Part 294

This has been termed by various authors the adductor parvus or brevis.

Footnote 68:

Termed by various authors the adductor magnus or longus.

Footnote 69:

The iliac head is described by some authors as a separate muscle, and termed the pyriformis. This does not seem desirable, especially since it is at least probable that the homologue of the pyriformis of man is that portion of the middle gluteus which is inserted into the back of the trochanteric ridge.

Footnote 70:

The name is based on the arrangement in man, in whom the muscle consists of two fasciculi forming a groove between them for the tendon of the obturator internus. In the horse it is undivided, and is grooved for the obturator tendon, so that at first sight it appears to be double. The gemellus may be regarded as the extrapelvic head of the obturator internus (Gegenbaur).

Footnote 71:

While it is true that the separation of the intermedius is probably never entirely a natural one in the horse, it varies in individual cases, and is usually clear on cross-sections. In some subjects it is possible to separate another slip which may represent the articularis genu of man.

Footnote 72:

It seems inadvisable to retain the old nomenclature, since it is inapplicable to other domesticated animals in which the muscle is well developed (e. g., ox, pig).

Footnote 73:

The soleus may, therefore, be included with the two heads of the gastrocnemius under the name triceps suræ.

Footnote 74:

The origins of these heads are given in the order in which they may be most conveniently dissected, not in order of size and importance.

Footnote 75:

This is probably the homologue of the subclavius of man.

Footnote 76:

Movements of individual digits are specified with regard to the axis of the manus (hand, paw), and not to the median plane of the body.

Footnote 77:

The term “mouth” is commonly used to signify either the oral cavity (Cavum oris) or the entrance to it (Rima oris).

Footnote 78:

The epiglottis may be either in front of or behind the soft palate; most often it is prevelar.

Footnote 79:

In the undisturbed state of the parts there is no space between the tongue and the rami of the lower jaw; consequently the tongue must be drawn aside to see the sublingual crest.

Footnote 80:

It will be noted that this definition of crown and root does not agree exactly with the popular view that the crown is the free portion and the root the embedded portion. The objection to the latter statement lies in the fact that it is not capable of general application. Thus the morphological crown of the permanent molars in the horse is extremely long, and is, for the most part, embedded in the bone in the young animal. The root proper begins to form at four or five years of age, and continues its growth for about eight years. As the exposed part of the crown wears down, the embedded part pushes out of the alveolus, thus preventing deficiency of length. On the old basis we should have to say that successive portions of the root become crown, while in point of fact it is only in very extreme age that the true root comes into wear.

Footnote 81: