Part 297

+------------------+-----------------+-------------------------------+ |Proportions of the|First part of the| | |measures of each |name which indi- | | |species to its |cates the propor-| | |principal measure |tion to the prin-|PRINCIPAL MEASURES, OR UNITIES.| |or unity. |cipal measure or +---------------+---------------+ | |unity. |Length. |Capacity. | +------------------+-----------------+---------------+---------------+ |10,000 |Myria} | | | | 1,000 |Kilo } | | | | 100 |Hecto} | | | | 10 |Deca } | | | | 0 |---- } |Metre. |Litre. | | 0.1 |Deci } | | | | 0.01 |Centi} | | | | 0.001 |Milli} | | | +------------------------------------+---------------+---------------+ |Proportion of the principal measures|10,000,000th |A Decimetre | |between themselves, and the length |part of the |cube. | |of the Meridian. |dist. from the | | | |Pole to the | | | |Equator. | | +------------------------------------+---------------+---------------+ |Value of the principal measures in |3 feet 11 lines|1 pint and ¹⁄₂₀| |the ancient French measures. |and ¹⁄₂ nearly.|or 1 litron and| | | |¹⁄₄ nearly. | | | | | +------------------------------------+---------------+---------------+ |Value in English measures. |Inches 39·383. |61.083 inch, | | | |which is more | | | |than the wine | | | |and less than | | | |the beer quart.| +------------------------------------+---------------+---------------+

+------------------+-----------------+-------------------------------+ |Proportions of the|First part of the| | |measures of each |name which indi- | | |species to its |cates the propor-| | |principal measure |tion to the prin-|PRINCIPAL MEASURES, OR UNITIES.| |or unity. |cipal measure or +---------------+---------------+ | |unity. |Weight. |Agrarian. | +------------------+-----------------+---------------+---------------+ |10,000 |Myria} | | | | 1,000 |Kilo } | | | | 100 |Hecto} | | | | 10 |Deca } | | | | 0 |---- } |Gramme. |Are. | | 0.1 |Deci } | | | | 0.01 |Centi} | | | | 0.001 |Milli} | | | +------------------------------------+---------------+---------------+ |Proportion of the principal measures|Weight of a |100 square | |between themselves, and the length |centimetre cube|metres. | |of the Meridian. |of distilled | | | |Water. | | | | | | +------------------------------------+---------------+---------------+ |Value of the principal measures in |18 grains and |Two square | |the ancient French measures. |841,000 parts. |perches des | | | |eaux et foret. | | | | | +------------------------------------+---------------+---------------+ |Value in English measures. |22·966 grains. |11·968 square | | | |yards. | | | | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------+---------------+---------------+

+------------------+-----------------+---------------+ |Proportions of the|First part of the| PRINCIPAL | |measures of each |name which indi- | MEASURES, | |species to its |cates the propor-| OR | |principal measure |tion to the prin-| UNITIES. | |or unity. |cipal measure or +---------------+ | |unity. |For Firewood. | +------------------+-----------------+---------------+ |10,000 |Myria} | | | 1,000 |Kilo } | | | 100 |Hecto} | | | 10 |Deca } | | | 0 |---- } |Stere. | | 0.1 |Deci } | | | 0.01 |Centi} | | | 0.001 |Milli} | | +------------------------------------+---------------+ |Proportion of the principal measures|One cubic | |between themselves, and the length |metre. | |of the Meridian. | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------+---------------+ |Value of the principal measures in |1 demi voie or | |the ancient French measures. |¹⁄₄ of a cord | | |des eaux et | | |foret. | +------------------------------------+---------------+ |Value in English measures. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | +------------------------------------+---------------+

By the new metrical system of the French, the geometrical circle used in astronomical, geographical, and topographical calculations, is divided instead of 360, into 400 equal parts, which are called grades: each grade is divided into 100 equal parts which are called minutes of grades: and each minute into 100 seconds, of grades. The proportion of the new to the old degree is 0.9; and the next proportion or minute is 54′ of the old division; and the new second is 32″.4 of the ancient.

Reduction of the old French Weights and measures to English; and the contrary.

1st. To reduce English Avoirdupois to Paris weight:

The avoirdupois pound of 16} ounces, or 7000 troy grains} = 8538 Paris grains The ounce = 533.6250}

2d. To reduce Paris running feet or inches into English,} multiply by }1.065977 ---- English running feet or inches into Paris divide by }

3d. To reduce Paris cubic feet or inches into English, } multiply by }1.211278 ---- English cubic feet or inches into Paris, divide by }

4th. To reduce the Paris pint to the English, multiply by}2.0171082 ---- To reduce the English pint to the Paris, divide by }

German MEASURES. The Rhinland rood is the measure commonly used in Germany and Holland, and in most of the northern states, for all military purposes.

It is divided into 12 feet. The Rhinland rood is sometimes divided into tenths, or decimal feet, and the pace is made equal to 2 decimal feet, or ²⁄₁₀ of a rood.

Proportions between the English Weights and Measures, and those of the principal Places in Europe.

-----------+-------+-------- |Foot in|Pound in Places. | Parts.| Parts. -----------+-------+-------- London | 1000 | 100 Paris | 1068 | 108 Amsterdam | 942 | 93 Rhinland | 1033 | 96 Antwerp | 946 | 98 Lovaine | 958 | 98 Middleburgh| 991 | 98 Strasburgh | 920 | 93 Bremen | 964 | 94 Cologne | 954 | 97 Frankfort | 948 | 93 Leipsig | -- | 117 Hamburg | -- | 95 Venice | 1153 | 151 Prague | 1026 | 106 Copenhagen | 965 | 94 Nuremburgh | 1006 | 94 Bavaria | 954 | 40 Vienna | 1053 | 83 Madrid | 1001 | 99 Toledo | 899 | 100 Bologne | 1204 | 127 Naples | 861 | -- Florence | -- | 123 Genoa | -- | 142 Mantua | 1569 | 143 Turin | 1062 | -- Dantzig | 944 | 119 -----------+-------+--------

Cubical MEASURES, or measures of capacity for liquors. English liquid measures were originally raised from troy weight, it being ordained that pounds troy of wheat, gathered from the middle of the ear, and well dried, should weigh a gallon of wine measure; yet a new weight, viz. the avoirdupois weight, had been introduced, to which a second standard gallon was adjusted, exceeding the former in the proportion of the avoirdupois weight to the troy weight. From this latter standard were raised two measures, the one for ale, the other for beer.

The sealed gallon at Guildhall, London, which is the English standard for wine, spirits, oil, &c. is supposed to contain 231 cubic inches; yet by actual experiment made in 1688, before the lord mayor and commissioners of excise, it only contains 224 cubic inches. It was however agreed to continue the common supposed contents of 231: hence, as 12 : 231 ∷ 14¹²⁄₂₀ : 281¹⁄₂ the cubic inches in an ale gallon; but in effect, the ale quart contains 70¹⁄₂ cubic inches; on which principles the ale and beer gallon will be 282 cubic inches.

Dry MEASURE, is different from both the ale and wine measure, being nearly a mean between both.

According to a British act of parliament, passed in 1697, every round bushel with a plain and even bottom, being 18¹⁄₂ inches throughout, and eight inches deep, is to be accounted a legal Winchester bushel, according to the standard in the exchequer; consequently a corn gallon will contain 268.8 inches, as in the following table.

|inches +------+ | 2688|gallons +------+--+ | 5376| 2|pecks +------+--+-----+ | 21504| 8| 4¹⁄₂|bushels +------+--+-----+-+ |172032|64|32 |8|quarters +------+--+-----+-+--------

Winchester Measure.

2 Pints make 1 Quart. 4 Quarts ---- 1 Gallon. 9 Gallons ---- 1 Firkin. 2 Firkins, or 18 Gallon ---- 1 Kilderkin. 2 Kilderkins, or 36 Gallons ---- 1 Barrel. 1 Barrel and half, or 54 Gallons ---- 1 Hogshead. 2 Hogsheads or 3 barrels, or 108 Gallons ---- 1 Butt. 2 Butts, or 216 Gallons ---- 1 Tun.

Table Cloth Measure.

2 Inches and a Quarter make 1 Nail. 4 Nails ---- ¹⁄₄ of a Yard. 4 Quarters ---- 1 Yard. ³⁄₄ of a Yard ---- 1 Ell Flemish. 5 Quarters, or 1 Yard 1 Quarter ---- 1 Ell English. 6 Quarters ---- 1 French Ell.

MEASURE of wood for firing, is the cord, being four feet high, as many broad, and the length of the wood is as by law established, it is divided into two half cords.

MEASURE for horses, is the hand, which by statute contains 4 inches.

Powder MEASURES, made of copper, holding from an ounce to 12 pounds, are very convenient in a siege, when guns or mortars are to be loaded with loose powder, especially in ricochet-firing, &c.

The French recommend measures that are made of block tin, such as are used for measuring out salt, viz. 1 ounce, 2, 3, 4, 8, which make the half pound; and lastly, of 16, which make the pound. These quantities answer every sort of ordnance.

Diameters and Heights of Cylindric Powder Measures, holding from 1 to 15 Ounces.