Part 236

IRAN, Ind. Persia.

IRENARCH, (Irenarque, Fr.) An officer, so called in the old Grecian empire, irenarcha præfectus pacis. His principal duty was to preserve public tranquillity, and his functions were nearly similar to those of the French prévots de maréchaussées, or police magistrates. We read in the Justinian code of laws, that the irenarchs were sent into the different provinces, for the purpose of preserving peace and good order. They were therefore invested with authority to take cognizance of all crimes and misdemeanors, and to punish the delinquents. There was likewise an irenarch established in every town, to settle the disputes and differences which might arise between the inhabitants, and to secure public tranquillity. This person was anciently called præfectus urbis. The office of irenarch was abolished under the Emperors Theodosius and Honorius, it having latterly been found more productive of evil than good. The word itself is derived from the Greek, and signifies Prince of Peace.

IRREGULAR Fortification. See FORTIFICATION.

IRON Guns. See GUNS.

IRONS. See PRIMING IRONS.

ISLAUD, Ind. A term to express slow music among the Indians.

ISOCELES, a triangle having only two sides which are equal.

ISOLE, Fr. This word is used among the French, to express any body or thing which is detached from another. It is variously applied in fortification. Thus a pavillion or a barrack which is not joined to any other wall or building is called isolé, because it stands alone, and a person may walk entirely round it. A parapet is also said to be isolé, when there is an interval of four or five feet between the rampart and its wall; which interval serves as a path for the rounds.

ISOPERIMETRICAL Figures.--(Figures Isoperimetriques, Fr.) A term derived from the Greek to express all figures that have equal circumferences or perimeters.

ISSUE, event; consequence; the ultimate result of any undertaking; the termination of any contest.

General ISSUE. In matters of litigation is the question to be decided upon, or issue, the parties state certain facts, one asserts the fact, the other denies, and upon this they join issue, the determination of that fact is the issue.

ISTHMUS, (Isthme, Fr.) A neck of land which joins the Peninsula to the Continent, and which separates two seas, as Darien; Corinth.

ITINERAIRES, Fr. Itinerary movements or days of march. A technical phrase among the French to denote the order and disposition which a body of men, or an army, is directed to observe in its march from one camp to another, or to any particular quarter of destination.

ITMAMDAR. Ind. A superintendant or lieutenant-governor in India.

JUDGES are authorized to take judicial notice of the articles of war.

JUDGE MARTIAL, or Advocate General, the supreme judge in martial law as to the jurisdiction and powers of military courts, in the British system. It is incumbent upon this person, as well as upon his deputies to be well acquainted with the laws of the land, that they may admonish the court or president when their proceedings are tending to infringe the civil law. He is register of courts-martial, and should take down the evidence in the very words of the witness. He is neither a judge nor a juror as to the charge.

JUGE, Fr. A sort of judge or provost marshal. This term was particularly applicable to the interior government of the Swiss guards that were in the service of France. Each regiment of that description had one judge or provost marshal per company, and one superior to the rest who presided over the regiment. The inferior judge was called richter, and the grand or superior judge obster richter. The inferior judges had the examination of petty crimes and offences which they reported to the captain of the company. If the crimes were of a serious or heinous nature, the inferior judges drew up a specific statement of them, and laid the whole before the obster richter, who communicated the circumstance to the colonel. Grounds for a general court-martial were generally established out of the latter report.

JUGG, Ind. An Indian sacrifice.

JUGGUT GROW, Ind. An Indian term which signifies guardian of mankind.

JUMBAUN, Ind. In Indian music, means, shake.

JUMBOO DEEP, Ind. A word particularly used to signify India; it is derived from jumboo or jumbook, a jackal, and deep, any large portion of land which is surrounded by the sea.

JUMBOO DEEP, Ind. The inhabitants of India were so called before the introduction of the Tartar governments.

JUMMA KERCH, Ind. An account, stating the receipt and expenditure of the revenue; that is the gross or general account.

JUNCAN, Ind. A toll or duty on every thing that passes.

JUNGLE, An Indian term for a wood, or woody country. It likewise means high grass, reeds, or thicket.

JURISDICTION. Legal authority, extent of power. Officers not being liable to be tried by garrison or regimental courts-martial, may appeal from the jurisdiction of such courts; as may non-commissioned officers and soldiers in cases where their pay is concerned.

JUST. A sportive combat on horseback, man against man, armed with lances; called also Joust, Tilt, Tournament, &c.

JUSTICES. Military men are, in many instances, under the necessity of applying to justices in order to execute their several orders and instructions without infringing upon the civil authorities; and justices on their side are bound to aid and assist the military in conformity to established laws and regulations.