Part 269

Balabac (Everett). Central and eastern Asia and India; in winter to southern China, Burmese countries, Ceylon, western and southern Europe; occasional in the British Islands.

Adult.--"Upper plumage fulvous-brown, the feathers centered with blackish, the rump more uniform; wings dark brown margined with fulvous; tail dark brown with pale margins, the outermost feather almost entirely white, the penultimate with an oblique portion of the inner web, about an inch and a half [38 mm.] in length, also white; supercilium and lower plumage pale fulvous, the sides of the throat and fore neck and the whole breast streaked with dark brown; sides of the body darker fulvous, with a few indistinct streaks. Bill brown, yellowish at base of lower mandible; mouth yellow; iris brown, legs flesh-color, the claws darker. Length, about 190; tail, 86; wing, 94; tarsus, 30; bill from gape, 22; hind claw, about 20." (Oates.)

686. ANTHUS RUFULUS Vieillot.

INDIAN PIPIT.

Anthus rufulus Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. (1818), 26, 494; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1885), 10, 574; Hume, Oates ed. Nests & Eggs Ind. Bds. (1890), 2, 213; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 238; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 102. Corydalla lugubris Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1877), 547.

Tam-ba-yuc-yuc, Ticao, used for Motacilla melanope also; a-la-lac-sing, Siquijor.

Bantayan (McGregor); Batan (McGregor); Bohol (Everett, Steere Exp., McGregor); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Calayan (McGregor); Camiguin N. (McGregor); Cebu (Everett, Bourns & Worcester); Fuga (McGregor); Guimaras (Meyer, Murray, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Leyte (Steere Exp.); Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Cuming, Everett, Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, McGregor, Bartsch); Maestre de Campo (McGregor & Worcester); Masbate (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Mindanao (Everett, Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Mindoro (Steere Exp., Schmacker, Bourns & Worcester); Negros (Steere, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Palawan (Everett, Celestino, White); Panaon (Everett); Panay (Murray, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Polillo (McGregor); Romblon (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Samar (Steere Exp.); Semirara (McGregor & Worcester); Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Siquijor (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Ticao (McGregor). Africa, Malay Peninsula, Burmese countries, India, Ceylon, Sumatra, Java, Borneo.

Adult in fresh plumage.--Above sandy buff, nearly uniform on rump and tail-coverts; upper back and top of head with dark brown shaft-lines producing, on the head at least, a decidedly streaked appearance; lores blackish; supercilium, from bill to nape, light buff; subocular space buff, bounded below by a line of dark brown; malar line dark brown; ear-coverts sandy buff; under parts cream-buff; sides and flanks sandy buff; an ill-defined band across chest sandy buff, the feathers with narrow, mesial, blackish streaks; wing-feathers and rectrices blackish brown, more or less widely edged and tipped with various shades of buff; two outer pairs of rectrices largely white. A female from Calayan Island measures: Wing, 80; tail, 66; culmen from base, 16; tarsus, 28; hind toe with claw, 24. A female from Lubang measures: Wing, 79; tail, 62; culmen from base, 16; tarsus, 27; hind toe with claw, 22.

As the plumage becomes worn the supercilium, subocular region, and under parts fade to white, and the pectoral band fades to light buff.

This species is said to resemble A. richardi except in being smaller; it is easily distinguished from any of the other pipits found in the Philippines by the scantily streaked chest and by the uniformly colored sides and flanks. Furthermore it is the most common species, outnumbering, in individuals, all the other species combined.

"Enormously abundant in the open fields; it is resident throughout the year and breeds. Four males average: Length, 167; wing, 80; tail, 65; culmen, 18; tarsus, 28; middle toe with claw, 23. Iris dark brown; legs and feet dirty yellow, nails darker; upper mandible dark brown to black, under mandible light brown." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

687. ANTHUS GUSTAVI Swinhoe.

PETCHORA PIPIT.

Anthus gustavi Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1863), 90; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1885), 10, 613; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 237; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 102.

Basilan (Steere, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Bohol (McGregor); Cagayancillo (McGregor); Calayan (McGregor); Cebu (McGregor); Guimaras (Steere Exp.); Leyte (Steere Exp.); Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Othberg, Heriot, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Maestre de Campo (McGregor & Worcester); Masbate (Bourns & Worcester); Mindanao (Goodfellow, Celestino); Mindoro (McGregor); Negros (Whitehead); Palawan (Whitehead, Platen, Bourns & Worcester); Polillo (McGregor); Romblon (Bourns & Worcester); Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester); Siquijor (Celestino); Sulu (Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester). Siberia, Kamtchatka, Commander Islands, Celebes; in winter to Borneo and the Molucca Islands; China during migration.

Adult.--Top of head, neck, and back tawny buff, each feather with a wide mesial streak of blackish brown; on each side of mantle a series of feathers each having either the inner or outer web buffy white, forming on each side a conspicuous, but not well-defined, whitish stripe; rump and tail-coverts darker than back, near raw-umber, with narrower blackish shaft-streaks; supercilium light buff, but not forming a well-defined line; ear-coverts tawny; malar stripe buff, bounded below by a narrow blackish line; under parts white with a wash of buff across the chest and with bold blackish streaks on breast, sides, and flanks; wing-feathers blackish brown, edged with dark buff; median and greater coverts tipped with white, forming two wing-bars; rectrices blackish brown, the two outer pairs with considerable white on the inner webs. A male from Calayan Island measures: Wing, 85; tail, 56; culmen from base, 16; tarsus, 22; hind toe with claw, 20. A female from northern Mindanao, wing, 80; tail, 56; culmen from base, 15; tarsus, 22; hind toe with claw, 20.

Young birds differ from the adults in having the chin and throat spotted with blackish brown.

The diagnostic characters of Anthus gustavi are the heavy streaks on breast and sides, and the whitish streaks on the sides of the back.

The Petchora pipit is usually found skulking on the ground in forest; it is never seen in flocks.

688. ANTHUS CERVINUS (Pallas).

RED-THROATED PIPIT.

Motacilla cervina Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. (1811), 1, 511. Anthus cervinus Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1885), 10, 585; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 238 (habits); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 102.

Calayan (McGregor); Luzon (Whitehead); Mindanao (Steere Exp.); Palawan (Everett, Celestino); Alaska, Kurile Islands, Asia, Europe, England; in winter to China and Indo-Burmese countries, Persia and northwestern India, Formosa, Hainan, and northern Africa, accidental in Lower California.

Adult.--Above sandy gray, somewhat similar to A. gustavi, but lighter and grayer without the whitish streaks on the sides of the back; head streaked with dark brown; feathers of back and rump with broad mesial streaks of blackish brown; long and broad superciliary stripe, lores, ear-coverts, suborbital region, chin, throat, and chest vinaceous-cinnamon or vinaceous-buff; remainder of under parts light buff; sides, flanks, and, in many specimens, the breast, streaked with blackish brown; wings and tail dark brown, most of the feathers with white or sandy buff edges; greater and median coverts with whitish tips forming two bars; two outer pairs of rectrices with wide white tips.

A male from Calayan Island measures: Length, 145; wing, 85; tail, 61; culmen from base, 14; tarsus, 22; hind toe with claw, 20. A female from the same locality, wing, 79; tail, 56; culmen from base, 13; tarsus, 21; hind toe with claw, 20.

Immature birds have less vinaceous color about the head and more black stripes on the chest; still younger birds have lores, supercilium, malar region, chin, and throat buff with no trace of vinaceous, and the sides of throat are thickly spotted with blackish brown. This last plumage resembles some plumages of A. gustavi, but the latter species seems always to have a larger bill and distinct white or pale buff lines on the sides of the back.

The red-throated pipit in adult summer plumage is a very handsome species. It is found in the Philippine Islands in winter only and then but rarely.

Family ALAUDIDÆ.