Part 278

b2. Crown and hind neck black (male), or black streaked with olive-green (female), in contrast with the yellow mantle and back. ... xanthonotus (p. 701)

707. ORIOLUS ACRORHYNCHUS Vigors.

PHILIPPINE ORIOLE.

Oriolus acrorhynchus Vigors, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1831), 97. Oriolus chinensis Linnæus, apud Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1877), 3, 203; Grant and Whitehead, Ibis (1898), 235 (eggs); Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 100 (habits); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 106. Oriolus suluensis Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1877), 3, 205. Broderipus acrorhynchus Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1877), 760. Oriolus palawanensis Sharpe, Ibis (1888), 200.

Cul-au-uan, Palawan; cu-li-au-an, Lubang; kee-ao, Calayan and Ticao; tu-li-haó, Bantayan, Bohol, and Masbate; ca-li-lau-an, Cagayancillo; tu-tu-li-ao, Cuyo; da-mud-lao, Bohol.

Banton (Celestino); Bantayan (McGregor); Balabac (Steere, Everett); Basilan (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Bohol (Everett, McGregor); Bongao (Everett); Cagayancillo (McGregor); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Calayan (McGregor); Caluya (Porter); Camiguin N. (McGregor); Catanduanes (Whitehead); Cebu (Meyer, Murray, Everett, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Cuyo (McGregor); Dinagat (Everett); Fuga (Whitehead); Guimaras (Meyer, Murray, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Lapac (Guillemard); Leyte (Everett, Steere Exp.); Libagao (Porter); Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Cuming, Meyer, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, McGregor, Bartsch); Maestre de Campo (McGregor & Worcester); Marinduque (Steere Exp.); Masbate (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Mindanao (Steere, Murray, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Goodfellow, Bartsch); Mindoro (Steere Exp., Schmacker, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Negros (Layard, Meyer, Steere, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Keay); Palawan (Everett, Lempriere, Platen, Whitehead, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, White); Panaon (Everett); Panay (Murray, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Pangamian (Bartsch); Polillo (McGregor); Romblon (Bourns & Worcester); Samar (Steere Exp.); Semirara (McGregor & Worcester); Sibay (McGregor & Worcester, Porter); Sibutu (Low, Everett); Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Siquijor (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Sulu (Burbidge, Guillemard, Bourns & Worcester); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester); Ticao (McGregor); Verde (McGregor).

Adult male.--Bright golden yellow and black; forehead and part of crown yellow; lores, a wide space about eye continued with a broad band across crown and occiput black, forming a broad crescent-shaped mark; wings black, some of the primaries narrowly edged with gray; tertials tipped with yellow; secondary-coverts, axillars, wing-lining, and edge of wing bright yellow; rectrices black, tipped with yellow, the yellow tip narrowest on the central pair and gradually wider on each succeeding pair to the outermost; entire under parts bright yellow, not so deep as the back. Iris pale pink; bill pinkish flesh-color; legs plumbeous; nails horn-color. An adult male from Luzon measures: Length, 305; wing, 150; tail, 104; culmen from base, 34; bill from nostril, 24; tarsus, 25.

Adult female.--Similar to the male, but the mantle with a dusky, slightly olive, wash contrasting strongly with the clear golden yellow of hind neck. A female from Mindoro measures: Wing, 149; tail, 112; culmen from base, 34; bill from nostril, 25; tarsus, 26.

Young.--Above olive-yellow or golden olive; the crescent crown mark obscure and more or less dusky olive in color; tertials and rectrices dusky, washed with olive; under parts much paler than in the adult, near lemon- or gamboge-yellow; feathers of breast with distinct black shaft-lines. As the bird becomes older the crescent-mark on the head becomes better developed and the shaft-marks on the breast become less distinct. The bill is dusky brown in immature individuals.

Three eggs of the Philippine oriole, taken by Whitehead at Cape Engaño, Luzon, on April 15, 1895, are thus described:

"Shape ovate. Pure white, with scattered spots and minute dots of deep blackish brown, and a few faint under-markings of slate gray. Measurements 32 mm. by 23 mm." Two eggs from Fuga, April 5, 1895, are "similar to the above." Measurements 33 mm. by 22 mm.

"The first nest was placed in a casuarina tree on the seacoast at some distance from the forest; the second was found in a high tree close to the freshly made nest of the white-breasted sea eagle (Haliætus leucogaster) from which the bird was disturbed. Both nests were of the usually oriole type." (Grant and Whitehead.)

"After a careful comparison of specimens from Palawan and the Calamianes Islands, we can see no good reason for making distinct species of them. The amount of yellow on the head is extremely variable. We have birds from Luzon and Mindoro which show quite as much as any of our Palawan or Calamianes birds. Nor do we find any constant difference in size between the Palawan-Calamianes birds and those from other parts of the group.

"Nine males average: Length, 290; wing, 155; tail, 107; culmen, 37; tarsus, 25; middle toe with claw, 28.7. Five females, length, 280; wing, 149; tail, 105; culmen, 36; tarsus, 25; middle toe with claw, 28.4. Iris brown; legs and feet dull black; bill pinkish, white along gape and at tip. One of the commonest Philippine birds, found abundantly among the coconut groves and in the scattered trees about open fields, and not infrequently met with in the forest as well. Variously called 'antu-li-hao', 'tu-li-hao', 'tu-li-hi-ao', and 'ku-li-ao-an' by the natives, in attempted imitation of its rather musical note." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

708. ORIOLUS ISABELLÆ Grant.

GRANT'S ORIOLE.

Oriolus isabellæ Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1894), 4, 2; Ibis (1895), 108; (1899), 101; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 101 (habits); McGregor, Bull. Philippine Mus. (1903), 1, 7 (description of male); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 106.

Luzon (Whitehead, McGregor, Celestino).

Adult (sexes alike).--Upper parts, lores, face, ear-coverts, and sides of neck dark, rich olive-yellow, slightly more olive on crown and exposed edge of wing-feathers; a circle of light yellow around eye; entire under parts, wing-lining, and axillars rich lemon-yellow, slightly darker on chest; thighs slightly olive; wing-quills, primary-coverts, and greater secondary-coverts narrowly edged with lemon-yellow; inner webs of quills dusky brown, broadly edged with lemon-yellow; rectrices edged with lemon-yellow on the tips and inner webs; shafts brown above, lemon-yellow below. A male from Bataan Province, Luzon, measures: Length, 215; wing, 114; tail, 82; culmen from base, 25; bill from nostril, 18; tarsus, 22.5. In a female the iris was brown with an inner darker and outer lighter ring; bill, legs, and nails bluish horn-color. Length, 215; wing, 107; tail, 79; culmen from base, 26; bill from nostril, 19; tarsus, 22.

709. ORIOLUS ALBILORIS Grant.

WHITE-LORED ORIOLE.

Oriolus albiloris Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1894), 3, 49; Ibis (1894), 504; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 101; McGregor, Bull. Philippine Mus.(1903), 1, 7 (description of male); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 106.

Luzon (Whitehead, McGregor, Celestino).

Adult (sexes alike).--Wing and upper surface rich olive-yellow like O. isabellæ; lores, a small space under eye, base of jaw, and chin white; under parts lemon-yellow, streaked on sides of breast, sides of abdomen, and sides of body and flanks with dark olive-green; feathers of thighs olive-green with yellow tips; rectrices olive-yellow, each with a triangular, lemon-yellow patch at the tip preceded by a dark brown patch; central pair unmarked; shafts brown above, lemon-yellow below; wing-feathers as in O. isabellæ. Bill reddish brown. Length, 190 to 200. A male from Bataan Province, Luzon, measures: Wing, 120; tail, 80; culmen from base, 22; bill from nostril, 15; tarsus, 20. A female, wing, 109; tail, 75; culmen from base, 21; bill from nostril, 14; tarsus, 19.

710. ORIOLUS SAMARENSIS Steere.

SAMAR ORIOLE.

Oriolus samarensis Steere, List Birds & Mams. Steere Exped. (1890), 17; Grant, Ibis (1897), 223; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 100 (habits); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 106.

Leyte (Whitehead); Mindanao (Celestino); Samar (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead).