Part 123

b1. Bill entirely red.

c1. Crown uniform in color with wings and tail; above dark rufous-brown washed with lilac. ... coromandus (p. 319) c2. Crown not uniform in color with wings and tail.

d1. Crown chestnut-rufous; lower back bright greenish blue. ... gularis (p. 320) d2. Crown black; lower back ultramarine-blue. ... pileatus (p. 321)

b2. Bill mostly black.

c1. Collar and spot in front of eye rufous-brown. ... winchelli (p. 322) c2. Collar and spot in front of eye white. ... chloris (p. 323)

a2. Scapulars and wing-coverts more or less spotted.

b1. Crown and back blue. ... hombroni (p. 324) b2. Crown and back green.

c1. Breast-feathers edged with green. ... lindsayi (p. 325) c2. Breast-feathers edged with black. ... moseleyi (p. 326)

281. HALCYON COROMANDUS (Latham).

RUDDY KINGFISHER.

Alcedo coromanda Latham, Ind. Orn. (1790), 1, 252. Halcyon coromandus Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1892), 17, 217; Hand-List (1900), 2, 56; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1903), 3, 37; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 54.

Sa-luc-sac, Calayan.

Batan (Edmonds); Calayan (McGregor); Camiguin N. (McGregor); Guimaras (Steere Exp.); Luzon (Steere Exp., Whitehead, Bourns & Worcester); Masbate (Bourns & Worcester); Mindanao (Everett, Celestino); Mindoro (McGregor); Palawan (Whitehead, Bourns & Worcester, White); Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester). Sangi and Liu Kiu Islands, Indo-Chinese countries, Malay Peninsula, eastern Himalayas, China, Japan, Korea, Formosa, Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Celebes.

Adult male.--Above, including wings and tail, dark rufous, heavily washed with violet; on lower back, rump, and tail-coverts a narrow stripe of silvery white, slightly washed with blue; below dark cinnamon-buff, chin whitish; throat, breast, and under tail-coverts washed with violet. Bill, legs, and nails bright coral-red; iris brown. Length of a specimen from Camiguin, 250; wing, 116; tail, 72; culmen from base, 57; tarsus, 15.

Female.--Much less violet wash on upper parts and very little or none on lower parts. Length of a specimen from Calayan, 270; wing, 119; tail, 74; culmen from base, 55; tarsus, 15.

Young.--Lower parts lighter, chin more extensively whitish, violet wash less, and feathers of throat and breast edged with blackish brown forming numerous small crescents.

"Probably ranges throughout the Philippines, but is as yet noted from but few of the islands. It is sometimes found in deep woods away from water, but more commonly along the banks of wooded streams and in mangrove swamps. It is usually shy and hard to shoot, but in Sibuyan two individuals of this species took up their abode in the bamboos in our back yard, apparently attracted by the flesh of land shells thrown out as we cleaned our specimens. In several islands where we met with this species we obtained but a single specimen.

"Bill, legs, and feet scarlet; nails bright red or orange-red; iris very dark brown. Food crabs, in four cases. Seven males measured, 258 in length; wing, 111; tail, 63; culmen, 58; tarsus, 15; middle toe with claw, 25. Four females: Length, 253; wing, 109; tail, 64; culmen, 56; tarsus, 15; middle toe with claw, 25." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

282. HALCYON GULARIS (Kuhl).

WHITE-THROATED KINGFISHER.

Alcedo gularis Kuhl, Buffon and Daubenton, Fg. Av. Col. Nom. Syst. (1820), 4. Halcyon gularis Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1892), 17, 227; Hand-List (1900), 2, 56; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1903), 3, 38; McGregor, Bur. Govt. Labs. (1905), 34, 13, pl. 11; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 54.

Til-ma-ma-noc', Manila.

Basilan (Bourns & Worcester); Bohol (McGregor); Caluya (Porter); Cebu (Meyer, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Guimaras (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Leyte (Everett); Libagao (Porter); Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Everett, Steere Exp., Whitehead, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Maestre de Campo (McGregor & Worcester); Marinduque (Steere Exp.); Masbate (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Mindanao (Murray, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino, Goodfellow); Mindoro (Steere Exp., Schmacker, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor, Porter); Negros (Steere, Layard, Keay, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead); Panaon (Everett); Panay (Murray, Steere, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Samar (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead); Sibay (Porter); Siquijor (Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester); Ticao (McGregor); Verde (McGregor).

Adult.--Entire head, neck, and sides of face deep chestnut; scapulars bright blue; back and rump more silvery cobalt-blue; a large patch on chin and upper throat pure white; remainder of under parts chestnut, a little lighter than crown; basal part of primaries blue on outer web, white on inner web; distal part black; alula and primary-coverts blue; secondary-coverts black; edge of wing and axillars chestnut; tail blue above and black below. When the specimen is held away from the light the blues become green. Iris dark brown; bill and legs bright red; nails black. A male from Bohol measures: Length, 280; wing, 124; tail, 80; culmen from base, 62; tarsus, 15. A female from Mariveles measures: Length, 286; wing, 124; tail, 83; culmen from base, 63; tarsus, 14.

"Steere states that neither this species nor H. coromandus nor even H. chloris frequents streams. We can not agree with him. All three of the species are frequently found along streams, and H. gularis is usually found along fresh-water streams. It sometimes feeds in dry open country, however. Several nests of this species were found by us at various times. They were invariably placed in the mud nests of white ants, and consisted of mere tunnels, without lining of any sort. The eggs are pure white and highly polished. Two eggs before us are nearly spherical, measuring 28.5 by 26.4 and 28.9 by 26.9, respectively. Six others, while nearly as broad as long, are quite abruptly pointed at the smaller end. They measure, 30.9 by 27.6; 31.4 by 28.7; 30.9 by 25.9; 32.5 by 28.9; 30.9 by 27.9.

"H. gularis has the legs and feet red, bill red, nails black, iris dark brown. Six males measure, 282 in length; wing, 122; tail, 81; culmen, 64; tarsus, 14; middle toe with claw, 25." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

A large number of white-throated kingfishers nested in the banks of the Baco River, Mindoro, during our stay at Balete in April, 1905, while other pairs excavated holes in masses of earth held among the roots of overturned trees.

283. HALCYON PILEATUS (Boddaert).