Part 69

"Young.--Similar to the old female and streaked in the same manner, but distinguished by having wing-coverts broadly centered with dark brown; crown streaked instead of being uniform; feathers black with yellowish buff margins, and under surface of body much more distinctly streaked, centers of the feathers being dark brown on throat and fore neck; flank-feathers also streaked with brown." (Sharpe.)

"Extremely abundant about Lake Naujan, in Mindoro. It comes out on the mud flats to feed, but promptly takes refuge among the reeds if disturbed." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

150. IXOBRYCHUS CINNAMOMEUS (Gmelin).

CINNAMON BITTERN.

Ardea cinnamomea Gmelin, Syst. Nat. (1788), 1, pt. 2, 643. Ardetta cinnamomea Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1898), 26, 236; Hand-List (1899), 1, 203; Blanford, Fauna Brit. Ind. Bds. (1898), 4, 402, fig. 98 (head); Oates, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1902), 2, 132; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 35.

Ba-caú ca-né-lo, Manila.

Bohol (McGregor); Catanduanes (Whitehead); Cebu (Bourns & Worcester); Guimaras (Steere Exp.); Leyte (Everett); Luzon (Everett, Whitehead, McGregor); Marinduque (Steere Exp.); Mindanao (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Mindoro (Steere Exp., Everett, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor, Porter); Palawan (Bourns & Worcester); Panay (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Samar (Whitehead); Sibuyan (McGregor); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester); Ticao (McGregor). China, Eastern Siberia, Indian Peninsula, Indo-Malayan subregion; Celebes in winter.

"Adult male.--Entirely cinnamon-rufous above, including wings and tail; sides of face and ear-coverts cinnamon-rufous; cheeks a little lighter rufous; throat ashy white, with a median streak of tawny-rufous, which extends down throat and fore neck, being streaked with blackish longitudinal marks on the outer webs of the feathers; lower throat, fore neck, breast, sides of body, and thighs tawny-rufous; abdomen white; under tail-coverts tawny-buff; on sides of upper breast a patch of dependent feathers, having black centers with tawny-buff or rufous margins; under wing-coverts tawny-buff; axillars and under surface of quills pale chestnut. 'Eyelids and facial skin reddish purple; bill nearly all yellow, the culmen alone being dark brown; legs and toes yellowish green; claws brown; iris yellow to pale red.' (Oates.) Length, 279; culmen, 46; wing, 140; tail, 41; tarsus, 48.

"Adult males in winter appear to be a little more dingy on the upper parts than in summer, the head and back being shaded with grayish brown.

"Adult female.--Mantle and back uniform dark brown; wing-coverts dingy brown, but mottled with sandy-buff margins and checkered notches, which appear also on scapulars and inner secondaries, and have also subterminal markings of darker brown on many of the coverts; greater coverts, primary-coverts, and quills chestnut, with a good deal of dusky at base and on the inner webs, primary-coverts also dusky towards the ends; tail-feathers dull chestnut; crown and nape dusky brown; frilled feathers on the sides of neck brown in the center, with yellowish margins; sides of face yellowish buff, streaked with brown; whole of the under surface yellowish buff, very thickly streaked with dark brown, sides of throat whiter, feathers composing the broad mesial streak down the middle of throat and fore neck having a distinct rufous shade; on each side of the upper breast a patch of dependent plumes, black in the center with yellowish-buff margins; thighs chestnut; under wing-coverts yellowish buff like the chest; axillars and quill-lining dull chestnut, the feathers with a good deal of gray in them. 'Facial skin, margins of upper mandible, and nearly the whole of the lower mandible yellow, remainder of bill black; back of tarsus and soles yellow; claws yellowish brown; iris yellow.' (Oates.) Length, 330; culmen, 51; wing, 136; tail, 43; tarsus, 44.

"The young birds are very like the female, as determined by Mr. Oates and myself, but the whole back is variegated with yellowish-buff spots and markings, as well as the wings, so that the uniform brown mantle is a sign of the adult female, and the spotted mantle of a young bird. Mr. Everett gives the soft parts of a young female as follows: 'Legs and feet bright olive-green; bill greenish yellow at base, the culmen of a dark olive-brown tint; iris golden yellow.'

"Considerable variation in the tint of the cinnamon plumage of this species is observable in a series, and specimens from more southern localities are decidedly the darker and richer in color." (Sharpe.)

Genus NANNOCNUS Stejneger, 1887.

Very similar to Ixobrychus but the lower part of tibia unfeathered and the quills and tail-feathers blackish.

151. NANNOCNUS EURHYTHMUS (Swinhoe).

SCHRENCK'S BITTERN.

Ardetta eurhythma Swinhoe, Ibis (1873), 74, pl. 2; Meyer and Wiglesworth, Birds of Celebes (1898), 2, 856, pl. 45. Nannocnus eurythmus Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1898), 26, 242; Hand-List (1899), 1, 203; Oates, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1902), 2, 133; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 35.

Mindanao (Bourns & Worcester); Negros (Keay). Eastern Siberia, China, Japan, Borneo, Celebes.

"Adult male.--Above chestnut-brown; lesser wing-coverts and feathers round bend of wing also chestnut-brown; alula-feathers chestnut, outer ones blackish internally, with white on the outer margins; remainder of wing-coverts olive-clay-color, ashy near the ends of the feathers, innermost greater-coverts chestnut like scapulars; innermost secondaries also washed with chestnut, remainder of quills and primary-coverts ashy brown, paler at the tips, which are fringed with whitish, the first primary margined with ocherous; tail dark brown; crown and nape dusky brown; sides of face, ear-coverts, and neck-frill maroon; a broad band of white running from the middle of the cheeks down the sides of the neck; fore part of cheeks, throat, and under surface of body ocherous-buff; under tail-coverts, under wing-coverts, and axillars white; on the throat some slight indications of longitudinal dusky spots; feathers of the fore neck elongated; on each side of chest a patch of black feathers with ocherous margins. 'Bill blackish brown on culmen, yellowish brown on the rest, darker on the sides of upper mandible near tomia, light on sides of lower and on gonys; cere and bare skin round eye purplish flesh-color, ringed with green; legs and toes grass-green, yellow near the tarso-tibial joint and on the under surface of the tarsus; soles clay-colored; claws light yellowish brown; iris straw-color.' (Swinhoe.) Length, 305; culmen, 50; wing, 150; tail, 39; tarsus, 51.

"Adult female.--Different from the male. Dusky reddish brown, spotted all over with ocherous-buff, the feathers externally spotted or notched with this color; wing-coverts like the back, but largely edged and spotted with ocherous; head like the back; sides of face dull chestnut, with a band of white from the hinder cheeks down the sides of the neck; under surface of body ocherous-buff, plentifully streaked with blackish brown, tinged with rufous; the lower abdomen and under tail-coverts whiter; under wing-coverts deep ocherous, with ashy bases; a patch of brown feathers at the sides of the breast, all edged with ocherous. Length, 305; culmen, 49; wing, 140; tail, 29; tarsus, 48.

"Young.--Like the old female, but blackish brown above, the wing-coverts maroon-chestnut, and all the upper parts spotted with white instead of ocherous. 'Bill bright yellow, tinged with green; culmen black; feet yellowish green; iris golden yellow.' (Everett.)" (Sharpe.)

"A single specimen secured by us while with the Steere Expedition has been identified by Grant as Ardetta eurythma." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Genus DUPETOR Heine and Reichenbach, 1890.

This genus appears to be very near Ixobrychus but it may be recognized by the blackish or slate-colored upper parts.

152. DUPETOR FLAVICOLLIS (Latham).

BLACK BITTERN.

Ardea flavicollis Latham, Index Ornith. (1790), 2, 701. Dupetor flavicollis Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1898), 26, 247; Hand-List (1899), 1, 203; Oates, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1902), 2, 133; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 36.

Cebu (Bourns & Worcester); Luzon (Heriot); Marinduque (Steere Exp.); Mindanao (Everett, Steere Exp., Goodfellow); Negros (Keay). Celebes, Ceylon, Malay and Indian Peninsulas, Indo-Chinese countries, Greater Sunda Islands, southern and central China.