoenicians, 20, 435

Picenum, 282

Placentia, 141, 152, 296

Praeneste, 404

Puteoli, 309, 406, 408

Rhineland, 412-3

Rhodes, 114, 118, 122

Roman expansion in Italy, 133-4, 152

Roman history, course of, 10, 11, 200, 203 foll, 211-2, 232, 237-8, 244, 270 foll, 287 foll, 308-9, 313, 323, 336 foll, 379 foll, 386 foll, 415, 426-7, 448-51, 460-4

Rome as political centre, 13, 133, 153, 168, 250, [402-3]

Sabine country, 215-7, 232, 234, 327

Samnium, 135, , 405

Samos, 105

Samothrace, 82

Sardinia, 126, 403

Saxons, 412

Scaptoparene, 346, 374

Scythia, 30, 32

Sicily, 113-4, 126, 162, 175, , 195-8, 204, 207, 246, 405, 447

Sicyon, 128

Slavs, 464

Southern Italy, 190, 388

Spain, 241, 244, 250, 270, 285, 305, 323, 328, 403, 426

Sparta and Laconia, 9, 26, 29, 30, 38, 68-70, 71-2, 75, 82, 86, 95, 100, 103-4, 118, 120, 436

Syracuse, 26-7, 67, 71, 88, 114, 118, 128, 132, 204, 436

Tarracina, 406, 408

Thessaly, 9, 26-7, 83, 86, 101, 116, 126-7, 436

Thrace, 51, 55, 105, 414

Thracian Chersonese, 84, 105

Tibur, 294, 404

Tusculum, 294

Umbria, 327

Vandals, 338, 424

Varia, 215-7

Veleia, 296

Volaterrae, 191

CAMBRIDGE: PRINTED BY J. B. PEACE, I.A., AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS