Appendix Iv

MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION

Gregory King, at the end of the seventeenth century, estimated the acreage of England and Wales at 39,000,000--not at all a bad estimate, the area, excluding water, according to the Board of Agriculture Returns of 1907, being 37,130,344. The different estimates by Grew, Templeman, Petty, Young, Halley, Middleton, and others varied between 31,648,000 and 46,916,000 acres. The last, that of Arthur Young, was actually adopted by Pitt for his estimate of the income-tax.

* * * * *

Caird in 1850 estimated the cultivated lands of England at 27,000,000 acres (in 1907 they were 24,585,455 acres), cultivated thus:--

Permanent grass 13,333,000 Arable 13,667,000

the latter being divided as follows:--

Acres. Bushels Produce, per acre. quarters.

Wheat 3,416,750 27 11,531,531 Barley 1,416,750 38 6,729,562 Oats and rye 2,000,000 44 11,000,000 Clover and seeds 2,277,750 Beans and peas 1,139,000 30 4,271,250 Turnips, marigolds, & potatoes 2,116,750 Rape and fallow 1,300,000

Davenant, at the end of the seventeenth century, made the following estimate showing the importance of wool in English trade:--

Annual income of England L43,000,000 Yearly rent of land 10,000,000 Value of wool shorn yearly 2,000,000 " woollen manufactures 10,000,000

Thus the rents of land formed nearly one-fourth the total income of the country, and wool paid one-fifth of the rents.

In the eighteenth century a great quantity of wool was smuggled out of England in defiance of the law; in the space of four months in 1754, 4,000 tods was 'run' into Boulogne.

FOREIGN AND COLONIAL WOOL IMPORTED INTO ENGLAND.

lb.

1766 1,926,000 1771 1,829,000 1780 323,000 1790 2,582,000 1800 8,609,000 1810 10,914,000 1820 9,775,000 1830 32,305,000 1840 49,436,000 1850 74,326,000 1855 99,300,000 1857 127,390,000

PRICES OF LABOUR IN SURREY IN 1780.

s. d.

Day labourer, per day, in winter 1 4 " " in summer 1 6 Reaping wheat, per acre 7 0 " " and according to the crop up to 12 0 Mowing barley, per acre 2 6 " oats, " 1s. 6d. to 2 0 " grass " 2 6 Hand-hoeing turnips, per acre, first time 6 0 " " second time 4 0 Thatching hayricks, per square of 100 ft. 1 0 Washing and shearing sheep, per score 3 0 Ploughing light land, per acre 5 0 " stiff " " 7s. to 10 0 Common hurdles, each 5

OCCUPIERS OF LAND.

In 1816 there were said to be 589,374 occupiers of land in Great Britain--

With incomes under L50 114,778 Between L50 and L150 432,534 Over L150 42,062 ------- 589,374 =======

In 1907 there were 510,954 occupiers of one acre and more.

MULHALL'S CALCULATION OF AVERAGE ANNUAL WAGES IN ENGLAND.

Bailiff. Shepherd. Labourer. Woman. Boy.

1800 L20 L16 L12 L8 L6 1850 40 25 20 10 8 1880 52 36 30 15 10

The average annual cost of living of an agricultural family of five was in 1823 L31, in 1883, L37.

COMPARATIVE STATEMENT BY A. YOUNG OF PRICES AND WAGES IN ENGLAND FROM 1200 TO 1810 ON THE PRINCIPLE OF REPRESENTING FACTS IN 1810 BY THE NUMBER 20, AND THE FACTS OF THE PRECEDING PERIODS BY THE PROPORTION BORNE BY THEM TO THAT NUMBER.

Labourer's Periods. Wheat. Meat. Wool. Wages. Horses.

1200-99 5-1/2 ... 3-1/2 ... 1300-99 6-1/4 ... 4-3/4 ... 1400-99 3 ... 5-1/2 ... 1500-99 6 ... 5-1/2 ... 1600-99 9-1/4 ... 8 ... 1700-66 7-3/4 7-1/2 12 10 15-3/4 1767-89 11 11-1/2 15-1/3 12-1/2 17-1/4 1790-1803 13 16-1/2 16-1/6 16-3/4 19-1/2 1804-10 20 20 20 20 20

Thus wheat in 1804-10 had risen 233 per cent. since the sixteenth century.

THE LABOURER'S WAGES.

The following table, published by Mr. Barton in 1817, shows the depreciation of the labourer's wages in purchasing power between 1742 and 1808:--

Weekly Price of Wages in Period. pay. wheat. pints of s. d. s. d. bread.

1742-52 6 0 30 0 102 1761-70 7 6 42 6 90 1780-90 8 0 51 2 80 1795-9 9 0 70 8 65 1800-8 11 0 86 8 60

In answer to inquiries sent by the Poor Law Commissioners in 1834 to 900 parishes in England the average weekly wages of labourers were--

in summer, s. d.

in 254 parishes, with beer or cider 10 4-3/4 522 " without beer or cider 10 5-1/2

in winter,

in 200 " with beer or cider 9 2-1/4 544 " without beer or cider 9 11-3/4

The annual average inclusive earnings of the labourer

L s. d.

himself were stated at 27 17 10 and of his wife and children 13 19 10 ------------ 41 17 8 ============

It will thus be seen that the wife and children provided a third of the income. The majority of the parishes said the labourer could maintain his family on these wages.

Here is the weekly budget of a labourer with an average family in 1800:--

Cr. s. d.

Wages 15 0 Garden 1 6 Extras 1 0 ----- 17 6 =====

Dr. s. d.

Rent 1 7-1/2 Bread 6 0 Bacon 2 6 Tea and sugar 1 3 Cheese 1 6 Butter 1 6 Fuel 1 3 Candles and soap 0 6 Clothes 1 6 Schooling 0 3 Sundries 0 6 --------- 18 4-1/2 =========

There is no fresh meat, and it is hard to say where any economy could be practised.

CONTRACT PRICES OF BUTCHER'S MEAT PER CWT. AT GREENWICH HOSPITAL, 1730-1842.

L s. d.

1730 1 5 8 1740 1 8 0 1750 1 6 6 1760 1 11 6 1770 1 8 6 1780 1 12 6 1790 1 16 10 1800 4 4 1810 3 12 0 1815 3 8 0 1820 3 10 4 1825 2 19 6 1830 2 3 6 1835 2 0 7 1840 2 14 0 1842 2 12 8

FOOTNOTES:

C. Wren Hoskyns, Pamphlet on Agricultural Statistics, p. 19.

English Agriculture in 1850-1, p. 521. Cf. above, p. 331.

Smith, Memoirs of Wool, i. 157.

In 1908 the rental of agricultural land was 3-1/2 per cent. of the total income of the country. See The Times May 13, 1909.

Ibid. ii. 264.

Cunningham, Industry and Commerce, ii. 693. Cf. above, p. 328.

Trusler, Practical Husbandry, p. 153.

Farmer's Magazine (1817), p. 6. Statistics at this date, however, must be taken with caution. They were usually estimates. Cf. above, p. 334, for holdings in England.

Parliamentary Reports, Commissioners (1881), xvi, 305.

Parliamentary Reports, Commissioners (1881), xvi. 310.

McCulloch, Commercial Dictionary (1852), p. 271.

INDEX

Abbot's Ripton, 72.

Aberdeen Angus cattle, 288, 343.

Accounts, keeping, 29, 49.

Accumulation of estates, 123.

Acre, 2; tenantry, 253.

Advantages of large farms, 202.

Affer, the, 35.

Agricultural Holdings Acts, 283, 296, 299-303.

Agricultural revolution, the, of eighteenth century, 162.

Agriculture, state of, 28, 38, 111, 113, 115, 123, 132, 160, 162, 192, 204, 211, 221, 229, 244, 245, 250, 265, 267, 274, 287, 305; seventeenth-century writers on, 127; state of, in eighteenth century, 162, 192, 221, 229; nineteenth, 244, 245, 262-70, 271, 287.

Aitchison, 237.

Akermanni, 13.

Alderney cattle, 233.

Ale, 10.

Allotments, 196, 230, 253, 255n., 315-7.

Allowance system, 237.

Allowances, parish, 238, 241, 257, 284.

Almaine, corn from, 20.

Almonds, 93, 136.

Amalgamation of farms, 29, 46, 47, 95, 119, 120, 162, 202, 258, 317.

America, gold discoveries in, 287; imports from, 262, 293, 323-4.

Ancaster, Earl of, estate of, 321.

Andover, 39.

Anti-Corn Law League, 280.

Apples, 15, 65, 93, 129, 130, 131, 135-6, 143, 171, 186-9, 329, 332. (See Prices.)

Apprentices, 108.

Apricots, 93, 136.

Arable district of England (1893), 306n.

Arable fields, 1, 2, 4, 16, 73.

Arable land, 56, 99, 100, 195; amount of, in 1688, 155; decrease of, 59; extent of, in Domesday, 19; in 1770, 199; in 1850, 353; in 1877 and 1907, 332; preponderance of, 25, 30; produce of, in 1688, 155; suffers more than grass, 248, 266, 281, 285, 286, 306; value of, 19, 40, 58, 115-7, 139.

Arch, Joseph, 290-2.

Ardley, Inquisition of, 9.

Argentina, imports from, 324.

Arley, Upper, wine made at, 145.

Artificial grasses, see Clover, improve commons, 166.

Ash timber, value of, 137.

Assize of beer, 13, 14n.

Association, British, 336.

Average crops of corn (1770), 197. (See under Wheat, Oats, Barley, &c.)

Average size of farms in 1768, 202.

Averagium, 10.

Australia, gold discoveries in, 287; imports from, 324; sheep introduced into, 328; wool from, 328.

Axholme, 123, 260, 311, 318.

Ayrshires, 339, 343.

Bacon, Lord, 322,

Bacon, 'the necessary meate' of the labourer, 102, 140; price of, see Prices.

Badger, a corn dealer, 134.

Bailiff, 12, 29, 49, 51, 61, 71, 103, 109, 110, 137, 139, 355.

Bakewell, 146, 163-7, 214-7, 226, 233, 343, 344.

Balance sheet, estate, 307; farm, in 1805, 247; in 1888, 309.

Balks, 3.

Ball, John, 60.

Banbury cheese, 173.

Bank Restriction Act, 239, 240, 263.

Barking Nunnery, vineyard at, 144.

Barley, 20, 33, 36, 65, 91, 124, 135, 142, 155, 182, 227, 331-2, 353; cost of, per acre, 198; produce, per acre, 165n., 197-8; profit on, 179, 180. (See Prices.)

Barns, size of, 51.

Barren years at end of seventeenth century, 115, 157.

Basic slag, 304.

Bassingthorpe, 103.

Bates, Thomas, 274, 338.

Bath, wine made at, 145.

Beale, John, 128, 130.

Beans, 17, 33, 49, 124, 155, 187, 201, 262, 331-2, 353; cost of growing, 199; profit on, 180. (See Prices.)

Bedford, Duke of, 225, 318, 321.

Bedfordshire, 3, 18, 79, 120, 123, 238, 306.

Beef, price of, see Prices.

Beer, 36, 329.

Belgium, live stock in, 334; wheat crops in, 332n.

Belvoir estate, 115, 286.

Berkeley estates, 3, 27n., 35n., 48, 56, 64, 74, 75.

Berkshire, 104, 175, 237, 284, 286, 306n.

Berkshire Knotts, 345; pigs, 346.

Berlin decrees, 242.

Best, Henry, accounts of, 138-40.

Bideford, 262.

Biggleswade, 318.

Birds eating fruit, 129.

Black Death, 27, 41-3, 59, 75.

Black Year, the, 294.

Blight, Hop, 150.

Blyth, 113, 127, 137, 152.

Board of Agriculture, 192, 193, 214, 229-33, 255; (Government), 290.

Bones for manure, 154-5, 273, 275-6, 299.

Booth, Thomas, 337-8.

Bordarii, 8, 11.

Boston, 308, 318, 327.

Boys' wages, 206.

Bradley, 152, 167, 168-9, 170, 171, 181, 336.

Brampton, 235.

Bread, different kinds of, 54, 102, 206-7, 230; rye, 101, 134, 206; wheaten, a luxury, 101; common, 207, 240; made of turnips, 157; price of (see Prices).

Breeding of stock, 37, 146, 167, 215-7, 256, 273.

Brentford, 157.

Bridport, 262.

Bright, John, 280.

Buckinghamshire, 78, 146, 172, 291, 306n.

Buckwheat, 332.

Budget, labourer's weekly, 206, 208, 356.

Buildings, farm, and repairs, 51, 272, 279, 282, 299, 302, 307, 310.

Bull, description of a (1726), 167.

Burford, riot at, 185.

Buri, 8, 11.

Bury St. Edmunds, 110, 147.

Butter, 33, 63n., 66, 114, 138, 140, 161, 174, 205, 206n., 241, 247 (see Prices), 304, 305, 313, 325; exports of, 326-7.

By-industries of peasant, 110, 239, 250, 257, 260, 269, 317.

Cabbages, 112, 143, 187, 191, 194, 200, 201, 331.

Cadaveratores, 13.

Caird, Sir James, 279, 281, 285, 287, 310, 314, 319n.

Cake, 296, 300, 305, 314.

Calstock, 318.

Calves, killing of, forbidden, 86; rearing, 125.

Cambridgeshire, 79, 151, 167, 222, 262, 306n., 318.

Camden, 173, 335.

Canada, imports from, 323-4.

Canterbury, hops from, 171.

Capital of farmers, 197, 203-4.

Carrington, Lord, 231.

Carrots, 112, 128, 143, 167, 191, 194, 331. 332.

Carter, wages of, 110.

Cart-horses, price of, 35, 114.

Carts, 153.

Cattle, Chillingham, 336; diseases, 85; export of, 326, 330; improvement in, 336, 337, 338 (see Cattle, size of); number of, in 1867 and 1878, 288; in 1907, 333-4; original breed of, 336; price of, see Prices; size of, 37, 104, 146, 169, 288, 336, 342; separation of, for summer pasture, 124; sorts of (1726), 167 (see under Various breeds); about 1800, 235; in 1839, 274; in 1892, 274, 336; time to buy, 125. (See Bakewell, Collings, Exports, and Imports.)

Cattle plagues, of eighteenth century, 172, 185-6, 290; of nineteenth century, 289-90, 294.

Cauliflowers, 143.

Causes of high prices at end of eighteenth century, 240.

Celery, 318.

Chamberlayne, 259.

Cheddar cheese, 173.

Cheese, 33, 63n., 66, 161, 173, 174, 200, 206n., 276, 305, 313, 325. (See Prices, Exports, and Imports.)

Chelmsford, 110, 171, 307.

Chemistry, agricultural, 232, 243, 275.

Cherries, 15, 129, 130, 131, 136, 143, 171, 329, 332.

Cheshire, 3, 110, 167, 173, 224, 276, 295, 306.

Chestnuts, 136.

Cheviots, 344, 346,

Child, Josiah, 117.

Christ Church, Canterbury, 42.

Cider, 37, 130, 131, 135-6, 149, 187-9, 207, 269.

Cistercians, good farmers, 29, 327.

Civil War, checks improvement, 113; family settlements after, 123.

Claret made in Oxfordshire, 145.

Clarke, 236.

Close parishes, 158, 284.

Cloth made in England, 69, 70.

Clothes, part of wages, 28, 109; of labourer, 54, 71, 109, 185, 206-8, 211, 311; of farmer, 105, 213.

Clover, cost of growing, 198; extent of, 331, 333, 353; introduced, 111, 112; spread of, 115, 141-2, 164, 166, 178, 179, 191, 194; seed, price of, 223; sown with corn, 166.

Clun Forest sheep, 344, 346.

Clydesdale horse, 335.

Cobbett, 107, 226, 265, 268.

Cobden, Richard, 279n., 280, 285n.

Coinage, depreciation of, 44, 59, 89.

Coke of Holkham, 163, 182, 224-8, 275, 341.

'Coke's Clippings', 227.

Coleseed, 115.

Coliberti, 8.

Collings, the, 146, 163, 167, 233-5, 337.

Combe, 53.

'Comet,' 234, 235.

Commissions, Royal, on Agriculture, &c., 260, 266, 289, 294-6, 300, 303, 304, 305, 311-14, 316, 318, 320, 329.

Committees, Parliamentary, 256, 258, 263n., 266, 267.

Common, John, 303.

Common fields, 22, 26, 78, 112, 113, 118-9, 120, 194, 253, 258.

Common land, 3, 145, 148; evils of, 148, 194, 256, 257; improvement of, 166.

Common pasture, see Pasture and Meadows.

Commons, advantages of, 165; extent of, in 1795, 231; rights of, lost, 253.

Communities and corporations contrasted, 2.

Commutation of labour services for money, 27, 45.

Compensation for improvements, 296, 299-302.

Competition, foreign, 296, 297, 312, 315, 319, 323-30.

Consolidation of farms, see Amalgamation.

Contractors for labour, 209.

Co-operation in agriculture, 1.

Copyholders, 59, 121-2.

Corn laws, 63, 64, 69, 70, 159, 160, 242, 248, 250, 265-6, 277-80.

Cornwall, 136, 186, 295, 309, 318.

Cost of living (1773-1800), 241.

Cotarii, 8, 11, 25.

Cotswold sheep, 233, 275, 343, 344; wool, famous, 172.

Cottages, 52, 117, 121n., 139, 158, 159, 206, 209, 250, 254, 255, 267-8, 285, 297, 304, 311n., 315-6.

Court Rolls, of Manydown, 13.

Cowper, John, 165.

Cows, decrease in number of, 96; increase, 325; let out by the year, 34, 57, 65; yield of, 33, 64. (See Prices of Cattle.)

Craik improves drill, 202.

Craven, migration from, 44.

Crimean War, effect of, 277n., 287.

Crondall, 28.

Crows' and magpies' nests to be destroyed, 100.

Culley, George, 217, 234, 337, 344.

Cultivated land, amount of, in 1685, 120; in 1867, 288.

Cultivation, Walter of Henley on, 32; of England, in 1688, 155; the old and new ways of, 177, 180, 194, 200-2.

Cultivation, clauses, 57, 178, 218, 296, 302, 322.

Cumberland, 238, 295, 309, 311, 346.

Currants, 331.

Custom of the country, 299, 300n., 302 (see Tenant right).

Cuxham, manor of, 24.

Cylindrical drain pipes, 272.

Dairy, the, and dairying, 33, 59, 168, 170, 173, 199-200, 297, 307, 306, 313, 319, 325, 340-1. (See Butter, Cheese, and Milk.)

Damsons, 15, 136.

Danegeld, 6.

Dartmoor sheep, 344, 346.

Davenant, 115, 117, 120, 260, 354.

Daventry, common fields at, 115, 117, 120, 260, 354.

Davy, Sir H., 232, 276; T.T., 342.

Dealers, legislation against, 86, 93, 134; complaints against, 237.

Defoe, Daniel, 166, 168, 169, 171, 174, 220, 259.

Degge, Simon, 122.

Demesne, 7, 15, 30, 45, 56, 58, 65, 74, 97, 99.

Denmark, imports from, 241, 262, 323-4; livestock in, 334; wheat crops in, 332n.

Depression, agricultural, 163, 183, 184, 223, 228, 242, 248, 262-70, 281, 292, 293-6, 305-14.

Derby, Lord, estate of, 320n.

Derbyshire, 44, 167, 309, 343.

Devon cattle, 168, 217, 225, 233, 274, 288, 336, 339, 340-3. (See Southams.)

Devon sheep, 343, 344.

Devonshire, 37, 73, 107, 113, 128, 132, 136, 186, 187, 244, 245, 269, 272, 295, 306, 309, 338.

Devonshiring, 141.

D'Ewes, Sir S., quoted, 117, 133.

Dexters, 343.

Dibbling wheat, 135.

Digging for wheat, 135.

Diseases of Animals Act (1890), 290.

Dishley, 214-6.

Distress, law of, 296, 301; periods of, 42, 68 (see Depression, agricultural), 237, 242.

Divining rod, 232.

Domesday, 5, 14, 16, 19, 60, 79, 144.

Doncaster, roads near, 221.

Dorking, manor of, 65.

Dorset, 3, 263, 285, 291, 312, 318; sheep, 344, 346.

Dovecotes, see Pigeons.

Drainage, 16, 32, 113, 128, 129, 137, 154, 163, 201, 202, 213-4, 219, 230, 271, 273, 279, 282, 288, 299, 300, 305, 307, 310.

Drills, 113, 152, 175-7, 180, 183, 200-2, 226, 227, 271, 274.

Drinking habits, 207-8, 269.

Drying hops, 151.

Duchesses, the, 234, 274, 338.

Duckham, Mr., 339.

Ducks, 170 (see Poultry).

Dugdale, 77.

Du-Hamel, 202.

Durham, 119, 337.

Durham ox, 234, 235.

Dutch breed of cattle, see Shorthorns.

Eakring, common meadows at, 22.

Eardisley, 5.

East Indies, wool from, 328.

Eden, account of potatoes, 106, 207, 238, 256.

Education Acts, 292, 297.

Egypt, imports from, 323.

Eighteenth century, general characteristics of, 162.

Electricity applied to vegetables, 236.

Elevator, hay and straw, 304.

Elkington of Princethorpe, 213-4, 230, 271.

Ellis, Chiltern and Vale Farming, 180.

Ellman, John, 217, 345.

Enclosers prosecuted in Star Chamber, 120.

Enclosure, 74-82, 85, 92, 96, 97, 119, 173, 182, 194, 228, 252-261; agreement as to, 98; acts of, 119, 163, 196, 231, 233, 252, 253, 258; amount of, exaggerated, 121; different kinds of, 73, 119, 165, 196; eighteenth century, 163, 165, 173, 182, 183, 194, 196, 253; evils of, 194, 195, 252-3, 254-61, 316; expense of, 196, 252; non-parliamentary,165, 253; a deed of, 75; a sign of progress, 76, 114, 139, 145-8, 253; legislation against, 79, 80, 120; checked, 120.

England, appearance of, in fifteenth century, 78; in the seventeenth, 120-1.

English invaders, 1.

Entails, barred, 122.

Essex, 62, 78, 106, 128, 173, 190, 225, 286, 295, 306, 309, 319.

Estates, great, accumulation of, 123; advantages of, 322; often a loss, 321.

Evelyn, John, 127, 149.

Evesham, Vale of, 318.

Ewes, milking of, 33, 64, 200.

Exhibition, Great, 287, 304.

Exmoor sheep, 344, 346.

Exporting country, England ceases to be an, 161, 163.

Exports of butter and cheese, 326-7.

Exports of corn, 63n., 64, 70, 159-161, 183, 185, 242, 267, 348-9; reaches its maximum, 186; of livestock, 325-6; of wool, 39, 69, 172, 327.

Extensive cultivation, 2.

Extent of the Manor, 10.

Eyton, Mr., 339.

Faggots, price of, 114.

Fairs for hops, 171; horses, 105; sheep, 172n.; wool, 172n.

Fallows, utilized, 112, 177, 181, 191, 195; in 1877, 1907, 331; in 1850, 353.

Families employed on common and on enclosed land, 195.

Farm or feorm, 5.

Farmer, day's work of, in seventeenth century, 134; discontent of, 127-8, 184; financial position of, 101, 103, 156, 162, 184, 195, 204, 212-3, 243, 247, 257-8, 264-5, 293, 307, 308, 310, 320; growing more skilful, 101, 132.

Farmer's Letters, Young's, 192.

Farmhouses, 51, 101, 116, 119, 213, 226.

Farming, bad, 273, 281; improvement in, 28, 111, 113, 115, 132, 160, 162, 192, 204, 211, 221, 229, 244, 265, 267, 271, 274, 275, 281, 288.

Farming calendar, 17, 124.

Farms, in sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, 116-7; size of (1768), 202.

Farnham, hops, 171.

Fashion, farming becomes the, 192, 193.

Fattening oxen, 31, 58, 125, 136-7, 166, 214, 216, 225n., 235, 288; sheep, 112, 166, 225n.; chickens, 170.

'Favourite', 234.

Feeding pigs, 16, 125.

Fences, legislation as to, 4.

Fens, the, 78, 123, 170, 318.

Feversham, fruit growing near, 128, 171.

Fifteenth century, character of, 68.

Figs, 15, 93, 136.

Filberts, 93, 136.

Fitzherbert, 31, 61, 76, 77, 83-5, 111, 132, 135.

Fixtures, 301.

Flanders, cattle, 338; clover from, 111, 166; hops from, 86, 150; wool exported to, 39, 327; sheep exported to, 326.

Flax, 17, 105, 135, 141, 151-2, 191, 251, 331, 332.

Fleece, weight of, 37, 41, 104, 200, 215.

Fleta, quoted, 12, 13.

Floor, for hop-picking, 91, 151.

Flour, exports and imports of, 348-9.

Fluctuations in price of corn, 35, 66, 89, 133, 142, 157, 186, 221, 223, 277.

Fold soke, 9.

Folding quality, of sheep, 253.

Food, labourer's, 9, 25, 34, 37, 53, 54, 61, 62, 102, 110, 134, 139-40, 164, 200-8, 211, 240n., 268, 290-1, 297, 308, 311; farmer's, 101, 128, 213, 240n., 246, 308.

Foot-and-mouth disease, see Cattle Plagues.

Foot-rot, 294.

Foreman, requirements of, 139.

Forncett, manor of, 25, 45, 46.

Fountains Abbey, 81.

Four-course rotation, 183.

Four-field system, 99.

Fourteenth century, characteristics of, 38.

Fowler, John, 304.

Fox, the, 140, 244.

France, exports to, 349; imports from, 243, 323; livestock in, 334; small holders of, 202-3; wheat crops in, 332.

Freeholders, see also Yeoman, 119, 121-2.

Freemen, 7.

Free tenants, 24, 29, 45.

Free trade, 161, 277-81, 323; effect of, 281, 284, 288, 293, 296.

French War, great, see Wars.

Fruit, 15, 93, 128, 143; imports of 305.

Fruit-growing in seventeenth century, 129-131, 132, 136; in eighteenth century, 171, 186-9; in nineteenth century, 319, 329, 330.

Furlongs, 3, 118.

Furniture of manor house, 52; labourer's home, 52.

Gafol, 9, 10.

Galloway cattle, 169, 343.

Game, damage by, 302.

Game law, the first, 55.

Gang system, 292.

Geese, 34, 170. (See Poultry.)

Gentry, at the Revolution, 156; estates of under Walpole, 183; status of 50, 97; supplanted, 122, 128, 137, 140, 156, 184, 211, 312, 310. (See Landlords and Squire).

Gerard, 106, 111.

'Gerefa, the', 15.

Germany, exports to, 63; imports from, 20, 66, 69, 241, 243, 262, 323-4, 328; livestock in, 334; wheat crops in, 332n.

Gilbert, 275.

Gilbert's Act, 237.

Gilbey, Sir W.,335.

Glamorganshire, vineyards in, 145.

Glastonbury Abbey, 13.

Gleaning, 133.

Gloucestershire, 19, 78, 128, 136, 143, 144, 173, 207, 295, 344.

Gloves, gifts of, 62.

Gold premium, 305.

Googe, Barnaby, 144, 173.

Gooseberries, 331.

Grafting in seventeenth century, 130.

Grain crops, chief source of lord's income, 25.

Grapes, 136, 329 (see Vineyards).

Grass, acreage under, in 1877 and 1907, 331-2; in 1850, 353; arable land laid down to, 56, 58, 75, 79, 91, 93-4, 117-9, 120, 196, 219, 231, 305; converting, to tillage, 231, 263; more profitable than arable, 199; seeds, 165, 191, 194, 226-7.

Grass land, price of, see Pasture and meadow, price of; ploughed up, 186, 218, 245.

Grass section of England in 1893, 306n.

Grasshoppers, plague of, 185.

Graziers, profits of, 184,

Greycoats of Kent, 259.

Ground Game Act, 303.

Guano, 232, 276.

Guernsey cattle, 342, 343.

Gun, the, in seventeenth century, 140.

Haggard, Rider, Mr., 314-5.

Hallam, 210.

Hambleton, Sir A. Barker of, 142.

Hamlets, 5.

Hampshire, 28, 36, 79, 116, 132, 145, 165n., 240, 253, 266, 268, 306n., 309, 314; sheep, 275, 288, 344, 345.

Handborough, 53.

Harrison, 'Description of England,' 19, 28, 50, 56, 86, 91, 95, 101, 104, 149.

Harrow, the, and harrowing, 17, 65, 84, 125, 135, 141, 153-4, 166, 176, 176, 179, 194, 201, 203, 246.

Hartlib, Simon, 127, 128, 130, 131, 132, 142-3.

Harvest, importance of, 9, 108.

Harvest homes, 104, 269.

Harvest work, 25, 62, 125, 138, 209.

Hatfield Chase, 78.

Hawsted, 20, 30, 35, 54, 57, 58, 62, 63, 67, 112, 115, 116, 178, 179, 205, 207.

Hay, 112; price of, see Prices; carrying off, 178, 219, 302; imports of, 262.

Hay tedder, 304.

Haymaking, 4, 44, 124, 125, 138, 142.

Headlands, 3.

'Heaths', Shropshire, 220.

Hedges, 124, 148, 150, 163, 178, 282.

Hemp, 100, 105, 135, 151.

Henley, Walter of, 19n., 31, 36, 83.

Henry of Huntingdon, 327.

Hens, number of eggs from, 35.

Herdwick sheep, 344, 346.

Hereford cattle, 233, 235, 274, 288, 336, 338-40, 342.

Herefordshire, 5, 40, 128, 130, 132, 136, 143, 171, 186-7, 188, 240, 247, 249, 250, 267, 291, 306, 309, 316.

Hertfordshire, 150, 174, 179, 225, 238, 306n.

Hentzner's description of English fanning, 104.

Hide, 16.

Highland, West, cattle, 217, 343.

Hoeing, 153, 166, 188, 201-2, 354; horse, 198, 201.

Holder, the small, 73, 76, 119, 121-2, 164, 191, 195, 202, 205, 220, 253-61, 268, 308, 310, 311, 316-9; decrease of, causes of, 122, 259; new class of, 260.

Holderness cattle, 337.

Holdings, various sizes of, 334.

Holland, Shorthorns from, 337; live stock in, 334; wheat crops in, 332n.

Honey, 10, 144.

Hops, 28, 86-7, 89-91, 111, 125, 128, 143, 149, 150, 171, 297-9, 329-30, 331; acreage of, in 1729, 171, 297-8, 329; average crop, 333; duty on, 297-8; imports of, 329-30; profit on, 90, 150, 171, 298-9, 330; substitutes, 298, 329.

Horse fairs, 105.

Horse shoes, 36.

Horses, deterioration of; 85, 146; export of, 325-6; kinds of, 274, 335; number of, 333; size of, 104, 105, 217; tax on, 249; working powers of, 31, 153, 204. (See Prices.)

Houghton, account of potatoes, 106, 127, 165.

Houses, wooden, 50 (see Farmhouses); of the squire and yeoman, 103, 212.

Housing cattle and horses, 126.

Howberry, 175-6.

'Hubback', 234.

Hundred Rolls, 28, 76, 327.

Hunting, 140, 210.

Huntingdonshire, 3, 25n., 72, 120, 123, 222, 306n., 309.

Hurdles, 354.

Husbandry, old and new, see Cultivation.

Implements, cost of, rises, 242; in seventeenth century, 135, 152-3, 154; in eighteenth century, 188, 194, 203, 229, 236; in nineteenth century, 271, 273-5, 276, 287n., 303-4, 316; improvement in, 113; list of, in eleventh century, 17-52; prices of, 83, 138.

Importing country, England becomes an, 163.

Imports cause low prices, 295.

Imports of clover seed, 166; of corn, 20, 63n., 66, 69, 70, 159-61, 183, 184, 223, 224, 230, 240, 241-4, 247, 248, 249, 262, 266, 267, 277-80, 287, 293, 305, 323-4, 330, 348-9; of dairy produce, 325; of fruit, 188, 329; of hops, 150; of linen, 105; of livestock, 161, 280-1, 305, 324-6, 337; of meat, 161, 305, 325, 330; of wool, 39, 161, 305, 328, 354.

Improvements, amount expended in, 320-1; needed in eighteenth century, 191; in farming in eighteenth century, 192 (see Agriculture, state of), 193, 204 (see Farming).

Inbreeding, Bakewell and, 214; the Collings and, 234-5.

Income and expenditure of landed classes (1688), 156.

Incubators, early, 132.

India, imports from, 324; wool from, 328.

Ine, laws of, as to fencing, 5.

Inherent capabilities of the soil, 301.

Inns, markets for produce, 323.

Inoculation of fruit trees, 131.

Intensive cultivation, 2.

Irish imports, 161, 262, 324-5, 328; labourers, 209, 306.

Irrigation, 113, 132, 217.

Isle of Wight, 172n.

Italy, exports to, 349; wool exported to, 39, 327.

Jamaica, wool from, 328.

Jersey cattle, 275, 339, (See Alderney.)

Jus faldae, 64.

Justices regulate wages, 107.

Kent, 40, 128, 143-7, 157, 171, 173, 186, 259, 265, 283, 295, 306n., 309.

Kentish cattle, 168; sheep, 343, 344.

Kerry cattle, 343.

Kett, rising of, 96.

Ketton, 233, 235.

Kilns, hop, 151.

King's, Gregory, statistics, 120, 140, 141, 155, 258-9, 260, 353.

Kingston, Lord, estate rents of, 116.

Knights Hospitallers' estates, 40.

Labour, cost of, per acre, 313; services, 6, 12, 25, 27, 42, 45, 56, 61.

Labourer, character of, in eighteenth century, 175, 184, 201, 204, 205, 210; condition of, at end of eighteenth century, 237-9; condition of, in nineteenth century, 257, 266-8, 269, 270, 279, 283-4, 285, 290-2, 297, 311-2, 313-4, 315, 320, 355; decrease of, 305, 311n., 315; life of, in Middle Ages,53, 54, 67, 71, 103; made a land-less man by enclosure, 196, 257; number of (1688), 156; savings of, 102-3, 156; sports of, 55; the home of the, 52, 158; wages of, see Wages.

Lambs, to fall March 25, 126.

Lammas, 4, 112, 137.

Lancashire, 44, 78, 106, 110, 147, 163, 167, 207, 216, 219, 282, 283, 284, 309, 312, 316, 320, 343, 346.

Land, value of, 19, 36, 40, 66, 117, 133, 149, 183, 243, 286-7, 293, 304, 310, 328, 348.

Landlords, absentee, 184, 191; of the fourteenth century, 48; new class of, 59; houses of the 103 (see Cottages); improve estates, 132, 162, 224, 232, 255, 268, 320; protectionists, 160-1; ignorant of estate management, 175, 193, 249, 281; in nineteenth century, 265, 281, 304, 307, 309, 320-2; position, weakened, 309; relations of, and tenant, 218, 226, 282-3, 299, 301, 322; suffered most from present depression, 320; reserve sporting rights, 115; take to farming, 182.

Landlordship, 6.

Lawes, Sir John, 275, 276, 314, 319.

Lawrence, John, 152, 165, 166, 167, 173, 337.

Laxton, Notts, 22.

Leases,45, 56, 57, 65, 81, 97, 113, 115-6, 121-2, 178, 218, 219, 263n., 272, 282, 283.

Leicester sheep, 215-6, 235, 274, 275, 343, 344.

Leicestershire, 8, 78, 79, 120, 151, 172, 174, 214-6, 268, 306n., 309, 343.

'Lemmons', 93.

Leominster, manor of, 18; wool, 40, 171, 172n.

Liberi homines, 7.

Liebig, 275, 276.

Lime, 112, 141, 177, 187, 197.

Limestone sheep, 344, 346.

Liming the land, 77, 113, 218, 219, 246, 300.

Lincoln red cattle, 343; sheep, 215, 235, 275, 288, 343, 344, 346.

Lincolnshire, 3, 8, 40, 99, 100, 103, 123, 151, 168, 172, 250, 252, 255, 283, 306n., 307, 318, 321.

Liquorice, 143, 191.

Liverpool, apples at, 188; wheat at, 185.

Liverpool, Lord, 232, 264.

Live stock, depreciation of, 306, 330; exports of, 325-6, 330; number of (1877 and 1907), 333-4; in England (1688), 155, 164; duty on, repealed, 280.

Locusts in England, 185.

London, affects wages, 205; attracts country folk, 209, 210; potato grown near, 106; carrots grown near, 167, 168; roads near, 222; sheep and cattle driven to, 221.

Longhorn cattle, 167, 216-7, 233, 234, 274, 275n., 336, 343.

Longmynd, 345.

Lonk sheep, 344, 346.

Lord of the manor, 6, 14, 19, 25, 42, 121, 127, 255; small holder suffers at his hand, 121.

'Lord Wilton', 340.

Lucerne, 143, 167n., 191, 201.

Luffenham, South, 22; North, 103.

Luxury, spread of, an, 243, 264.

Lyttelton, Sir H., 145; Lord, 183.

Macadam, 220, 223, 230.

Machinery, use of, 271.

Madder, 17, 143, 191, 194.

Maidstone hops, 171.

Maize, imports of, 262, 296, 313.

Mangolds, 237, 331-2, 333, 353.

Manor, regulations of the, 13, 99.

Manor, the typical, 14.

Manorial balance sheets, 26, 65.

Manorial system, 6, 7, 18, 24, 45, 76, 97.

Manors, 6, 7, 14, 18, 25, 42, 45, 65, 97, 99, 118.

Mansion house, 14, 50.

Manufactures, influence of, on wages, 284, 297, 315.

Manures, 113, 119, 136, 144, 150-4, 177, 178, 179, 187, 191, 197, 201, 219, 221, 254, 275-6, 296, 299, 300, 304, 305, 314.

Manydown, Hants, 13.

Market gardening, 306, 308, 319.

Markham, Gervase, 127, 134-7, 146, 151, 171.

Marling, 77, 113, 183, 191, 197, 202, 219, 300.

Marshall, William, 188, 204, 207, 213, 222, 298, 314, 336, 338, 340.

Maryland, wool from, 328.

Mattocks for breaking clods, 129.

McCormick, 303.

McCulloch, 281, 324, 349.

Meadowland, 2, 19, 22, 40, 58, 155.

Meadows, 16, 30, 73, 99, 100, 118, 124, 148, 253, 258; value of, 40, 58, 115-6, 139, 231.

Meat, imports of, 161, 305, 325.

Medlars, 136.

Meikle, 230, 236.

Menzies, 236.

Merino sheep, 233, 328n.

Messor, the, 13.

Middlesex, 41, 145, 306n.

Midland counties, enclosure in, 120; sheep in, 216, 218.

Migration of labourers, 44, 158n., 209, 238.

Milk, 63n., 168 (see Dairy), 170, 205, 275, 297, 330.

Mill, suit of, 9.

Mills, excessive number of, 114.

Minimum wage proposed, 241.

Minister of Agriculture, 305.

Mixtil, or mastlin, or mesling, 9, 102, 125, 138, 207n.

Moles, 114, 124.

Molton Market, 341.

Monasteries, 68, 81.

Money payments, 24, 27, 45, 56.

Mortimer abuses the law, 74.

Moryson, 102, 105, 122.

Mountain sheep, 344, 346.

Mowing corn, Fitzherbert's advice, 84, 125, 135, 138, 199, 354; machines for, 303-4.

Mowing grass, cost of, 34, 44, 65, 71, 109, 138, 142, 348, 354; Fitzherbert's advice, 84.

Mulberries, 15, 146.

Murrain, 13, 42n., 68.

Mutton, price of, see Prices.

New world, influx of precious metals from, 89, 111.

New Zealand, wool from, 328.

Newark, 157.

Nitrate of soda, 276.

Non-intercourse Act of United States, 242.

Norden, Sir John, 127-8, 220.

Norfolk, 8, 40, 45, 63n., 94, 96, 97, 167n., 169, 170, 182, 217, 224-8, 306n., 308, 340.

Norfolk, or four-course rotation, 183.

Normandy, 338.

North, difference of wages between, and South, 283-5; superior thrift in, 207-8.

Northamptonshire, 8, 78, 79, 120, 151, 157, 172, 222, 306n.

Northleach, rates at, 295.

Northumberland, 193n., 256, 295, 303, 309, 346.

Norwich, 169, 182.

Nottinghamshire, 8, 22, 78, 116, 144, 172, 237, 276, 283, 306n., 308, 309.

Nowton, Suffolk, 57.

Nucleated villages, 5.

Nuts, 136.

Oak timber, value of, 137; Coke's, 225-6.

Oakham, 110.

Oats, 20, 33, 65, 91, 124, 135-8, 142, 155, 227, 305, 331-2, 353; cost of growing, in 1770, 199; produce, per acre, in 1712, 105n.; in 1770, 197-9; profit on, 180. (See Prices.)

Occupiers of land, 355.

'Old Comely', 216.

Olives, 93, 136.

Onions, 143, 332.

Open parishes, 158, 284.

Oranges, 93.

Orchards, 17, 128, 131, 143, 186, 188, 255, 332; seventeenth century, 135-6.

Owners and occupiers, percentage of, 334.

Owners of Land, return, 260-1.

Owners, small, see Holders, small.

Ox teams, 16, 31, 64, 84, 143, 147, 153, 191, 204, 340.

Oxen, description of, in 1592, 104; value of, 19, 20, 35, 57, 66, 114. (See Cattle, price of.)

Oxford, 63, 273, 338.

Oxford Down sheep, 275, 288, 344, 345.

Oxfordshire, 24, 40, 78, 99, 145, 151.

Pack-horses, use of, 138.

Packing fruit in seventeenth century, 129, 130.

Paring and burning, 141, 153.

Parsnips, 143.

Pasture, breaking up, 218.

Pasture, common, 2, 4, 16, 19, 73, 99, 113, 195; often worth little, 256; permanent, in Holdings Act, 299; extent of, in 1688, 155; in 1770, 196; ploughed up during French War, 243; sparing, 124.

Pasture land, price of, 41, 59, 115-7, 139.

Patents, 113, 236.

Peaches, 15, 93, 136.

Pears, 15, 93, 130, 131, 136, 143, 329, 333.

Peas, 33, 69, 124, 155, 200, 227, 331-2, 353.

Peasants' revolt, 60.

Peel's drainage loans, 272.

Penalty for breaking up pasture, 178.

Perry, 130.

Pestilences, 38, 42, 68, 79.

Piecework, 28, 163, 206.

Pigeons, number of, 49, 96, 105, 143, 244, 274, 275.

Pigs, export of, 330; feeding, 16, 125; foot-and-mouth disease attacks, 290; import of, 326; number of, 333-4; profit on, in 1763, 200; size of, in 1592, 104; value of, 20, 35n., 96, 200-3; varieties of, 170, 346. (See Prices.)

Pinchbeck, 103.

Pitt, William, 238, 239.

Plat, Sir Hugh, 127, 152.

Plattes, Gabriel, 76, 127.

Pleuro-pneumonia, see Cattle plagues.

Plot, 145.

Plough, eleventh- and twelfth-century, 17.

Ploughing, cost of, 33, 65, 135, 141, 177, 179, 246; months for, 17, 124.

Ploughland, the, 16, 18.

Ploughs and ploughing, 65, 83, 113, 125, 129, 135, 143, 150, 153, 177, 191, 203, 217, 218, 225, 273, 342, 354.

Plums, 15, 93, 130, 131, 136, 329, 332.

Poaching, 48; by labourers, 55, 210, 248, 282, 291.

Population of England, 79, 89, 111, 120, 140, 156, 160, 163, 211, 240, 287.

Pork, price of, see Prices.

Porter, 'Progress of Nation,' 276, 279, 286, 287.

Portugal, exports to, 349.

Potatoes, 106, 107, 112, 187, 191, 194, 227, 318, 331-3, 353; disease, 277.

Poultry, 41n., 66, 80, 132, 169, 170 (see Prices); carrying, to London,171.

Praepositus, 12.

Precarii, or boon days, 9.

Precious metals, influx of, 89, 111; scarcity of, 66n.

Prices: Apples, 15, 65, 188, 189. Bacon and pork, 96, 102, 238, 239, 263, 313, 334. Barley, 20, 35, 69, 114, 133, 138, 142, 155, 179, 223, 247, 312, 347, 350-3. Beans, 35, 155, 180, 347. Beef, 96, 102, 114, 164, 206n., 239, 240, 241, 242, 247, 262, 263, 265. Bread, 206n., 207n., 223, 230, 242n., 280, 285, 286, 291. Butter, 33, 66, 114, 206n., 241, 247, 285-6, 312, 334, 347. Carts, 203. Cattle, 19, 20, 35, 41, 65, 89, 105, 114, 119, 133, 146, 163, 165n., 167, 169, 203, 235, 263, 307, 312, 347. Cheese, 173-4, 206n., 241, 242, 312, 334, 347. Clover, 166. Eighteenth century, 145, 160, 163, 164, 165n., 166, 167, 169, 170, 172, 173-4, 179, 180, 186, 188, 189, 200, 203, 206n., 222, 223, 227, 229, 230, 231, 237, 238, 239, 240, 285, 341, 355. Fifteenth century, 40, 66, 69, 355. Fourteenth century, 39, 40, 41, 59, 65, 327, 355. Flax,152. Grapes, 144. Harness, 203. Hay, 157, 165n., 166, 241-2, 262, 347. Hops, 87, 89, 150, 247, 298, 330, 347. Horses, 19, 20, 35, 36, 114, 142, 165n., 203, 347, 355. Horse-shoes,96. Implements, 83, 138. Malt, 89, 240, 241. Milk, 168, 170, 312. Mutton, 96, 10-2, 206n., 239, 240, 241, 247, 262, 263, 265, 313, 334. Nineteenth century, 227, 235, 240, 242-4, 245, 247-8, 262, 263, 264-6, 267, 277-81, 285, 287, 293, 295, 296, 305, 306, 307, 312, 324, 329, 330, 334. Oats, 20, 35, 69, 114, 138, 155, 180, 223, 241, 312, 347, 350-3. Peas, 69, 155, 200, 247. Pedigree cattle, 234, 235. Pigs, 20, 41, 96, 200, 203, 347. Potatoes, 106. Poultry and eggs, 41, 96, 114, 133, 170, 247, 347. Rabbits,174. Rams, 202, 215, 235. Rollers, 203. Rye, 4, 16, 91, 125, 133, 138, 155, 347. Saffron, 106. Seventeenth century, 89, 110, 111, 114, 118, 119, 127, 133-4, 138, 142, 144, 146, 150, 152, 157, 159, 160, 328, 355. Sheep, 20, 3511., 36, 41, 80, 114, 138, 165n., 203, 206n., 263, 312, 347. Sixteenth century, 80, 87, 89, 95, 96, 102-6, 109, 355. Straw, 179, 180. Tenth century, 19. Thirteenth century, 33, 35, 39, 355. Twelfth century, 20. Vetches, 155. Waggons, 203-4. Wheat, 20, 35, 66, 69, 89, 110, 114, 133, 134, 138, 142, 155, 157, 160, 163, 164, 179, 186, 223, 231, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242-4, 247-8, 262, 265, 277-8, 281, 293, 306, 312, 334, 347, 350-3, 355. Wine, 145. Wool, 39, 40, 80, 89, 96, 114, 118, 119, 142, 163, 172, 173, 223, 239, 242, 285-6, 306, 312, 327, 328, 329, 347.

Prickly comfrey, 237.

Proclamation as to wages and prices, 42.

Production, increased cost of, 295, 313.

Prosperity, agricultural, 28, 101, 114, 103, 183, 210-1, 229, 243-4, 246, 264, 287; during French War, 243-6, 247, 264.

Protecting fruit from blight, Sec., 187.

Protection, effect of, 250, 278-9, 281; highest limit of, 248; 265, 266, 277-9.

Provender rents, 6.

Pruning fruit trees, 131, 136.

Pulverization of soil, 175.

Quarter Sessions, assessment of wages by, 108.

Quartly, Francis, 341.

Quiet Emptores, statute of, 29.

Quinces, 15, 136.

Quit, notice to, 300, 301, 302.

Rabbits, rearing, 174; reserved to landlord, 115.

Railway rates, 295-6.

Rake, horse, 304.

Raleigh introduces potatoes, 106.

Rams, ewes to, 126, 138; price of, 202, 215, 235.

Ramsey, 72.

Raspberries, 331.

Rates, 229, 238, 241, 245, 247, 248, 249, 255, 269, 284, 295, 296, 307, 314.

Rathgib, Jacob, 104.,

Reaping, cost of, 34, 44, 65, 71, 109, 110, 138, 177, 179, 180, 246, 348, 354; machines, 303-4; time for, 124; versus mowing corn, 135.

Red Polled cattle, 343.

Reeve, 12; duties of a, 17.

Reigate, Flaunchford near, 64.

Rents: Twelfth century, 27. Thirteenth century, 36, 57, 75, 348. Fourteenth century, 40, 41, 46, 65, 75, 348. Fifteenth century, 57, 58, 66, 348. Sixteenth century, 66, 76, 95, 115, 116, 348. Seventeenth century, 115, 116, 117, 127, 133, 139, 143, 155, 161, 348, 354. Eighteenth century, 116, 177, 179, 183, 189, 193n., 224, 227, 328, 348. Nineteenth century, 243, 246, 248, 264, 266, 278, 285-6, 287, 297, 304, 306-9, 310, 319n., 321-2.

Repairs, see Buildings, farm.

Restrictive covenants, see Cultivation clauses.

Revival, recent, in agriculture, 320.

Revolt, Peasants', 60.

Revolution, agricultural and industrial, 162.

Ridges, high, 129, 175.

Rinderpest, see Cattle plagues.

Riots, 185, 223, 262, 366,

Ripon, 147.

Roads, 21, 68, 105, 138, 171, 175, 182, 204, 210, 219, 220-3, 269, 274, 295.

Rock and Far Forest district, 318,

Rogers, Thorold, 107, 229.

Roller, farm, in seventeenth century, 135.

Rolling, 166, 194.

Romney Marsh sheep, 344.

Romsey Abbey, 15n.

Roots, few, used for cows, 200 (see Turnips).

Roscommon sheep, 343.

Roses, 143.

Ross, John, of Warwick, 76.

Rot, see Sheep rot.

Rotation of crops (see Four-course and Three-field system) 225, 275.

Rothamsted, 275.

Roundsman system, 239.

Royal Agrlctttonal Society, 273-4, 281, 308.

Royal Society, helps agriculture, 114.

Russia, imports rom, 323-4; wool from, 328.

Rutland, 22, 102, 109, 110, 120, 134, 143, 151, 255, 268, 306n.; Dukes of, 115, 286.

Rye, 4, 16, 91, 125, 133, 138, 155; in Norfolk, 182, 276; produce, per acre, in 1770, 197.

Rye-grass, 178-9, 218, 276.

Ryeland sheep, 344, 345, 346.

Saffron, 62, 106, 143, 167; Walden, 106, 167.

Sainfoin, 112, 115, 143, 191, 194, 225, 331.

Saint Paul's, manors of, 16, 29, 50, 57, 58.

Sales, famous, 234n., 235, 338, 339.

Salt, value of, 26.

Samford Hall, 190.

Scotland, cattle of, 336, 343; wheat crop in, 332n.

Scott, Reynold, 89, 151.

Scottish cattle, 168-9.

Scudamore, Lord, 132, 3^8.

Seasons, bad, 20, 42n., 66, 69, 89, 115, 157, 179, 184, 185, 186, 210, 223, 224, 237, 239, 242, 243, 247, 262, 265, 277, 292, 293, 294, 295, 297, 305; good, 239, 244, 262, 266, 287.

Seed, amount of, for wheat, 33, 67n.,84, 177, 179, 180, 227, 246; for clover, 112, 166, 176, 218; clover, price of, 166.

Sefton, Lord, estate of, 320n.

Selions, 318.

Self-binding reaper, 304.

Seneschal, 12.

Settled Land Acts, 305.

Settlement, law of parochial, 157-8, 209, 238, 269n., 284.

Settlements, family, 123, 259-60.

Seventeenth century, characteristics of, 111.

Sheaf-binding apparatus, 237.

Shearing sheep, 125.

Sheep, 94, 104, 126, 137, 146, 161, 200, 225, 233, 236, 263, 274, 275, 288, 290; diseases of, 84; export of, 326, 330 (see Live stock); improvement of, 37, 164, 202; number of, in 1867, 288; in 1877 and 1907, 333-4; price of, see Prices; varieties of, 171, 172, 215-7, 233, 235, 275, 288, 343-6; washing, cost of, 65, 125, 354.

Sheep-rot, 184, 242, 265n., 294.

Shepherd, wages of, 61, 71, 87, 109.

Shire horse, 35, 335; Society, 335.

Shoeing, 36, 65, 84, 203.

Shorthorn cattle, 167, 225, 233-5, 274, 288, 336-8, 339, 342.

Shows, Agricultural, 233, 273-5, 341.

Shropshire, 11n., 16n., 159, 173, 219, 220, 225, 250, 339; sheep, 275, 288, 344, 345, 346.

Siberian Railway, 324.

Sicks, uncultivated patches, 99n.

Sinclair, Sir J., 229, 230, 232.

Sittingboume, 128, 143.

Sixteenth century, character of, 89.

Slaves, 8, 11, 20.

Smith, Adam, 134, 210.

Smith of Deanston, 214, 271-2.

Smithfield, 168, 169; cattle show, 218, 273, 339; prices at, 239, 240, 241, 247, 265.

Smyth, John, 111.

Society, Royal Agricultural, 193.

Society for Encouragement of Arts, &c., 194> 227, 303.

Socmen, 7.

Somerset, 19, 58, 107, 168, 250, 309, 340; sheep, 344.

Somerville, Loid, 231.

Southams cattle, 342.

Southdown sheep, 217, 225, 233, 236, 263, 274, 275, 344, 345.

Spade, prejudice against, 112, 143; for hops, 150.

Spain, exports to, 349; imports from, 323.

Spanish wool, 38-9, 328.

Speculation, in land, 243; in produce, 305.

Speenhamland Act, 237-8.

Spencer, Earl, 273.

Sporting rights reserved, 115.

Spraying fruit, 136.

Squatters, 220, 256.

Squire, the, 103, 128, 137, 140, 193, 211-2.

Stafford, Marquis of, 219.

Staffordshire, 3, 44, 78, 122, 219, 286, 295, 309.

Statesmen, 311.

Statistics, agricultural, 230, 231, 232, 277, 288 (see King, Gregory), 331-2, 353.

Statute of labourers, 43.

Statutes quoted: 20 Hen. III. c. 4, 73. 25 Edw. III. 2. c. 1, 43. 34 Edw. III. c. 20, 63. 12 Ric. II. c. 4, 61. 12 Ric. II. c. 5, 64. 12 Ric. II. c. 6, 55. 13 Ric. II. c. 13, 55. 15 Ric. II. c. 5, 71. 17 Ric. II. c. 7, 63. 4 Hen. IV. c. 14, 67n. 7 Hen. IV. c. 17, 70. 9 Hen. V. c. 5, 68n. 3 Hen. VI. c. 2, 326. 3 Hen. VI. c. 4, 327. 4 Hen. VI. c. 5, 64. 15 Hen. VI. c. 2, 69. 23 Hen. VI. c. 12, 71, 87. 3 Edw. IV. c. 2, 70. 3 Edw. IV. c. 5, 7in. 22 Edw. IV. c. 1, 7in. 4 Hen. VII. c. 19, 79, 94, 117. 11 Hen. VII. c. 13, 325. 11 Hen. VII. c. 22, 87. 6 Hen. VIII. c. 3, 87. 6 Hen. VIII. c. 5, 79. 21 Hen. VIII. c. 8, 86. 22 Hen. VIII. c. 7, 326. 24 Hen. VIII c. 3, 102. 24 Hen. VIII. c. 4, 105. 24 Hen. VIII. c. 10, 82n. 25 Hen, VIII. c. 1, 86. 25 Hen. VIII. c. 13, 80. 27 Hen. VIII. c. 6, 85. 27 Hen. VIII. c. 22, 94. 32 Hen. VIII. c. 13, 85. I Edw. VI. c. 5, 326. 3 and 4 Edw. VI. c. 19, 86. 5 Edw. VI. c. 14, 86. 2 and 3 Phil. and Mary, c. 3, 96. 5 Eliz. c. 4, 107. 5 Eliz. c. 5, 105. 8 Eliz. c. 3, 326. 8 Eliz. c. 15, 82n. 13 Eliz. c. 25, 96. 14 Eliz. c. 11, 82n. 31 Eliz. c. 7, 121n., 159. 39 Eliz. c. 1, 117. 39 Eliz, c. 2, 118. 39 Eliz. c. 18, 82n. 43 Eliz. c. 2, 296. 1 Jac. I. c. 18, 150. 21 Jac. I. c. 28, 118n. 12 Car. II. c. 4, 161. 13 and 14 Car. II. c. 18, 326, 327. 14 Car. II. c. 12, 157. 15 Car. II. c. 7, 134, 326. 18 Car. II. c. 2, 161, 326. 22 Car. II. c. 13, 326. 32 Car. II. c. 2, 161, 326. 3 W. and M. c. 2, 158. 8 and 9 W. and M. c. 30, 158. 7 and 8 Wm. III. c. 28, 327. 36 Geo. III. c. 23, 238. 41 Geo. III. c. 109, 231-2. 9 Geo. IV. c. 60, 278. 4 and 5 Wm. IV. c. 76, 269. 6 and 7 Wm. IV. c. 71, 270. 5 Vict. c. 14, 278. 9 and 10 Vict. c. 22, 280. 9 and 10 Vict. c. 23, 280. 14 and 15 Vict. c. 25, 301. 30 and 31 Vict. c. 130, 292. 38 and 39 Vict. c. 92, 299. 43 and 44 Vict. c. 47, 303. 46 and 47 Vict. c. 61, 300. 59 and 60 Vict. c. 16, 314n. 63 and 64 Vict. c. 50, 301. 1 Edw. VII. c. 13, 314n. 6 Edw. VII. c. 56, 301. 7 Edw. VII. c. 54, 316.

Steam, applied to threshing, 237; cultivator, 304.

Stilton cheese, 173-4.

Stinting the common pasture, 4.

Stock and land leases, 57.

Stocking a farm, 170, 203.

Stores, public grain, 133, 264.

Stott, the, or affer, 35, 57, 65.

Stourbridge Fair, 171, 172n.

Stratfieldsaye, 272.

Straw, as winter food for cattle, 126, 217; carrying off, 178, 219, 302; price of, 179, 180, 330.

Strawberries, 15, 329, 331.

Stubble, grazing of, 4, 125.

Suffolk, 8, 30, 40, 57, 63n., 78, 112, 128, 147, 166, 168, 170, 173, 174, 188, 207, 225, 238, 284, 306n., 309, 313; Punch, 335; sheep, 275, 344, 345.

Supplies of com per head, 330 (see Wheat, home supplies).

Surrey, 64, 128, 143, 144, 168, 180, 283, 306n.

Surveyor, the seventeeiith-century, 127.

Sussex, 54, 78, 259, 263, 283, 306n.; cattle, 274, 288, 336, 340, 343.

Swanage, 262.

Swedes, 227, 237, 276, 288, 331-2, 333.

'Swing' riots, 266.

Taltarum's case, effect of, 122.

Tamworth pigs, 346.

Taunton, manor of, 18; good fanning near, 128.

Taxes, 247, 263-4, 307, 310; weight of, 183, 191, 229, 245, 246, 249, 250, 263, 320, 321.

Tea, drinking, 205, 207, 213, 291; price of, 205.

Teams, composition of, 16.

Telford, 220, 222.

Tenant farmers, assist in agricultural progress, 162; number of, 141, 156; origin of, 46, 119.

Tenant-right, 283.

Teeswater cattle, 337.

Tewkesbury, 255.

Thatchers, 139, 354.

Thomson of Banchory, 276.

Thorney and Woburn estates, 321.

Three-field system, 4, 99.

Threshing, cost of, 34, 44, 65, 163, 179, 180, 198-9, 246; machine, 230, 236-7, 282; time for, 17, 126.

Tillage, decrease of, 79, 80, 94; encouragement of, 79, 108, 117-8; reaction against, 118. (See Arable, and Grass.)

Timber (see Oak timber), 227; spoils crops, 282.

Tiptree, 319.

Tithe, dispute, 102; on turnips, 166; rent charge, 270.

Tithes, 116, 144, 151, 189, 195, 230, 332, 247, 248, 249, 250, 270, 305, 307.

Tooke, 179, 266.

Tours, Young's, 190, 192.

Towns, movement of rural population towards, 64, 70, 108, 185, 192, 195, 209, 315, 316-7.

Townshend, Lord, 163, 182-3, 192, 193.

Treatise on Husbandry, 33, 54.

Tull, Jethro, 152, 163, 174-7, 178, 180, 183, 193, 200-1, 204.

Turkeys, 170.

Turkish dominions, imports from, 323.

Turnip cutters, 276.

Turnip fly, remedies for, 166.

Turnips, 93, 111, 112, 115, 141, 143, 157, 164, 166, 168, 178, 183, 251, 331-2, 333; cost of growing, in 1770, 198; injure wool, 329; sheep first fattened on, 112; spread of, in eighteenth century, 165, 166, 179, 191, 194, 200, 201, 225; varieties of, in 1720, 165.

Tusser, 63, 90, 91, 92, 101, 102, 105, 111, 124, 126.

Two-field system, 3.

'Twopenny', 216.

Underwood, value of, in seventeenth century, 137.

Unions, Agricultural Labourers', 291-2.

United States, see America.

Unreasonable disturbance, 302.

Upwey, 318.

Vanghan, Rowland, 132-3.

Vegetables, 15, 93, 106, 112n., 143, 236n.

Ventnor, vineyard at, 145.

Vermin, destruction of, 82, 100, 244.

Vermuyden, Cornelius, 123.

Vetches, 125, 155, 331.

Village, the, of the eighteenth century, 164.

Village smith, the, 35.

Villeins, 6, 7, 8, 18, 24, 29, 42, 45; disappearance of, 46, 59, 60, 105.

Vills or villages, 2, 5, 7, 15, 98, 119.

Vineyards, 15, 16, 111, 144-5.

Virgate, 8.

Virginia, potatoes from, 106; wool from, 328.

Wages: Twelfth century, 27. Thirteenth century, 27, 28, 34, 348, 355. Fourteenth century, 27, 28, 41, 43, 59, 61, 62, 348, 355. Fifteenth century, 67, 71, 348, 355. Sixteenth century, 67, 87, 348, 355. Seventeenth century, 119, 138, 139, 348, 355. Eighteenth century, 163, 164, 184, 203, 205-6, 210, 237, 238, 240, 285, 348, 354-5. Nineteenth century, 241, 242, 249, 267, 268, 283-4, 285, 290-2, 297, 309, 311, 312, 313, 315, 355, 356.

Wages, on a farm in 1805, 247; regulated by statute, 43, 61, 71, 87; by Justices, 107, 109, 110.

Waggons, 153, 204.

Wainage, 8.

Wales, cattle of, 167, 336, 338, 343.

Wallachia and Moldavia, imports from, 323.

Walsingham states demands of villeins, 60.

Wars, effect of, 38, 68, 71, 193, 205, 212, 229, 237, 260, 286, 287, 341.

Warwickshire, 40, 77, 78, 94, 110, 172, 173, 213, 215, 216, 272, 282, 290, 306n., 309, 343.

Waste land, 231; committee on, 255n., 256; good crops from the, 119; Young and, 191.

Water carriage, cheapness of, 21, 173.

Weaning lambs, time for, 125.

Weaving, 70, 76, 110, 257.

Webster of Canley, 216.

Weeding hook and tongs, 84, 152.

Weeds, 125, 180, 201.

Week work, 8.

Welsh mountain sheep, 344, 346.

Wensleydale sheep, 343, 345.

Westcar of Creslow, 339.

Westcote, 128.

Westmoreland, 216, 295, 346.

Weston, Sir R., introduces clover, 111, 127, 141.

Weyhill Fair, 172.

Wheat, acreage tinder, in 1907, 331-2; consumption of, per head, 279; cost of growing, 177, 180, 198, 199, 246, 307; crops, 33, 67, 77, 91, 129, 142, 155, 165, 179, 180, 197-9, 227, 246, 282, 285, 286, 332; cultivation of, 4, 16, 32, 36, 113, 125, 135, 177-9, 180, 184, 353; different kinds of, 146, 107; home supplies of, 277, 279, 313, 330; price of, see Prices.

White, Gilbert, 223.

Wilton, hops near, 171.

Wiltshire, 143, 174, 253, 268, 283, 286, 309, 312, 313; sheep, 345.

Winchelsea, Lord, 255, 257, 268.

Winchester, 147, 150.

Wine, 144-5.

Wire binder, 304.

Wirral, 66.

Wisbech, 318.

Woad, 17, 152.

Women, work of, on the farm, 62, 85, 206, 316.

Wood, W. A., 304.

Woods, 2, 16, 59, 74, 78, 115, 125, 136, 155.

Woodstock, 53.

Wool, 37, 38-41, 69, 75, 80, 94, 104, 114, 118, 119, 142, 161, 163, 171-3, 184, 223, 285, 329, 354, 355; export of, see Exports; import of, see Imports; price of, see Prices.

Wool, custom of picking refuse, 100; storing, 125.

Worcestershire, 74, 128, 136, 143, 171, 306.

Work, hours of, 87, 147, 291.

Worlidge, John, 127, 131, 132, 142-8, 150-4, 165.

Worsley, Sir R., 145.

Yeoman, the, 50, 71, 123, 128, 140, 156, 207, 258-61, 310, 320; house of, 103.

Yeomen purchase lands of gentry, 122.

Yorkshire, 15, 78, 110, 138-9, 167, 168, 207, 225, 253, 283, 295, 306n., 309, 337, 343, 346.

Young, Arthur, 160, 162, 163, 172, 180, 182, 188, 190-3, 194, 197, 200-6, 210, 211, 222, 224, 230, 232, 236, 240, 253, 255, 257, 260, 284, 285, 288n., 298, 314, 317, 335, 336, 337, 343, 353, 355; opposed to drilling, 178; pet aversions of, 191; statements of, as to growth of clover, 112.