CHAPTER 18

§§ 179-181.--a. What difficulties in the United States showed the necessity of a stronger government?

b. How could the Articles of Confederation be amended?

c. What was the important work of Madison?

d. What was the advantage of having Washington act as President of the Convention?

§§ 182, 183.--a. Explain fully the provisions of the Virginia plan. What departments were decided upon?

b. Why did New Jersey and Delaware oppose the Virginia plan? What were the great objections to the New Jersey plan?

§§ 184-186.--a. What is a compromise? What are the three great compromises of the Constitution?

b. Explain the compromise as to representation. What does the Senate represent? What the House?

c. Define apportionment. What do you think of the wisdom of the compromise as to apportionment? What of its justice?

d. Why was there a conflict over the clause as to commerce? How was the matter settled?

§§ 187-189.--a. What events at first seemed to disprove Franklin's prophecy?

b. Compare the Constitution with the Articles of Confederation and show in what respects the Constitution was much stronger.

c. Explain how the new government could control individuals.

d. What were some of the duties of the President? Of Congress? Of the Supreme Court?

§§ 190-192.--a. What is the difference between a national and a federal government? Was Henry's criticism true?

b. Study the first ten amendments and state how far they met the objections of those opposed to the Constitution.

c. Repeat the Tenth Amendment from memory.

d. How was the Constitution ratified?

e. How did the choice of Washington as first President influence popular feeling toward the new government?

GENERAL QUESTIONS

a. Why should the people have shown loyalty to the states rather than to the United States?

b. Analyze the Constitution as follows:--

=============================================================== | EXECUTIVE. | LEGISLATIVE. | JUDICIARY. ----------------------+------------+--------------+------------ Method of Appointment | | | or Election. | | | ----------------------+------------+--------------+------------ Term of Office. | | | | | | ----------------------+------------+--------------+------------ Duties and Powers. | | | | | | ----------------------+------------+--------------+------------

TOPICS FOR SPECIAL WORK

The career of any one man prominent in the Convention, as Madison, Hamilton, Franklin, Washington, Robert Morris, etc. Write a brief biography.

SUGGESTIONS TO THE TEACHER

This period should be taught very slowly and very thoroughly, as it demands much more time than any of the earlier periods. A clear understanding of the Constitution is of the most practical value, not merely to enable one to comprehend the later history, but also to enable one to understand present duties. Note carefully the "federal ratio" and the functions of the Supreme Court. Use the text of the Constitution and emphasize especially those portions of importance in the later history.

This work is difficult. It should therefore be most fully illustrated from recent political struggles. Let the children represent characters in the Convention and discuss the various plans proposed. Encourage them also to suggest transactions which might represent the working of the tender laws, the commercial warfare between the states, the "federal ratio" etc. Especially study the first ten amendments and show how they limit the power of the general government to-day.

VII

THE FEDERALIST SUPREMACY, 1789-1801

Books for Study and Reading

References.--Higginson's Larger History, 309-344; Eggleston's United States and its People ch. xxxiv (the people in 1790); McMaster's School History, ch. xiv (the people in 1790).

Home Readings.--Drake's Making of the West; Scribner's Popular History, IV; Coffin's Building the Nation; Bolton's Famous Americans; Holmes's Ode on Washington's Birthday; Seawell's Little Jarvis.