Part 3

§ 8. The Medical Theorists 126

V. THE PERIOD OF CONSOLIDATION, from about 1700 to about 1825.

§ 1. The Reign of Law 135

§ 2. The Rise of Clinical Teaching 138

§ 3. Physiology passes to the Modern Stage 142

§ 4. Some Physiological Advances 145

§ 5. Discovery of the Nature of the Air 151

§ 6. Morbid Anatomy becomes a Science 156

§ 7. Clinical Methods and Instruments 159

§ 8. Surgery and Obstetrics 161

§ 9. The Beginnings of the Science of Vital Statistics 166

§ 10. Military, Naval, and Prison Medicine 169

§ 11. The Industrial Revolution 172

§ 12. Control and Recognition of Epidemic Diseases 182

VI. PERIOD OF SCIENTIFIC SUBDIVISION, from about 1825 onwards.

§ 1. Origins and Implications of Scientific Specialization 186

§ 2. The Revolution in Preventive Medicine 192

(a) Preventive Medicine in Britain 193

(b) Preventive Medicine in U. S. A. 197

§ 3. The Transition to a Physiological Synthesis 203

(a) Anatomy and Embryology in the Earlier Nineteenth Century 204

(b) Chemical Physiology in the Earlier Nineteenth Century 205

(c) Nervous Physiology in the Earlier Nineteenth Century 207

§ 4. The Experimental Foundations of Modern Medicine 211

(a) The Work of Johannes Müller 211

(b) The Work of Claude Bernard 213

(c) The Work of Karl Ludwig 215

§ 5. The Cell Theory and Cellular Pathology 219