Part 1

A MANUAL OF PHILIPPINE BIRDS

BY Richard C. McGregor

Part I GALLIFORMES TO EURYLÆMIFORMES

Part II PASSERIFORMES

MANILA BUREAU OF PRINTING 1909

Department of the Interior, Bureau of Science, Manila.

Publication No. 2, Part I.

(Actual date of publication, April 15, 1909.)

Publication No. 2, Part II.

(Actual date of publication, January 31, 1910.)

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Preface Use of the keys Class Aves Subclass Carinatæ Order Galliformes Family Megapodiidæ Genus Megapodius Gaimard 1. cumingi Dillwyn Suborder Phasiani Family Phasianidæ Genus Excalfactoria Bonaparte 2. lineata (Scopoli) Genus Gallus Brisson 3. gallus (Linnæus) Genus Polyplectron Temminck 4. napoleonis Lesson Order Hemipodii Family Turnicidæ Genus Turnix Bonnaterre 5. fasciata (Temminck) 6. ocellata (Scopoli) 7. whiteheadi Grant 8. suluensis Mearns 9. celestinoi McGregor 10. worcesteri McGregor Order Columbiformes Suborder Columbæ Family Treronidæ Subfamily Treroninæ Genus Treron Vieillot 11. nipalensis (Hodgson) Genus Sphenocercus Gray 12. australis McGregor Genus Osmotreron Bonaparte 13. axillaris (Bonaparte) 14. everetti Rothschild 15. vernans (Linnæus) Genus Phapitreron Bonaparte 16. amethystina Bonaparte 17. cinereiceps Bourns and Worcester 18. brunneiceps Bourns and Worcester 19. frontalis Bourns and Worcester 20. maculipectus Bourns and Worcester 21. leucotis (Temminck) 22. occipitalis Salvadori 23. nigrorum Sharpe 24. brevirostis Tweeddale 25. albifrons McGregor Subfamily Ptilopodinæ Genus Leucotreron Bonaparte 26. occipitalis (Bonaparte) 27. marchei (Oustalet) 28. leclancheri (Bonaparte) Genus Lamprotreron Bonaparte 29. temmincki (Prevost and Des Murs) Genus Spilotreron Salvadori 30. bangueyensis (A. B. Meyer) Subfamily Muscadivorinæ Genus Muscadivores Gray 31. nuchalis (Cabanis) 32. chalybura (Bonaparte) 33. palawanensis (Blasius) 34. ænea (Linnæus) 35. pickeringi (Cassin) 36. langhornei (Mearns) Genus Ptilocolpa Bonaparte 37. carola (Bonaparte) 38. nigrorum Whitehead 39. mindanensis Grant Genus Zonophaps Salvadori 40. poliocephala (Hartlaub) 41. mindorensis (Whitehead) Genus Myristicivora Reichenbach 42. bicolor (Scopoli) Family Columbidæ Subfamily Columbinæ Genus Columba Linnæus 43. griseogularis (Walden and Layard) Subfamily Macropyginæ Genus Macropygia Swainson 44. tenuirostris Bonaparte 45. phæa McGregor Family Peristeridæ Subfamily Turturinæ Genus Streptopelia Bonaparte 46. dussumieri (Temminck) Genus Oenopopelia Blanford 47. humilis (Temminck) Genus Spilopelia Sundevall 48. tigrina (Temminck and Knip) Subfamily Geopeliinæ Genus Geopelia Swainson 49. striata (Linnæus) Subfamily Phabinæ Genus Chalcophaps Gould 50. indica (Linnæus) Subfamily Geotrygoninæ Genus Phlegoenas Reichenbach 51. luzonica (Scopoli) 52. criniger (Jacquinot and Pucheran) 53. keayi Clarke 54. menagei Bourns and Worcester 55. platenæ Blasius Subfamily Caloenadinæ Genus Caloenas Gray 56. nicobarica (Linnæus) Order Ralliformes Family Rallidæ Subfamily Rallinæ Genus Hypotænidia Reichenbach 57. striata (Linnæus) 58. philippensis (Linnæus) 59. torquata (Linnæus) Genus Rallina Reichenbach 60. fasciata (Raffles) 61. eurizonoides (Lafresnaye) Genus Porzana Vieillot 62. auricularis Reichenbach 63. plumbea (Gray) Genus Poliolimnas Sharpe 64. cinereus (Vieillot) Genus Limnobænus Sundevall 65. fuscus (Linnæus) 66. paykulli (Ljungh) Genus Amaurornis Reichenbach 67. olivacea (Meyen) 68. phoenicura (Pennant) Genus Gallinula Brisson 69. chloropus (Linnæus) Genus Gallicrex Blyth 70. cinerea (Gmelin) Genus Porphyrio Brisson 71. pulverulentus Temminck Subfamily Fulicinæ Genus Fulica Linnæus 72. atra Linnæus Order Colymbiformes Family Colymbidæ Genus Tachybaptus Reichenbach 73. philippensis (Bonnaterre) Order Procellariiformes Family Procellariidæ Subfamily Procellariinæ Genus Oceanodroma Reichenbach 74. species Mcgregor Family Puffinidæ Subfamily Puffininæ Genus Puffinus Brisson 75. leucomelas Temminck Order Lariformes Family Laridæ Subfamily Sterninæ Genus Hydrochelidon Boie 76. leucoptera (Meisner And Schinz) 77. hybrida (Pallas) Genus Sterna Linnæus 78. hirundo Linnæus 79. longipennis Nordmann 80. boreotis (Bangs) 81. anæstheta Scopoli 82. fuscata Linnæus 83. sinensis Gmelin 84. melanauchen Temminck Genus Anous Stephens 85. stolidus (linnæus) Subfamily Larinæ Genus Larus Linnæus 86. ridibundus Linnæus 87. vegæ (Palmen) Order Charadriiformes Suborder Charadrii Family Charadriidæ Subfamily Arenariinæ Genus Arenaria Brisson 88. interpres (Linnæus) Subfamily Lobivanellinæ Genus Microsarcops Sharpe 89. cinereus (Blyth) Subfamily Charadriinæ Genus Squatarola Leach 90. squatarola (Linnæus) Genus Charadrius Linnæus 91. fulvus Gmelin Genus Ochthodromus Reichenbach 92. geoffroyi (Wagler) 93. mongolus (Pallas) 94. veredus (Gould) Genus Ægialitis Boie 95. dubia (Scopoli), 96. peroni (Bonaparte) 97. alexandrina (Linnæus) Subfamily Himantopodinæ Genus Himantopus Brisson 98. leucocephalus Gould Subfamily Totaninæ Genus Numenius Brisson 99. arquatus (Linnæus) 100. cyanopus Vieillot 101. variegatus (Scopoli) Genus Mesoscolopax Sharpe 102. minutus (Gould) Genus Limosa Brisson 103. baueri Naumann 104. limosa (Linnæus) Genus Totanus Bechstein 105. eurhinus (Oberholser) Genus Helodromas Kaup 106. ochropus (Linnæus) Genus Heteractitis Stejneger 107. brevipes (Vieillot) Genus Actitis Illiger 108. hypoleucos (Linnæus) Genus Terekia Bonaparte 109. cinerea (Güldenstädt) Genus Glottis Koch 110. nebularius (Gunnerus) Genus Rhyacophilus Kaup 111. glareola (Linnæus) Subfamily Scolopacinæ Genus Calidris Illiger 112. leucophæa (Pallas) Genus Pisobia Billberg 113. minuta (Leisler) 114. ruficollis (Pallas) 115. damacensis (Horsfield) 116. temmincki (Leisler) Genus Heteropygia Coues 117. aurita (Latham) Genus Erolia Vieillot 118. ferruginea (Brünnich) Genus Tringa Linnæus 119. crassirostris Temminck and Schlegel Genus Limicola Koch 120. platyrhyncha (Temminck) Genus Gallinago Koch 121. stenura (Bonaparte) 122. megala Swinhoe 123. gallinago (Linnæus) Genus Rostratula Vieillot 124. capensis (Linnæus) Subfamily Phalaropodinæ Genus Lobipes Cuvier 125. lobatus (Linnæus) Suborder Parræ Family Parridæ Genus Hydrophasianus Wagler 126. chirurgus (Scopoli) Genus Hydralector Wagler 127. gallinaceus (Temminck) Suborder Cursorii Family Glareolidæ Genus Glareola Brisson 128. orientalis Leach Suborder Oedicnemi Family Oedicnemidæ Genus Orthorhamphus Salvadori 129. magnirostris (Vieillot) Order Gruiformes Suborder Grues Family Gruidæ Genus Antigone Reichenbach 130. sharpi Blanford Order Ardeiformes Suborder Plataleæ Family Ibididæ Genus Plegadis Kaup 131. autumnalis (Linnæus) Family Plataleidæ Genus Platalea Linnæus 132. minor Temminck and Schlegel Suborder Ciconiæ Family Ciconiidæ Subfamily Ciconiinæ Genus Dissöura Cabanis 133. episcopus (Boddaert) Suborder Ardeæ Family Ardeidæ Genus Pyrrherodia Finsch and Hartlaub 134. manilensis (Meyen) Genus Ardea Linnæus 135. cinerea Linnæus 136. sumatrana Raffles Genus Mesophoyx Sharpe 137. intermedia (Wagler) Genus Herodias Boie 138. timoriensis (Lesson) Genus Egretta Forster 139. garzetta (Linnæus) Genus Demigretta Blyth 140. sacra (Gmelin) Genus Nycticorax Forster 141. nycticorax (Linnæus) 142. manillensis Vigors Genus Gorsachius Bonaparte 143. melanolophus (Raffles) 144. goisagi (Temminck) Genus Butorides Blyth 145. javanica (Horsfield) 146. amurensis (Schrenck) 147. spodiogaster Sharpe Genus Bubulcus Bonaparte 148. coromandus (Boddaert) Genus Ixobrychus Billberg 149. sinensis (Gmelin) 150. cinnamomeus (Gmelin) Genus Nannocnus Stejneger 151. eurhythmus (Swinhoe) Genus Dupetor Heine and Reichenbach 152. flavicollis (Latham) Genus Botaurus Stephens 153. stellaris (Linnæus) Order Anseriformes Family Anatidæ Subfamily Plectropterinæ Genus Nettapus Brandt 154. coromandelianus (Gmelin) Subfamily Anatinæ Genus Dendrocygna Swainson 155. arcuata (Horsfield) 156. guttulata Wallace Genus Anas Linnæus 157. luzonica Fraser Genus Polionetta Oates 158. zonorhyncha (Swinhoe) Genus Mareca Stephens 159. penelope (Linnæus) Genus Nettion Kaup 160. crecca (Linnæus) Genus Dafila Stephens 161. acuta (Linnæus) Genus Querquedula Oken 162. querquedula (Linnæus) Genus Spatula Boie 163. clypeata (Linnæus) Subfamily Marilinæ Genus Marila Oken 164. marila (Linnæus) 165. fuligula (Linnæus) Order Pelecaniformes Family Phalacrocoracidæ Genus Phalacrocorax Brisson 166. carbo (Linnæus) Family Anhingidæ Genus Anhinga Brisson 167. melanogaster Pennant Family Sulidæ Genus Sula Brisson 168. piscator (Linnæus) 169. leucogastra (Boddaert) Family Fregatidæ Genus Fregata Lacépède 170. aquila (Linnæus) 171. ariel (Gould) Family Pelecanidæ Genus Pelecanus Linnæus 172. philippensis Gmelin Order Accipitriformes Suborder Accipitres Family Falconidæ Subfamily Accipitrinæ Genus Circus Lacépède 173. spilonotus Kaup 174. melanoleucos (Pennant) 175. æruginosus (Linnæus) Genus Astur Lacépède 176. trivirgatus (Temminck) 177. soloensis (Latham) 178. cuculoides (Temminck) Genus Accipiter Brisson 179. gularis (Temminck and Schlegel) 180. virgatus (Temminck) 181. manillensis (Meyen) Subfamily Aquilinæ Genus Lophotriorchis Sharpe 182. kieneri (Geoffroy St. Hilaire) Genus Spizaëtus Vieillot 183. philippensis Gurney 184. limnæëtus (Horsfield) Genus Pithecophaga Grant 185. jefferyi Grant Genus Spilornis Gray 186. bacha (Daudin) 187. holospilus (Vigors) 188. panayensis Steere Genus Butastur Hodgson 189. indicus (Gmelin) Genus Haliæetus Savigny 190. leucogaster (Gmelin) Genus Haliastur Selby 191. intermedius Gurney Genus Elanus Savigny 192. hypoleucus Gould Genus Pernis Cuvier 193. ptilorhyncus (Temminck) Genus Baza Hodgson 194. magnirostris Gray 195. leucopais Sharpe Genus Microhierax Sharpe 196. erythrogenys (Vigors) 197. meridionalis Grant Genus Falco Linnæus 198. peregrinus Tunstall 199. melanogenys Gould 200. ernesti Sharpe 201. severus Horsfield Genus Cerchneis Boie 202. tinnunculus (Linnæus) Suborder Pandiones Family Pandionidæ Genus Pandion Savigny 203. haliætus (Linnæus) 204. leucocephalus Gould Genus Polioaëtus Kaup 205. ichthyætus (Horsfield) Order Strigiformes Family Strigidæ Subfamily Buboninæ Genus Pseudoptynx Kaup 206. philippensis Kaup 207. gurneyi Tweeddale 208. mindanensis Grant Genus Otus Pennant 209. megalotis (Gray) 210. everetti (Tweeddale) 211. fuliginosus (Sharpe) 212. sibutuensis (Sharpe) 213. longicornis (Grant) 214. mindorensis (Whitehead) 215. whiteheadi (Grant) 216. rufescens (Horsfield) 217. cuyensis McGregor 218. calayensis McGregor 219. romblonis McGregor 220. boholensis McGregor Genus Ninox Hodgson 221. lugubris (Tickell) 222. scutulata (Raffles) 223. japonica (Temminck and Schlegel) 224. philippensis Bonaparte 225. everetti Sharpe 226. spilocephala Tweeddale 227. spilonota Bourns and Worcester 228. reyi Oustalet 229. mindorensis Grant 230. plateni Blasius Subfamily Striginæ Genus Strix Linnæus 231. whiteheadi (Sharpe) Family Aluconidæ Genus Aluco Fleming 232. longimembris (Jerdon) Order Psittaciformes Family Loriidæ Genus Trichoglossus Vigors and Horsfield 233. johnstoniæ Hartert Family Cacatuidæ Subfamily Cacatuinæ Genus Cacatua Vieillot 234. hæmaturopygia (P. L. S. Müller) Family Psittacidæ Subfamily Palæornithinæ Genus Prioniturus Wagler 235. verticalis Sharpe 236. montanus Grant 237. discurus (Vieillot) 238. waterstradti Rothschild 239. mindorensis Steere 240. cyaneiceps Sharpe 241. luconensis Steere Genus Tanygnathus Wagler 242. lucionensis (Linnæus) 243. megalorhynchos (Boddaert) 244. everetti Tweeddale 245. burbidgei Sharpe Genus Bolbopsittacus Salvadori 246. lunulatus (Scopoli) 247. intermedius Salvadori 248. mindanensis (Steere) Genus Loriculus Blyth 249. chrysonotus Sclater 250. regulus Souancé 251. bournsi McGregor 252. philippensis (P. L. S. Müller) 253. mindorensis Steere 254. siquijorensis Steere 255. apicalis Souancé 256. dohertyi (Hartert) 257. worcesteri Steere 258. galgulus (Linnæus) 259. bonapartei Souancé Order Coraciiformes Suborder Podargi Family Podargidæ Genus Batrachostomus Gould 260. septimus Tweeddale 261. microrhynchus Grant 262. menagei Bourns and Worcester 263. javensis (Horsfield) 264. affinis Blyth Suborder Coraciæ Family Coraciidæ Subfamily Coraciinæ Genus Eurystomus Vieillot 265. orientalis (Linnæus) Suborder Halcyones Family Alcedinidæ Genus Pelargopsis Gloger 266. javana (Boddaert) 267. gouldi Sharpe 268. gigantea Walden Genus Alcedo Linnæus 269. bengalensis Gmelin 270. meninting Horsfield Genus Alcyone Swainson 271. cyanopectus (Lafresnaye) 272. argentata (Tweeddale) 273. flumenicola (Steere) 274. nigrirostris (Bourns and Worcester) Genus Ceyx Lacépède 275. melanura Kaup 276. mindanensis Steere 277. samarensis Steere 278. euerythra Sharpe 279. bournsi Steere 280. goodfellowi Grant Genus Halcyon Swainson 281. coromandus (Latham) 282. gularis (Kuhl) 283. pileatus (Boddaert) 284. winchelli Sharpe 285. chloris (Boddaert) 286. hombroni (Bonaparte) 287. lindsayi (Vigors) 288. moseleyi (Steere) Suborder Bucerotes Family Bucerotidæ Genus Hydrocorax Brisson 289. hydrocorax (Linnæus) 290. mindanensis (Tweeddale) 291. semigaleatus (Tweeddale) Genus Anthracoceros Reichenbach 292. montani (Oustalet) Genus Gymnolæmus Grant 293. lemprieri (Sharpe) Genus Penelopides Reichenbach 294. panini (Boddaert) 295. manillæ (Boddaert) 296. talisi Finsch 297. mindorensis Steere 298. affinis Tweeddale 299. basilanica Steere 300. samarensis Steere Genus Craniorrhinus Cabanis and Heine 301. leucocephalus (Vieillot) 302. waldeni Sharpe Suborder Meropes Family Meropidæ Genus Merops Linnæus 303. americanus P. L. S. Müller 304. philippinus Linnæus Suborder Caprimulgi Family Caprimulgidæ Subfamily Caprimulginæ Genus Lyncornis Gould 305. macrotis (Vigors) Genus Caprimulgus Linnæus 306. griseatus Walden 307. mindanensis (Mearns) 308. manillensis Walden 309. macrurus Horsfield 310. jotaka Temminck and Schlegel Suborder Micropodii Family Hemiprocniidæ Genus Hemiprocne Nitzsch 311. major (Hartert) Family Micropodidæ Subfamily Chæturinæ Genus Collocalia Gray 312. lowi (Sharpe) 313. whiteheadi Grant 314. origenis Oberholser 315. fuciphaga (Thunberg) 316. germani Oustalet 317. troglodytes Gray 318. marginata Salvadori 319. isonota (Oberholser) Genus Chætura Stephens 320. gigantea (Temminck) 321. celebensis (Sclater) 322. dubia McGregor 323. picina Tweeddale Subfamily Micropodinæ Genus Tachornis Gosse 324. pallidior McGregor Genus Micropus Meyer and Wolfe 325. pacificus (Latham) 326. subfurcatus (Blyth) Order Trogones Family Trogonidæ Genus Pyrotrogon Bonaparte 327. ardens (Temminck) Order Coccyges Suborder Cuculi Family Cuculidæ Subfamily Cuculinæ Genus Clamator Kaup 328. coromandus (Linnæus) Genus Surniculus Lesson 329. lugubris (Horsfield) 330. velutinus Sharpe Genus Hierococcyx S. Müller 331. sparverioides (Vigors) 332. fugax (Horsfield) Genus Cuculus Linnæus 333. micropterus Gould 334. canorus Linnæus 335. saturatus Hodgson Genus Penthoceryx Cabanis 336. sonnerati (Latham) Genus Cacomantis S. Müller 337. merulinus (Scopoli) Genus Chalcococcyx Cabanis 338. xanthorhynchus (Horsfield) 339. malayanus (Raffles) Genus Eudynamys Vigors and Horsfield 340. honorata (Linnæus) 341. mindanensis (Linnæus) 342. frater McGregor Subfamily Centropodinæ Genus Centropus Illiger 343. mindorensis (Steere) 344. carpenteri Mearns 345. steeri Bourns and Worcester 346. sinensis (Stephens) 347. viridis (Scopoli) 348. javanicus (Dumont) 349. melanops Lesson 350. unirufus (Cabanis and Heine) Subfamily Phænicophainæ Genus Dryococcyx Sharpe 351. harringtoni Sharpe Genus Dasylophus Swainson 352. superciliosus (Cuvier) Genus Lepidogrammus Reichenbach 353. cumingi (Fraser) Order Scansores Suborder Capitones Family Capitonidæ Genus Xantholæma Bonaparte 354. hæmacephalum (P. L. S. Müller) 355. roseum (Dumont) Order Piciformes Suborder Pici Family Picidæ Subfamily Picinæ Genus Yungipicus Bonaparte 356. validirostris (Blyth) 357. maculatus (Scopoli) 358. menagei Bourns and Worcester 359. leytensis Steere 360. fulvifasciatus Hargitt 361. ramsayi Hargitt Genus Tiga Kaup 362. everetti Tweeddale Genus Chrysocolaptes Blyth 363. erythrocephalus Sharpe 364. hæmatribon (Wagler) 365. lucidus (Scopoli) 366. montanus Grant 367. rufopunctatus Hargitt 368. xanthocephalus Walden and Layard Genus Lichtensteinipicus Bonaparte 369. funebris (Valenciennes) 370. fuliginosus (Tweeddale) Genus Mulleripicus Bonaparte 371. pulverulentus (Temminck) Genus Thriponax Cabanis and Heine 372. javensis (Horsfield) 373. pectoralis Tweeddale 374. multilunatus McGregor 375. mindorensis Steere 376. hargitti Sharpe Order Eurylæmiformes Family Eurylæmidæ Subfamily Eurylæminæ Genus Sarcophanops Sharpe 377. steeri (Sharpe) 378. samarensis Steere Order Passeriformes Suborder Mesomyodi Family Pittidæ Genus Pitta Vieillot 379. erythrogastra Temminck 380. propinqua (Sharpe) 381. kochi Bruggemann 382. atricapilla Lesson 383. mulleri (Bonaparte) 384. rothschildi (Parrot) 385. steeri (Sharpe) 386. moluccensis (P. L. S. Müller) Suborder Acromyodi Family Hirundinidæ Genus Chelidonaria Reichenow 387. dasypus (Bonaparte) Genus Riparia Forster 388. riparia (Linnæus) 389. chinensis (Gray) Genus Hirundo Linnæus 390. rustica Linnæus 391. gutturalis Scopoli 392. javanica Sparrman 393. striolata (Boie) Family Muscicapidæ Genus Hemichelidon Hodgson 394. sibirica (Gmelin) 395. griseosticta Swinhoe 396. ferruginea Hodgson Genus Alseonax Cabanis 397. latirostris (Raffles) Genus Cyornis Blyth 398. herioti Ramsay 399. banyumas (Horsfield) 400. philippinensis Sharpe 401. lemprieri Sharpe 402. platenæ (Blasius) Genus Muscicapula Blyth 403. westermanni Sharpe 404. luzoniensis Grant 405. nigrorum Whitehead 406. montigena Mearns 407. basilanica (Sharpe) 408. samarensis Bourns and Worcester Genus Gerygone Gould 409. simplex Cabanis 410. rhizophoræ Mearns Genus Zanthopygia Blyth 411. narcissina (Temminck) Genus Cyanoptila Blyth 412. bella (Hay) Genus Hypothymis Boie 413. occipitalis (Vigors) Genus Camiguinia McGregor 414. helenæ (Steere) Genus Cyanomyias Sharpe 415. coelestis (Tweeddale) Genus Rhipidura Vigors and Horsfield 416. superciliaris (Sharpe) 417. samarensis (Steere) 418. albiventris (Sharpe) 419. cyaniceps (Cassin) 420. sauli Bourns and Worcester 421. nigrocinnamomea Hartert 422. hutchinsoni Mearns 423. nigritorquis Vigors Genus Xeocephus Bonaparte 424. rufus (Gray) 425. cinnamomeus Sharpe 426. cyanescens Sharpe Genus Callaeops Grant 427. periopthalmica Grant Genus Terpsiphone Gloger 428. affinis (Blyth) 429. nigra McGregor Genus Rhinomyias Sharpe 430. albigularis Bourns and Worcester 431. goodfellowi Grant 432. ruficauda (Sharpe) 433. ocularis Bourns and Worcester 434. insignis Grant Genus Culicicapa Swinhoe 435. ceylonensis (Swainson) 436. helianthea (Wallace) Genus Cryptolopha Swainson 437. olivacea (Moseley) 438. cebuensis Dubois 439. nigrorum Moseley 440. mindanensis Hartert 441. xanthopygia Whitehead Genus Eumyias Cabanis 442. panayensis Sharpe 443. nigrimentalis (Grant) 444. nigriloris (Hartert) Family Campophagidæ Genus Artamides Hartlaub 445. difficilis (Hartert) 446. guillemardi Salvadori 447. striatus (Boddaert) 448. kochi Kutter 449. panayensis Steere 450. mindorensis Steere 451. cebuensis Grant Genus Malindangia Mearns 452. mcgregori Mearns Genus Edolisoma Jacquinot and Pucheran 453. cærulescens (Blyth) 454. alterum Ramsay 455. panayense Steere 456. everetti Sharpe 457. mindanense (Tweeddale) 458. elusum McGregor Genus Pericrocotus Boie 459. marchesæ Guillemard 460. novus McGregor 461. leytensis Steere 462. johnstoniæ Grant 463. igneus Blyth 464. cinereus Lafresneye Genus Lalage Boie 465. melanoleuca (Blyth) 466. minor (Steere) 467. niger (Forster) Family Pycnonotidæ Genus Ægithina Vieillot 468. viridis (Bonaparte) Genus Chloropsis Jardine and Selby 469. palawanensis (Sharpe) 470. flavipennis (Tweeddale) Genus Irena Horsfield 471. cyanogastra Vigors 472. ellæ Steere 473. melanochlamys Sharpe 474. tweeddali Sharpe Genus Hypsipetes Vigors, 475. fugensis Grant 476. batanensis Mearns 477. camiguinensis McGregor Genus Iole Blyth 478. striaticeps Sharpe 479. everetti (Tweeddale) 480. haynaldi (Blasius) 481. rufigularis (Sharpe) 482. gularis (Pucheran) 483. guimarasensis Steere 484. mindorensis Steere 485. siquijorensis Steere 486. cinereiceps Bourns and Worcester 487. monticola Bourns and Worcester Genus Poliolophus Sharpe 488. urostictus (Salvadori) Genus Microtarsus Eyton 489. melanocephalos (Gmelin) Genus Trichophorus Temminck 490. frater (Sharpe) 491. palawanensis (Tweeddale) Genus Pycnonotus Boie 492. goiavier (Scopoli) 493. cinereifrons (Tweeddale) Family Timeliidæ Subfamily Timeliinæ Genus Pseudotharrhaleus Grant 494. caudatus Grant 495. unicolor Hartert 496. griseipectus Mearns 497. malindangensis Mearns Genus Turdinus Blyth 498. rufifrons (Tweeddale) Genus Ptilocichla Sharpe 499. falcata Sharpe 500. basilanica Steere 501. mindanensis Steere 502. minuta Bourns and Worcester Genus Anuropsis Sharpe 503. cinereiceps (Tweeddale) Genus Dasycrotapha Tweeddale 504. speciosa Tweeddale Genus Zosterornis Grant 505. striatus Grant 506. whiteheadi Grant 507. dennistouni Grant 508. pygmæus Grant 509. plateni (Blasius) 510. capitalis (Tweeddale) 511. nigrocapitatus (Steere) 512. affinis McGregor Genus Mixornis "Hodgson" Blyth 513. woodi Sharpe 514. cagayanensis Guillemard Genus Macronous Jardine and Selby 515. striaticeps Sharpe 516. mindanensis Steere 517. montanus (Mearns) 518. kettlewelli Guillemard Genus Leonardina Mearns 519. woodi Mearns Subfamily Brachypteryginæ Genus Brachypteryx Horsfield 520. poliogyna Grant 521. brunneiceps Grant 522. mindanensis Mearns 523. malindangensis Mearns Family Turdidæ Subfamily Turdinæ Genus Planesticus Bonaparte 524. mindorensis (Grant) 525. thomassoni (Seebohm) 526. mayonensis (Mearns) 527. kelleri (Mearns) 528. nigrorum (Grant) 529. malindangensis (Mearns) Genus Turdus Linnæus 530. pallidus Gmelin 531. chrysolaus Temminck 532. obscurus Gmelin Genus Geokichla "Boie" S. Müller 533. interpres (Temminck) 534. cinerea Bourns and Worcester 535. mindanensis Mearns Genus Zoothera Vigors 536. andromedæ (Temminck) Genus Oreocincla Gould 537. varia (Pallas) Genus Petrophila Swainson 538. manillensis (J. R. Forster) Subfamily Ruticillinæ Genus Chaimarrornis Hodgson 539. bicolor Grant Genus Calliope Gould 540. calliope (Pallas) Genus Copsychus Wagler 541. mindanensis (Boddaert) Genus Kittacincla Gould 542. luzoniensis (Kittlitz) 543. superciliaris Bourns and Worcester 544. nigra Sharpe 545. cebuensis Steere Subfamily Saxicolinæ Genus Pratincola Koch 546. caprata (Linnæus) Genus Saxicola Bechstein 547. oenanthe (Linnæus), Family Sylviidæ Genus Locustella Kaup 548. fasciolata (Gray) 549. ochotensis (Middendorf) 550. lanceolata (Temminck) Genus Acrocephalus Naumann 551. sorghophilus (Swinhoe) 552. orientalis (Temminck and Schlegel) Genus Tribura Hodgson 553. seebohmi (Grant) Genus Orthotomus Horsfield 554. frontalis Sharpe 555. mearnsi McGregor 556. castaneiceps Walden 557. derbianus Moore, 558. chloronotus Grant 559. ruficeps (Lesson) 560. cineraceus Blyth 561. cinereiceps Sharpe 562. nigriceps Tweeddale 563. samarensis Steere Genus Cisticola Kaup 564. cisticola (Temminck) 565. exilis (Vigors and Horsfield) Genus Megalurus Horsfield 566. palustris Horsfield 567. tweeddalei McGregor Genus Acanthopneuste Blasius 568. borealis (Blasius) 569. xanthodryas (Swinhoe) 570. lugubris (Blyth) Genus Horornis Hodgson 571. canturians (Swinhoe) 572. minutus (Swinhoe) 573. seebohmi (Grant) Genus Phyllergates Sharpe 574. philippinus Hartert 575. heterolæmus Mearns Family Artamidæ Genus Artamus Vieillot 576. leucorynchus (Linnæus) Family Laniidæ Subfamily Laniinæ Genus Enneoctonus Boie 577. tigrinus (Drapiez) Genus Cephalophoneus Fitzinger 578. validirostris (Grant) 579. nasutus (Scopoli) 580. suluensis Mearns Genus Otomela Bonaparte 581. lucionensis (Linnæus) 582. cristata (Linnæus) 583. superciliosa (Latham) Subfamily Pachycephalinæ Genus Hyloterpe Cabanis 584. philippinensis Walden 585. apoensis Mearns 586. fallax McGregor 587. illex McGregor 588. albiventris Grant 589. whiteheadi Sharpe 590. winchelli Bourns and Worcester 591. homeyeri Blasius Family Paridæ Genus Pardaliparus Selys-Longchamps 592. elegans (Lesson) 593. albescens McGregor 594. edithæ McGregor 595. mindanensis (Mearns) 596. amabilis (Sharpe) Genus Penthornis Hellmayr 597. semilarvatus (Salvadori) 598. tessacourbe (Scopoli) Family Sittidæ Genus Callisitta Bonaparte 599. palawana (Hartert) 600. oenochlamys (Sharpe) 601. mesoleuca (Grant) 602. lilacea (Whitehead) Family Certhiidæ Genus Rhabdornis Reichenbach 603. mystacalis (Temminck) 604. minor Grant 605. inornatus Grant Family Zosteropidæ Genus Zosterops Vigors and Horsfield 606. meyeni Bonaparte 607. whiteheadi Hartert 608. vulcani (Hartert) 609. halconensis Mearns 610. batanis McGregor 611. siquijorensis Bourns and Worcester 612. boholensis McGregor 613. everetti Tweeddale 614. basilanica Steere 615. meyleri McGregor 616. richmondi McGregor 617. luzonica Grant 618. aureiloris Grant 619. nigrorum Tweeddale 620. goodfellowi Hartert 621. malindangensis (Mearns) Genus Hypocryptadius Hartert 622. cinnamomeus Hartert Family Dicæidæ Genus Dicæum Cuvier 623. retrocinctum Gould 624. hæmatostictum Sharpe 625. papuense (Gmelin) 626. luzoniense Grant 627. apo Hartert 628. bonga Hartert 629. dorsale Sharpe 630. pallidius Bourns and Worcester 631. xanthopygium Tweeddale 632. intermedium Bourns and Worcester 633. sibuyanicum Bourns and Worcester 634. assimile Bourns and Worcester 635. sibutuense Sharpe 636. cinereigulare Tweeddale 637. besti Steere 638. flaviventer Meyer 639. pygmæum (Kittlitz) 640. davao Mearns 641. hypoleucum Sharpe 642. mindanense Tweeddale 643. everetti Tweeddale 644. obscurum Grant 645. nigrilore Hartert Genus Prionochilus Strickland 646. johannæ Sharpe 647. quadricolor Tweeddale 648. olivaceous Tweeddale 649. bicolor Bourns and Worcester 650. inexpectatus Hartert Genus Piprisoma Blyth 651. æruginosum (Bourns and Worcester) Family Nectariniidæ Subfamily Nectariniinæ Genus Chalcostetha Cabanis 652. calcostetha (Jardine) Genus Æthopyga Cabanis 653. magnifica Sharpe 654. boltoni Mearns 655. shelleyi Sharpe 656. bella Tweeddale 657. arolasi Bourns and Worcester 658. bonita Bourns and Worcester 659. flavipectus Grant 660. rubrinota McGregor Genus Eudrepanis Sharpe 661. pulcherrima (Sharpe) 662. jefferyi Grant 663. decorosa McGregor Genus Cinnyris Cuvier 664. sperata (Linnæus) 665. henkei Meyer 666. juliæ (Tweeddale) 667. flagrans (Oustalet) 668. guimarasensis Steere 669. jugularis (Linnæus) 670. aurora (Tweeddale) Genus Anthreptes Swainson 671. chlorigaster Sharpe 672. malaccensis (Scopoli) 673. wiglesworthi (Hartert) 674. cagayanensis Mearns 675. rhodolæma Shelley 676. griseigularis Tweeddale Subfamily Arachnotherinæ Genus Arachnothera Temminck 677. flammifera Tweeddale 678. dilutior Sharpe 679. philippinensis (Steere) Family Motacillidæ Genus Motacilla Linnæus 680. ocularis Swinhoe 681. melanope Pallas Genus Budytes Cuvier 682. leucostriatus Homeyer Genus Dendronanthus Blyth 683. indicus (Gmelin) Genus Anthus Bechstein 684. hodgsoni Richmond 685. richardi Vieillot 686. rufulus Vieillot 687. gustavi Swinhoe 688. cervinus (Pallas) Family Alaudidæ Genus Alauda Linnæus 689. wattersi Swinhoe Genus Mirafra Horsfield 690. philippinensis Ramsay Family Fringillidæ Genus Loxia Linnæus 691. luzoniensis Grant Genus Pyrrhula Brisson 692. leucogenys Grant 693. steerei Mearns Genus Fringilla Linnæus 694. montifringilla Linnæus Genus Passer Brisson 695. montanus (Linnæus) Genus Spinus Koch 696. spinus (Linnæus) Genus Emberiza Linnæus 697. pusilla Pallas 698. spodocephala Pallas 699. sulphurata Temminck and Schlegel Family Ploceidæ Subfamily Viduinæ Genus Padda Reichenbach 700. oryzivora (Linnæus) Genus Munia Hodgson 701. jagori Martens 702. formosana Swinhoe 703. cabanisi Sharpe Genus Uroloncha Cabanis 704. everetti (Tweeddale) 705. fuscans (Cassin) Genus Reichenowia Poche 706. brunneiventris (Grant) Family Oriolidæ Genus Oriolus Linnæus 707. acrorhynchus Vigors 708. isabellæ Grant 709. albiloris Grant 710. samarensis Steere 711. steeri Sharpe 712. basilanicus Grant 713. cinereogenys Bourns and Worcester 714. assimilis Tweeddale 715. xanthonotus Horsfield Family Dicruridæ Genus Dicrurus Vieillot 716. balicassius (Linnæus) 717. striatus Tweeddale 718. suluensis Hartert 719. mirabilis Walden and Layard Genus Chibia Hodgson 720. palawanensis (Tweeddale) 721. cuyensis McGregor 722. worcesteri McGregor 723. borneensis Sharpe 724. menagei Bourns and Worcester Genus Bhuchanga Hodgson 725. palawanensis Whitehead Family Sturnidæ Subfamily Sturninæ Genus Sturnia Lesson 726. sinensis (Gmelin) 727. philippensis (Forster) Genus Spodiopsar Sharpe 728. sericeus (Gmelin) 729. cineraceus (Temminck) Genus Lamprocorax Bonaparte 730. panayensis (Scopoli) 731. todayensis Mearns Genus Ætheopsar Sharpe 732. cristatellus (Linnæus) Genus Sarcops Walden 733. calvus (Linnæus) 734. melanonotus Grant Genus Goodfellowia Hartert 735. miranda Hartert Genus Eulabes Cuvier 736. palawanensis Sharpe Family Corvidæ Genus Corone Kaup 737. philippina (Bonaparte) Genus Corvus Linnæus 738. pusillus Tweeddale 739. samarensis Steere Additions and corrections

PREFACE.

During several years spent in collecting zoölogical specimens in the Philippine Islands the author has constantly experienced the need of a book containing descriptions of the Philippine birds. That others have felt the same want is evident from the many requests for literature received. Lists of Philippine birds have been published from time to time but they contain no descriptions and are of use to those only who have a considerable library at hand.

The Catalogue of Birds in the British Museum contains descriptions of most of the known species of birds and these include very many of the Philippine species but the bulk of its 27 volumes would preclude the use of this work in the field even if its rarity and cost were not prohibitory. Thus there is an almost total lack of adequate means for identifying Philippine birds which has been a serious check to activity and interest in ornithological work throughout the Islands.

To meet this need and to place descriptions of the birds inhabiting the Philippines in a convenient form for the use of local naturalists the present work has been prepared. Technical terms and references to internal structure have been avoided as far as possible although this method weakens, to some extent, the keys and diagnoses of the higher groups. The diagnoses of orders, families, and genera being drawn from Philippine species may or may not define these groups as represented outside of the Archipelago.

The actual material which has been available for study consists of about 8,000 specimens of birds collected for the Bureau of Science, a few skins received in exchange from the Menage Collection, nearly 200 skins received from the United States National Museum, part in exchange and part as a loan, and a few small lots of skins from various sources. There are, however, some 150 species inhabiting the Philippines of which not a single specimen has been examined. Of some other species the available material is quite inadequate for complete descriptions; this is particularly true of the shore and water birds, most of which visit the Philippine Islands as migrants and can not be obtained here in breeding plumage.

To meet these deficiencies a large number of descriptions have been taken from previous works, notably the Catalogue of Birds in the British Museum, Oates's Birds of British Burmah, and the four volumes on birds in the Fauna of British India, while a few have been taken from periodicals. All copied descriptions and parts of descriptions are inclosed in quotation marks followed by the authors' names; the exact reference in each case will be found in the synonymy of the species described.

The quotations ending with "Bourns and Worcester MS." are taken from a manuscript prepared by Messrs. Frank S. Bourns and Dean C. Worcester and based upon the ornithological specimens collected by the Menage Expedition. This manuscript was intended for publication by the Minnesota Academy of Natural Sciences, but as that institution was unable to meet the necessary expense, the right to use the manuscript reverted to the authors who have permitted the publication of their notes in this Manual.

The scientific name, an English name, and such native names as seem to be commonly used with some degree of accuracy are given for each species.

The synonymy consists of references to original descriptions and to all works from which quotations are made; also to the following works when the species is given in them: Catalogue of Birds in the British Museum, Sharpe's Hand-List of the Genera and Species of Birds, Oates and Reid's Catalogue of Birds' Eggs in the British Museum, and McGregor and Worcester's Hand-List of Philippine Birds; other references are to plates or figures, records of rare species, important descriptions, notes on habits, or critical remarks.

The distribution of each species is given by islands, arranged alphabetically, with the names of collectors so far as these have been worked out from the available literature. Distribution outside of the Philippine Islands is given in a general way only.

To the descriptions and measurements of the birds are added notes on habits, nests and eggs, abundance, etc. and in very many cases manuscript notes by Bourns and Worcester, giving information on habits, colors of soft parts, measurements, and validity of species.

All measurements are in the metric system. In copied descriptions inches and hundredths have been carefully reduced to millimeters and the English measurements omitted, tenths and hundredths of millimeters being disregarded in most instances.

In accordance with Canon XXXVII of the Code of Nomenclature adopted by the American Ornithologists' Union, Revised Edition (1908), generic and specific names, unless evidently misprinted, are spelled as in the original descriptions. Dr. Charles W. Richmond, Assistant Curator, Division of Birds, United States National Museum, has most kindly verified a very large number of these citations.

The last half century has been exceedingly fruitful in systems of classification, some of them excellent, most of them suggestive and helpful. The whole subject has been reviewed in a masterly way by Newton, Dictionary of Birds, London (1896), 45-120 of introduction.

The present author has not the ability to judge of the relative merits of the schemes of classification proposed by various authors but the system set forth in Sharpe's Hand-List and copied in McGregor and Worcester's Hand-List of Philippine Birds is followed as being both convenient and well known.

USE OF THE KEYS.