Part 3

+Pipistrellus hesperus santarosae+ Hatfield

Pipistrellus hesperus santarosae Hatfield, Jour. Mamm., 17:261, August 14, 1936.

Type locality.--Santa Rosa, Guadalupe County, New Mexico.

Range.--New Mexico (excepting southern part) and western Colorado. Marginal occurrences (after Hatfield, op. cit.:262) are: Colorado: Bedrock. New Mexico: Santa Rosa; Socorro; Laguna.

Diagnosis.--Size large for the species; total length, 82.0(80-86); tibia, 12.4(11.9-13.0); forearm, 32.8(31.7-34.1); greatest length of skull, 12.7(12.3-13.1); breadth of braincase, 6.6(6.3-6.8). Color between Buffy Brown and Wood Brown (after Hatfield, op. cit.:261, 262).

+Pipistrellus subflavus+

(Synonomy under subspecies)

Range.--Canadian to Tropical life-zones of eastern North America from Quebec southward to Honduras.

Characters.--Sayal Brown to darker than Mummy Brown, dorsally; total length, 73-89; foot more than half as long as tibia; tragus tapering and straight; dorsal profile of skull convex in interorbital region; inner upper incisor bicuspidate; outer upper incisor unicuspidate (lacking accessory cusp on anterointernal face); P1 viewed from occlusal face more than a seventh of area of canine and visible from labial aspect; lower, third premolar as high as anterior cusp of canine; lower premolars less crowded than in P. hesperus and distance between canine and first molar less than length of second lower molar.

Remarks.--In winter this species hibernates in caves in clusters of fewer than fifty individuals, but in summer fewer of the bats live there and at this season some have been captured as far as thirty miles from any such retreat suggesting that the bats inhabit other types of shelter. The wide range of this species in respect to life-zones is noteworthy; it occurs in the Canadian Life-zone (Joliet, Quebec), the Tropical Life-zone (30 km. SSE Jesus Carranza, Veracruz) and in the intervening life-zones.

The longer thumb of this species, in comparison with that of Pipistrellus hesperus, was verified by measuring the thumb including its claw and the pad at the base of the thumb in 12 P. s. veracrucis and 10 P. h. maximus. In veracrucis the mean was 5.9 millimeters and the extremes were 5.5 and 6.4. In maximus the corresponding figures were 3.9, 3.6 and 4.3.

+Pipistrellus subflavus subflavus+ (F. Cuvier)

V[espertilio]. subflavus F. Cuvier, Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 1: 17, 1832.

Vespertilio erythrodactylus Temminck, Monogr. de Mamm., II, 13me monogr., p. 238, 1835-1841 (not seen--after Miller, N. Amer. Fauna, 13:90, October 16, 1897).

Scotophilus georgianus H. Allen, Smithsonian Miscl. Coll., No. 165, Vol. 7 (art. 1), p. 35, June, 1864.

Vesperugo carolinensis H. Allen, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 43:121, March 14, 1894.

Pipistrellus subflavus Miller, N. Amer. Fauna, 13:90, figs. 22,23, October 16, 1897.

Type locality.--Eastern United States, probably Georgia.

Range.--From approximately 40 degrees North Latitude in Pennsylvania and Kansas southward to central Florida and at least to extreme southern Texas; from the Atlantic Coast westward to south-central Kansas and Val Verde County, Texas. Marginal occurrences are: Kansas (K. U. Collection): 4-1/2 mi. SW Sun City; Ft. Leavenworth. Illinois (Necker and Hatfield, Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci., 6(3):45, 1941): Quincy; Urbana. Indiana (Lyon, Amer. Midland Nat., 17:73, 1936): Monroe County; Franklin Co. Ohio (Bole and Moulthrop, Sci. Publs. Cleveland Mus. Nat. Hist., 5(6):115, 1942: Hamilton Co.; Smoky Creek. West Virginia (Kellogg, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 84:449, 1937): Charleston; Smoke Hole Cave. Pennsylvania (Rhoads, Mamms. Pa. and N. J., p. 211, 1903): Carlisle; Germantown. New Jersey: Haddonfield (Rhoads, Mamms. Pa. and N. J., p. 211, 1903). Florida: Tarpon Springs (Sherman., Proc. Florida Acad. Sci., p. 107, 1936). Texas: Brownsville (Bailey, N. Amer. Fauna, 25:211, 1905); Comstock (Bailey, loc. cit.); Kerr Co. (Taylor and Davis, Game, Fish and Oyster Comm. Bull., 50:17, 1947). Oklahoma: 10 mi. S and 2 mi. E Sulphur (Blair, Amer. Midland Nat., 22:100, 1939).

Diagnosis.--Size large; eight specimens from Barber and Butler counties, Kansas, measure in total length, 84(77-89); tibia, 14.8(14.5-15); forearm, 33.5(31.8-35.3); greatest length of skull (exclusive of incisors), 12.8(12.3-13.1); breadth of braincase immediately above roots of zygomatic arches, 6.5(6.4-6.7). Color ranging from Snuff Brown to Sayal Brown.

+Pipistrellus subflavus obscurus+ Miller

Pipistrellus subflavus obscurus Miller, N. Amer. Fauna, 13:93, October 16, 1897.

Type locality.--Lake George, Warren County, New York.

Range.--From southern Quebec and southern Ontario south to southern Ohio and West Virginia; from the Atlantic Coast west into Wisconsin. Marginal occurrences are: Minnesota: St. Peter (Swanson and Evans, Jour. Mamm., 17:39, 1936); Marine (Swanson, Tech. Bull. No. 2, Minnesota Dept. Conservation, p. 60, 1945). Wisconsin: Hurley (Greeley and Beer, Jour. Mamm., 30:198, 1949). Quebec: Joliet (Anderson, Nat. Mus. Canada, Biol. ser. No. 31, Bull. 102:30, 1946). Vermont: Brandon (Osgood, Jour. Mamm., 19:436, 1938). Maine: No locality more precise than the state (Allen, Occ. Papers Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 7(3):35, June, 1904). New York: Hastings on Hudson (Rowley, Abstr. of Proc. Linnean Soc. N. Y., for yr. ending March 11, 1902, p. 57). Pennsylvania: Beaver (Rhoads, Mamms. Pa. and N. J., 1903, p. 211). West Virginia: Cornwall's Cave (Frum, Jour. Mamm., 25:195, 1944). Ohio: Cat Run (Bole and Moulthrop, Sci. Publs. Cleveland Mus. Nat. Hist., 5(6):116, 1942); Symmes Creek (Bole and Moulthrop, loc. cit.); Dry Cave (Bole and Moulthrop, loc. cit.); "Union County" (Rausch, Jour. Mamm., 27:275, 1946). Wisconsin: Devils Lake (Jackson, Jour. Mamm., 1:38, 1919).

Diagnosis.--"... color duller and less yellow, and dark tips of shorter hairs on back more conspicuous" than in P. subflavus subflavus according to the original description.

Remarks.--No one, as far as we know, has carefully studied the variation in Pipistrellus subflavus of the United States and Canada since Miller named P. s. obscurus. With the more abundant material now available, such an appraisal would be worth-while. The occurrences cited above for Minnesota and Wisconsin were recorded in the literature under the specific name without indication of subspecific affinity. The reference of specimens from these states to the subspecies P. s. obscurus is an arbitrary assignment on our part; we have not seen them. However, two specimens in the University of Kansas Museum of Natural History from Potosi (Snake Cave) Grant County, Wisconsin, are referable to P. s. obscurus. These provide the southwesternmost record station of occurrence in Wisconsin but are not shown on the distribution map because the specimens were received after figure 1 was prepared.

It is noteworthy that the species Pipistrellus subflavus has not yet, as far as we can ascertain, been recorded from Michigan, northern Indiana, northern Illinois, or Iowa. Probably the species occurs in these areas.

+Pipistrellus subflavus veracrucis+ (Ward)