book 146. § 116. Professorship At Pisa: Experiments on Falling

§ 116. Professorship at Pisa: experiments on falling bodies: protests against the principle of authority 147

§ 117. Professorship at Padua: adoption of Coppernican views 148

§ 118. =The telescopic discoveries.= Invention of the telescope by Lippersheim: its application to astronomy by Harriot, Simon Marius, and Galilei 149

§ 119. The Sidereus Nuncius: observations of the moon 150

§ 120. New stars: resolution of portions of the Milky Way 151

§ 121. The discovery of Jupiter’s satellites: their importance for the Coppernican controversy: controversies 151

§ 122. Appointment at the Tuscan court 153

§ 123. Observations of Saturn. Discovery of the phases of Venus 154

§ 124. Observations of sun-spots by Fabricius, Harriot, Scheiner, and Galilei: the Macchie Solari: proof that the spots were not planets: observations of the umbra and penumbra 154

§ 125. Quarrel with Scheiner and the Jesuits: theological controversies: Letter to the Grand Duchess Christine 157

§ 126. Visit to Rome. The first condemnation: prohibition of Coppernican books 159

§ 127. Method for finding longitude. Controversy on comets: Il Saggiatore 160

§ 128. =Dialogue on the Two Chief Systems of the World.= Its preparation and publication 162

§ 129. The speakers: argument for the Coppernican system based on the telescopic discoveries: discussion of stellar parallax: the differential method of parallax 163

§ 130. Dynamical arguments in favour of the motion of the earth: the First Law of Motion. The tides 165

§ 131. =The trial and condemnation.= The thinly veiled Coppernicanism of the Dialogue: the remarkable preface 168

§ 132. Summons to Rome: trial by the Inquisition: condemnation, abjuration, and punishment: prohibition of the Dialogue 169

§ 133. Last years: life at Arcetri: libration of the moon: the Two New Sciences: uniform acceleration, and the first law of motion. Blindness and death 172

§ 134. Estimate of Galilei’s work: his scientific method 176