Part 1

Transcribed from the 1922 T. Fisher Unwin Ltd. edition by David Price, email ccx074@pglaf.org

A SHORT HISTORY OF WALES

BY OWEN EDWARDS

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T. FISHER UNWIN LTD. LONDON: ADELPHI TERRACE

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First Published 1906 Second Impression 1909 Third Impression 1913 Fourth Impression 1920 Fifth Impression 1922

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CONTENTS

CHAP. PAGE I. WALES: WHAT IT IS MADE OF, AND WHAT IT IS LIKE 1 II. THE WANDERING NATIONS. THE IBERIANS AND CELTS 5 III. ROME. ROMAN CONQUEST, SETTLEMENT, AND 10 INFLUENCE IV. THE NAME OF CHRIST. THE OLD RELIGION AND THE 15 NEW V. THE WELSH KINGS. WEARERS OF THE “CROWN OF 20 ARTHUR” VI. THE LAWS OF HOWEL 25 VII. THE NORMANS IN WALES 30 VIII. GRIFFITH AP CONAN AND GRIFFITH AP REES 35 IX. OWEN GWYNEDD AND THE LORD REES 40 X. LLYWELYN THE GREAT 45 XI. THE LAST LLYWELYN 50 XII. CONQUERED WALES. HOW IT WAS GOVERNED 55 XIII. THE CASTLE AND THE LONG-BOW 60 XIV. THE RISE OF THE PEASANT 65 XV. OWEN GLENDOWER AND HIS IDEALS 70 XVI. THE WARS OF THE ROSES IN WALES 75 XVII. THE RULE OF THE TUDORS 80 XVIII. THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION 85 XIX. THE CIVIL WAR IN WALES 90 XX. THE GREAT REVOLUTION 96 XXI. HOWEL HARRIS AND THE AWAKENING 102 XXII. THE REFORM ACTS 107 XXIII. THE FORMATION OF THE EDUCATION SYSTEM 112 XXIV. THE GROWTH OF SELF-GOVERNMENT 117 XXV. THE WALES OF TO-DAY 123 SUMMARY I. THE ISOLATION OF WALES 129 II. THE WALES OF THE PRINCES 130 III. THE WALES OF THE PEOPLE 133 TABLES I. THE HOUSE OF CUNEDDA 135 II. THE HOUSE OF GWYNEDD 136 III. THE HOUSE OF DYNEVOR 136 IV. THE HOUSE OF POWYS 137 V. THE HOUSE OF MORTIMER 138 VI. THE HOUSE OF TUTOR 139

INTRODUCTION

THIS little book is meant for those who have never read any Welsh history before. It is not taken for granted that the reader knows either Latin or Welsh.

A fuller outline may be read in The Story of Wales, in the “Story of the Nations” series; and a still fuller one in The Welsh People of Rhys and Brynmor Jones. Of fairly small and cheap books in various periods I may mention Rhys’ Celtic Britain, Owen Rhoscomyl’s Flame Bearers of Welsh History, Henry Owen’s Gerald the Welshman, Bradley’s Owen Glendower, Newell’s Welsh Church, and Rees Protestant Non-conformity in Wales. More elaborate and expensive books are Seebohm’s Village Community and Tribal System in Wales, Clark’s Medieval Military Architecture, Morris’ Welsh Wars of Edward I., Southall’s Wales and Her Language. In writing local history, A. N. Palmer’s History of Wrexham and companion volumes are models.

If you turn to a library, you will find much information about Wales in Social England, the Dictionary of National Biography, the publications of the Cymmrodorion and other societies. You will find articles of great value and interest over the names of F. H. Haverfield, J. W. Willis-Bund, Egerton Phillimore, the Honourable Mrs Bulkeley Owen (Gwenrhian Gwynedd), Henry Owen, the late David Lewis, T. F. Tout, J. E. Lloyd, D. Lleufer Thomas, W. Llywelyn Williams, J. Arthur Price, J. H. Davies, J. Ballinger, Edward Owen, Hubert Hall, Hugh Williams, R. A. Roberts, A. W. Wade-Evans, E. A. Lewis. These are only a few out of the many who are now working in the rich and unexplored field of Welsh history. I put down the names only of those I had to consult in writing a small book like this.

The sources are mostly in Latin or Welsh. Many volumes of chronicles, charters, and historical poems have been published by the Government, by the Corporation of Cardiff, by J. Gwenogvryn Evans, by H. de Grey Birch, and others. But, so far, we have not had the interesting chronicles and poems translated into English as they ought to be, and published in well edited, not too expensive volumes.

OWEN EDWARDS

LINCOLN COLLEGE, OXFORD.

I WALES

WALES is a row of hills, rising between the Irish Sea on the west and the English plains on the east. If you come from the west along the sea, or if you cross the Severn or the Dee from the east, you will see that Wales is a country all by itself. It rises grandly and proudly. If you are a stranger, you will think of it as “Wales”—a strange country; if you are Welsh, you will think of it as “Cymru”—a land of brothers.

The geologist will tell you how Wales was made; the geographer will tell you what it is like now; the historian will tell you what its people have done and what they are. All three will tell you that it is a very interesting country.

The rocks of Wales are older and harder than the rocks of the plains; and as you travel from the south to the north, the older and harder they become. The highest mountains of Wales, and some of its hills, have crests of the very oldest and hardest rock—granite, porphyry, and basalt; and these rocks are given their form by fire. But the greater part of the country is made of rocks formed by water—still the oldest of their kind. In the north-west, centre, and west—about two-thirds of the whole country,—the rocks are chiefly slate and shale; in the south-east they are chiefly old red sandstone; in the north-east, but chiefly in the south, they are limestone and coal.

Its rocks give Wales its famous scenery—its rugged peaks, its romantic glens, its rushing rivers. They are also its chief wealth—granite, slate, limestone, coal; and lodes of still more precious metals—iron, lead, silver, and gold—run through them.

The highest mountain in Wales is Snowdon, which is 3,570 feet above the level of the sea. For every 300 feet we go up, the temperature becomes one degree cooler. At about 1,000 feet it becomes too cold for wheat; at about 1,500 it becomes too cold for corn; at about 2,000 it is too cold for cattle; mountain ponies graze still higher; the bleak upper slopes are left to the small and valuable Welsh sheep.

There are three belts of soil around the hills—arable, pasture, and sheep-run—one above the other. The arable land forms about a third of the country; it lies along the sea border, on the slopes above the Dee and the Severn, and in the deep valleys of the rivers which pierce far inland,—the Severn, Wye, Usk, Towy, Teivy, Dovey, Conway, and Clwyd. The pasture land, the land of small mountain farms, forms the middle third; it is a land of tiny valleys and small plains, ever fostered by the warm, moist west wind. Above it, the remaining third is stormy sheep-run, wide green slopes and wild moors, steep glens and rocky heights.

From north-west to south-east the line of high hills runs. In the north-west corner, Snowdon towers among a number of heights over 3,000 feet. At its feet, to the north-west, the isle of Anglesey lies. The peninsula of Lleyn, with a central ridge of rock, and slopes of pasture lands, runs to the south-west. To the east, beyond the Conway, lie the Hiraethog mountains, with lower heights and wider reaches; further east again, over the Clwyd, are the still lower hills of Flint.

To the south, 30 miles as the crow flies, over the slate country, the Berwyns are seen clearly. From a peak among these—Cader Vronwen (2,573 feet), or the Aran (2,970 feet), or Cader Idris (2,929 feet)—we look east and south, over the hilly slopes of the upper Severn country.

Another 30 miles to the south rises green Plinlimmon (2,469 feet); from it we see the high moorlands of central Wales, sloping to Cardigan Bay on the west and to the valley of the Severn, now a lordly English river, on the east.

Forty miles south the Black Mountain (2,630 feet) rises beyond the Wye, and the Brecon Beacons (2,910 feet) beyond the Usk. West of these the hills fade away into the broad peninsula of Dyved. Southwards we look over hills of coal and iron to the pleasant sea-fringed plain of Gwent.