CHAPTER XIV.. The Close of the Literary Controversy.

THE CLOSE OF THE LITERARY CONTROVERSY.

In the last chapter we mentioned the controversy over Jane Wenham. In attempting in this chapter to show the currents and cross-currents of opinion during the last period of witch history in England, we cannot omit some account of the pamphlet war over the Hertfordshire witch. It will not be worth while, however, to take up in detail the arguments of the upholders of the superstition. The Rev. Mr. Bragge was clearly on the defensive. There were, he admitted sadly, "several gentlemen who would not believe that there are any witches since the time of our Saviour Jesus Christ." He struck the same note when he spoke of those who disbelieved "on the prejudices of education only." With great satisfaction the clergyman quoted the decision of Sir Matthew Hale in 1664.

The opinions of the opposition are more entertaining, if their works did not have so wide a sale. The physician who wrote to his friend in London poked fun at the witchmongers. It was dangerous to do so, he admitted, "especially in the Country, where to make the least Doubt is a Badge of Infidelity." As for him, he envied the privileges of the town. He proceeded to take up the case of Anne Thorne. Her seven-minute mile run with a broken knee was certainly puzzling. "If it was only a violent Extention of the Rotula, something might be allow'd: but it is hard to tell what this was, your Country Bone-Setters seldom plaguing their heads with Distinctions." The "Viciousness of Anne Thorn's opticks," the silly character of the clergyman's evidence, and the spiritual juggles at exorcism, all these things roused his merriment. As for Jane's confession, it was the result of ensnaring questions. He seemed to hold the clergy particularly responsible for witch cases and advised them to be more conversant with the history of diseases and to inquire more narrowly into the physical causes of things.

A defender of Justice Powell, probably Henry Stebbing, later an eminent divine but now a young Cambridge master of arts, entered the controversy. He was not altogether a skeptic about witchcraft in general, but his purpose was to show that the evidence against Jane Wenham was weak. The two chief witnesses, Matthew Gilston and Anne Thorne, were "much disturbed in their Imaginations." There were many absurdities in their stories. He cited the story of Anne Thorne's mile run in seven minutes. Who knew that it was seven minutes? There was no one timing her when she started. How was it known that she went half a mile? And, supposing these narratives were true, would they prove anything? The writer took up piece after piece of the evidence in this way and showed its absurdity. Some of his criticisms are amusing--he attacked silly testimony in such a solemn way--yet he had, too, his sense of fun. It had been alleged, he wrote, that the witch's flesh, when pricked, emitted no blood, but a thin watery matter. "Mr. Chauncy, it is like, expected that Jane Wenham's Blood shou'd have been as rich and as florid as that of Anne Thorne's, or of any other Virgin of about 16. He makes no difference, I see, between the Beef and Mutton Regimen, and that of Turnips and Water-gruel." Moreover, he urges, it is well known that fright congeals the blood.

We need not go further into this discussion. Mr. Bragge and his friends re-entered the fray at once, and then another writer proved with elaborate argument that there had never been such a thing as witchcraft. The controversy was growing dull, but it had not been without value. It had been, on the whole, an unconventional discussion of the subject and had shown very clearly the street-corner point of view. But we must turn to the more formal treatises. Only three of them need be noticed, those of Richard Baxter, John Beaumont, and Richard Boulton. All of these writers had been affected by the accounts of the Salem witchcraft in New England. The opinions of Glanvill and Matthew Hale had been carried to America and now were brought back to fortify belief in England. Richard Baxter was most clearly influenced by the accounts of what had happened in the New World. The Mathers were his friends and fellow Puritans, and their testimony was not to be doubted for a minute. But Baxter needed no convincing. He had long preached and written about the danger of witches. In a sermon on the Holy Ghost in the fifties he had shown a wide acquaintance with foreign works on demonology. In a Defence of the Christian Religion, written several years later, he recognized that the malice of the accusers and the melancholy of the accused were responsible for some cases, but such cases were exceptions. If any one doubted that there were bona fide cases, let him talk to the judges and ministers yet living in Suffolk, Norfolk, and Essex. They could tell him of many of the confessions made in the Hopkins period. Baxter had not only talked on witchcraft with Puritan ministers, but had corresponded as well with Glanvill, with whom, although Glanvill was an Anglican, he seems to have been on very friendly terms. Nor is it likely that in the many conversations he held with his neighbor, Sir Matthew Hale, the evidence from witchcraft for a spiritual world had been neglected. The subject must have come up in his conversations with another friend, Robert Boyle. Boyle's interest in such matters was of course a scientific one. Baxter, like Glanvill, looked at them from a religious point of view. In the classic Saint's Everlasting Rest he drew his fourth argument for the future happiness and misery of man from the Devil's compact with witches. To this point he reverted in his Dying Thoughts. His Certainty of the World of Spirits, in which he took up the subject of witchcraft in more detail, was written but a few months before his death. "When God first awakened me, to think with preparing seriousness of my Condition after Death, I had not any observed Doubts of the Reality of Spirits.... But, when God had given me peace of Conscience, Satan Assaulted me with those worse Temptations.... I found that my Faith of Supernatural Revelation must be more than a Believing Man and that if it had not a firm foundation, ... even sure Evidence of Verity, ... it was not like ... to make my Death to be safe and comfortable.... I tell the Reader, that he may see why I have taken this Subject as so necessary, why I am ending my Life with the publication of these Historical Letters and Collections, which I dare say have such Evidence as will leave every Sadduce that readeth them, either convinced, or utterly without excuse."

By the "Collection" he meant, of course, the narratives brought out in his Certainty of the World of Spirits--published in 1691. It is unnecessary to review its arguments here. They were an elaboration of those already used in earlier works. Too much has been made of this book. Baxter had the fever for publication. It was a lean year when he dashed off less than two works. His wife told him once that he would write better if he wrote less. Probably she was thinking of his style, and she was doubtless right. But it was true, too, of his thinking; and none of his productions show this more than his hurried book on, spirits and witches.

Beaumont and Boulton may be passed over quickly. Beaumont had read widely in the witch literature of England and other countries; he had read indeed with some care, as is evidenced by the fact that he had compared Hopkins's and Stearne's accounts of the same events and found them not altogether consistent. Nevertheless Beaumont never thought of questioning the reality of witchcraft phenomena, and his chief aim in writing was to answer The World Bewitched, the great work of a Dutch theologian, Balthazar Bekker, "who laughs at all these things of this Nature as done by Humane contrivance." Bekker's bold book was indeed gaining wide notice; but this reply to it was entirely commonplace. Richard Boulton, sometime of Brasenose College, published ten years later, in 1715, A Compleat History of Magic. It was a book thrown together in a haphazard way from earlier authors, and was written rather to sell than to convince. Seven years later a second edition was brought out, in which the writer inserted an answer to Hutchinson.

Before taking up Hutchinson's work we shall turn aside to collect those stray fragments of opinion that indicate in which direction the wind was blowing. Among those who wrote on nearly related topics, one comparatively obscure name deserves mention. Dr. Richard Burthogge published in 1694 an Essay upon Reason and the Nature of Spirits, a book which was dedicated to John Locke. He touched on witchcraft in passing. "Most of the relations," he wrote, "do, upon impartial Examination, prove either Impostures of Malicious, or Mistakes of Ignorant and Superstitious persons; yet some come so well Attested that it were to bid defiance to all Human Testimony to refuse them belief."

This was the last stand of those who still believed. Shall we, they asked, discredit all human testimony? It was practically the belief of Bishop William Lloyd of Worcester, who, while he urged his clergy to give up their notions about witches, was inclined to believe that the Devil still operates in the Gentile world and among the Pagans. Joseph Addison was equally unwilling to take a radical view. "There are," he wrote in the Spectator for July 14, 1711, "some opinions in which a man should stand neuter.... It is with this temper of mind that I consider the subject of witchcraft.... I endeavour to suspend my belief till I hear more certain accounts.... I believe in general that there is, and has been, such a thing as witchcraft; but at the same time can give no credit to any particular instance of it." The force of credulity among the country people he fully recognized. His Sir Roger de Coverley, who was a justice of the peace, and his chaplain were, he said, too often compelled to put an end to the witch-swimming experiments of the people.

If this was belief, it was at least a harmless sort. It was almost exactly the position of James Johnstone, former secretary for Scotland, who, writing from London to the chancellor of Scotland, declared his belief in the existence of witches, but called attention to the fact that the parliaments of France and other judicatories had given up the trying of them because it was impossible to distinguish possession from "nature in disorder."

But there were those who were ready to assert a downright negative. The Marquis of Halifax in the Political, Moral and Miscellaneous Thoughts and Reflections which he wrote (or, at least, completed) in 1694, noted "It is a fundamental ... that there were witches--much shaken of late." Secretary of State Vernon and the Duke of Shrewsbury were both of them skeptical about the confessions of witches. Sir Richard Steele lampooned the belief. "Three young ladies of our town," he makes his correspondent relate, "were indicted for witchcraft. One by spirits locked in a bottle and magic herbs drew hundreds of men to her; the second cut off by night the limbs of dead bodies and, muttering words, buried them; the third moulded pieces of dough into the shapes of men, women, and children and then heated them." They "had nothing to say in their own defence but downright denying the facts, which," the writer remarks, "is like to avail very little when they come upon their trials." "The parson," he continued, "will believe nothing of all this; so that the whole town cries out: 'Shame! that one of his cast should be such an atheist.'"

The parson had at length assimilated the skepticism of the jurists and the gentry. It was, as has been said, an Anglican clergyman who administered the last great blow to the superstition. Francis Hutchinson's Historical Essay on Witchcraft, published in 1718 (and again, enlarged, in 1720), must rank with Reginald Scot's Discoverie as one of the great classics of English witch literature. Hutchinson had read all the accounts of trials in England--so far as he could find them--and had systematized them in chronological order, so as to give a conspectus of the whole subject. So nearly was his point of view that of our own day that it would be idle to rehearse his arguments. A man with warm sympathies for the oppressed, he had been led probably by the case of Jane Wenham, with whom he had talked, to make a personal investigation of all cases that came at all within the ken of those living. Whoever shall write the final story of English witchcraft will find himself still dependent upon this eighteenth-century historian.

Hutchinson's work was the last chapter in the witch controversy. There was nothing more to say.

Witchcraft Farther Displayed.

A Full Confutation of Witchcraft, 4.

Ibid., 11.

Ibid., 38.

Ibid., 5.

Ibid., 23-24.

The Case of the Hertfordshire Witchcraft Consider'd, 72.

If certain phrases may be trusted, this writer was interested in the case largely because it had become a cause of sectarian combat and he hoped to strike at the church.

See Baxter's Works (London, 1827-1830), XX, 255-271.

See ibid., XXI, 87.

W. Orme in his Life of Richard Baxter (London, 1830), I, 435, says that the Baxter MSS. contain several letters from Glanvill to Baxter.

See Memoirs of Richard Baxter by Dr. Bates (in Biographical Collections, or Lives and Characters from the Works of the Reverend Mr. Baxter and Dr. Bates, 1760), II, 51, 73.

Ibid., 26; see also Baxter's Dying Thoughts, in Works, XVIII, 284, where he refers to the Demon of Mascon, a story for which Boyle, as we have seen, had stood sponsor in England.

Ch. VII, sect. iv, in Works, XXII, 327.

Certainty of the World of Spirits (London, 1691), preface.

Two other collectors of witch stories deserve perhaps a note here, for each prefaced his collection with a discussion of witchcraft. The London publisher Nathaniel Crouch, who wrote much for his own press under the pseudonym of "R. B." (later expanded to "Richard Burton"), published as early as 1688 (not 1706, as says the Dict. Nat. Biog.) The Kingdom of Darkness: or The History of Dæmons, Specters, Witches, ... Containing near Fourscore memorable Relations, ... Together with a Preface obviating the common Objections and Allegations of the Sadduces and Atheists of the Age, ... with Pictures. Edward Stephens, first lawyer, then clergyman, but always a pamphleteer, brought out in 1693 A Collection of Modern Relations concerning Witches and Witchcraft, to which was prefaced Sir Matthew Hale's Meditations concerning the Mercy of God in preserving us from the Malice and Power of Evil Angels and a dissertation of his own on Questions concerning Witchcraft.

An Historical, Physiological, and Theological Treatise of Spirits, Apparitions, Witchcraft and other Magical Practices (London, 1705). Dedicated to "John, Earl of Carbury."

See for example, ibid., 63, 70, 71, 75, 130-135, 165, 204, 289, 306.

Balthazar Bekker's De Betoverde Weereld (Leeuwarden and Amsterdam, 1691-1693), was a most telling attack upon the reality of witchcraft, and, through various translations, was read all over Europe. The first part was translated and published in London in 1695 as The World Bewitched, and was republished in 1700 as The World Turn'd upside down.

Essay upon Reason and the Nature of Spirits, 195.

G. P. R. James, ed., Letters Illustrative of the Reign of William III, ... addressed to the Duke of Shrewsbury, by James Vernon, Esq. (London, 1841), II, 302-303.

Spectator, no. 117.

Hist. MSS. Comm. Reports, XIV, 3, p. 132.

H. C. Foxcroft, ed., Life and Letters of Sir George Savile, Marquis of Halifax (London, 1898), II, 493.

G. P. R. James, ed., op. cit., II, 300. Shrewsbury's opinion may be inferred from Vernon's reply to him.

See the Tatler, no. 21, May 28, 1709.

APPENDICES.

A.--PAMPHLET LITERATURE.

§ 1.--Witchcraft under Elizabeth (see ch. II).

A large part of the evidence for the trials of Elizabeth's reign is derived from the pamphlets issued soon after the trials. These pamphlets furnish a peculiar species of historical material, and it is a species so common throughout the history of English witchcraft that it deserves a brief examination in passing. The pamphlets were written of course by credulous people who easily accepted what was told them and whose own powers of observation were untrained. To get at the facts behind their marvellous accounts demands the greatest care and discrimination. Not only must the miraculous be ruled out, but the prejudices of the observer must be taken into account. Did the pamphleteer himself hear and see what he recorded, or was his account at second hand? Did he write soon after the events, when they were fresh in his memory? Does his narrative seem to be that of a painstaking, careful man or otherwise? These are questions to be answered. In many instances, however, the pamphlets were not narrative in form, but were merely abstracts of the court proceedings and testimony. In this case, too, care must be taken in using them, for the testimony damaging to the accused was likely to be accented, while the evidence on the other side, if not suppressed, was not emphasized. In general, however, these records of depositions are sources whose residuum of fact it is not difficult to discover. Both in this and in the narrative material the most valuable points may be gleaned from the incidental references and statements. The writer has made much use of this incidental matter. The position of the witch in her community, the real ground of the feeling against her upon the part of her neighbors, the way in which the alarm spread, the processes used to elicit confession--inferences of this sort may, the writer believes, be often made with a good deal of confidence. We have taken for granted that the pamphlets possess a substratum of truth. This may not always be the case. The pamphleteer was writing to sell. A fictitious narrative of witchcraft or of a witch trial was almost as likely to sell as a true narrative. More than once in the history of witch literature absolutely imaginary stories were foisted upon the public. It is necessary to be constantly on guard against this type of pamphlet. Fortunately nine-tenths of the witch accounts are corroborated from other sources. The absence of such corroboration does not mean that an account should be barred out, but that it should be subjected to the methods of historical criticism, and that it should be used cautiously even if it pass that test. Happily for us, the plan of making a witch story to order does not seem to have occurred to the Elizabethan pamphleteers. So far as we know, all the pamphlets of that time rest upon actual events. We shall take them up briefly in order.

The first was The examination and confession of certaine Wytches at Chensforde in the Countie of Essex before the Quenes maiesties Judges, the XXVI daye of July Anno 1566. The only original copy of this pamphlet is in the Lambeth Palace library at London and its binding bears the initials of R. B. [Richard Bancroft]. The versified introduction is signed by John Phillips, who presumably was the author. The pamphlet--a black letter one--was issued, in three parts, from the press of William Powell at London, two of them on August 13, the third on August 23, 1566. It has since been reprinted by H. Beigel for the Philobiblon Society, London, 1864-1865. It gives abstracts of the confessions and an account of the court interrogatories. There is every reason to believe that it is in the main an accurate account of what happened at the Chelmsford trials in 1566. Justice Southcote, Dr. Cole, Master Foscue, and Attorney-General Gerard are all names we can identify. Moreover, the one execution narrated is confirmed by the pamphlet dealing with the trials at Chelmsford in 1579.

The second pamphlet, also in black letter, deals with the Abingdon cases of 1579. It is entitled A Rehearsall both straung and true of hainous and horrible actes committed by Elizabeth Stile, alias Rockingham, Mother Dutten, Mother Devell, Mother Margaret. Fower notorious Witches apprehended at Winsore in the Countie of Barks, and at Abington arraigned, condemned and executed on the 28 daye of Februarie last anno 1579. This pamphlet finds confirmation by a reference in the privy council records to the same event (Acts P. C., n. s., XI, 22). Reginald Scot, in his Discoverie of Witchcraft, 17, 543, mentions another, a book of "Richard Gallis of Windesor" "about certaine witches of Windsore executed at Abington." This would seem to have been a different account of the Abingdon affair, because Scot also on p. 51 speaks of some details of the Abingdon affair as to be found "in a little pamphlet of the acts and hanging of foure witches in anno 1579." It is perhaps the one described by Lowndes, Bibliographer's Manual of English Literature (p. 2959) under the title The horrible Acts of Eliz. Style, alias Rockingham, Mother Dutton, Mother Dovell, and Mother Margaret, 4 Witches executed at Abingdon, 26 Feb. upon Richard Galis (London, 1579) or that mentioned in the Stationers' Registers, II (London, 1875), 352, under date of May 4, 1579, as A brief treatise conteyninge the most strange and horrible crueltye of Elizabeth Sule alias Bockingham and hir confederates executed at Abingdon upon Richard Galis etc.

The second Chelmsford trials were also in 1579. The pamphlet account was called A Detection of damnable driftes, practised by three Witches arraigned at Chelmsforde in Essex at the last Assizes there holden, whiche were executed in Aprill 1579. There are three references in this pamphlet to people mentioned in the earlier Chelmsford pamphlet, so that the two confirm each other.

The third Chelmsford trials came in 1589 and were narrated in a pamphlet entitled The apprehension and confession of three notorious Witches arraigned and by Justice condemnede in the Countye of Essex the 5 day of Julye last past. Joan Cunny was convicted, largely on the evidence of the two bastard sons of one of her "lewde" daughters. The eldest of these boys, who was not over ten or twelve, told the court that he had seen his grandmother cause an oak to be blown up by the roots during a calm. The charges against Joan Upney concerned chiefly her dealings with toads, those against Joan Prentice, who lived in an Essex almshouse, had to do with ferrets. The three women seem to have been brought first before justices of the peace and were then tried together and condemned by the "judge of the circuit." This narrative has no outside confirmation, but the internal evidence for its authenticity is good. Three men mentioned as sheriff, justice, and landowner can all be identified as holding those respective positions in the county.

The narrative of the St. Oses case appeared in 1582. It was called A True and just Recorde of the Information, Examination and Confession of all the Witches taken at St. Oses in the countie of Essex: whereof some were executed, and other some entreated according to the determination of Lawe.... Written orderly, as the cases were tryed by evidence, by W. W. The pamphlet is merely a record of examinations. It is dedicated to Justice Darcy; and from slips, where the judge in describing his action breaks into the first person, it is evident that it was written by the judge himself. Scot, who wrote two years later, had read this pamphlet, and knew of the case (Discoverie, 49, 542). There are many references to the case by later writers on witchcraft.

Eleven years later came the trials which brought out the pamphlet: The most strange and admirable discoverie of the three Witches of Warboys, arraigned, convicted and executed at the last assises at Huntingdon ..., London, 1593. Its contents are reprinted by Richard Boulton, in his Compleat History of Magick, Sorcery, and Witchcraft (London, 1715), I, 49-152. There can be no doubt as to the historical character of this pamphlet. The Throckmortons, the Cromwells, and the Pickerings were all well known in Huntingdonshire. An agreement is still preserved in the archives of the Huntingdon corporation providing that the corporation shall pay £40 to Queen's College, Cambridge, in order that a sermon shall be preached on witchcraft at Huntingdon each Lady day. This was continued for over two hundred years. One of the last sermons on this endowment was preached in 1795 and attacked the belief in witchcraft. The record of the contract is still kept in Queen's College, Brit. Mus. MSS., 5,849, fol. 254. For mention of the affair see Darrel, Detection of that sinnful ... discours of Samuel Harshnet, 36, 39, 110; also Harsnett, Discovery of the Fraudulent Practises, 93, 97. Several Jacobean writers refer to the case. What seems to be another edition is in the Bodleian: A True and Particular Observation of a notable Piece of Witchcraft--which is the inside heading of the first edition. The text is the same, but there are differences in the paging.

Perhaps the most curious of all Elizabethan witch pamphlets is entitled The most wonderfull and true Storie of a certaine Witch named Alse Gooderidge of Stapenhill, who was arraigned and convicted at Darbie, at the Assizes there. As also a true Report of the strange Torments of Thomas Darling, a boy of thirteen years of age, that was possessed by the Devill, with his horrible Fittes and terrible apparitions by him uttered at Burton upon Trent, in the Countie of Stafford, and of his marvellous deliverance, London, 1597. There are two copies of this--the only ones of which the writer knows--in Lambeth Palace library. They are exactly alike, page for page, except for the last four lines of the last page, where the wording differs. The pamphlet is clearly one written by John Denison as an abstract of an account by Jesse Bee. Harsnett, Discovery of the Fraudulent Practices of John Darrel, 266-269, tells how these two books were written. Denison is quoted as to certain insertions made in his manuscript after it left his hands, insertions which are to be found, he says, on pages 15 and 39. The insertions complained of by Denison are indeed to be found on the pages indicated of The most wonderfull and true Storie of ... Alse Gooderidge, thus establishing his authorship of the pamphlet. The account by Bee, of which this is an abstract, I have not seen. Alse Gooderidge was put through many examinations and finally died in prison. "She should have been executed, but that her spirit killed her in prison." John Darrel was one of those who sought to help the boy who had been bewitched by Alice. Darrel, however, receives only passing mention from the author of this pamphlet. The narrative does not agree very well in matters of detail with the Darrel tracts, although in the main outlines it is similar to them. It is very crudely put together, and, while it was doubtless a sincere effort to present the truth, must not be too implicitly depended upon.

Two pamphlets are hidden away in the back of the Triall of Maist. Dorrel (see below, § 2). The first (pp. 92-98) deals with the trial of Doll Bartham of Shadbrook in Suffolk. She was tried by the chief justice and hanged the 12th of July, 1599. The second (pp. 99-103) narrates the trial of Anne Kerke before "Lorde Anderson," the 30th of December, 1599. She also went to the gallows.

There are other pamphlets referred to in Lowndes, etc., which we have been unable to find. One of them is The Arraignment and Execution of 3 detestable Witches, John Newell, Joane his wife, and Hellen Calles; two executed at Barnett, and one at Braynford, 1 Dec. 1595. A second bears the title The severall Facts of Witchcrafte approved on Margaret Haskett of Stanmore. 1585. Black letter. Another pamphlet in the same year deals with what is doubtless the same case. It is An Account of Margaret Hacket, a notorious Witch, who consumed a young Man to Death, rotted his Bowells and back bone asunder, who was executed at Tiborn, 19 Feb. 1585. London, 1585. A fourth pamphlet is The Examination and Confession of a notorious Witch named Mother Arnold, alias Whitecote, alias Glastonbury, at the Assise of Burntwood in July, 1574: who was hanged for Witchcraft at Barking. 1575.

The title The case of Agnes Bridges and Rachel Pinder, created by Hazlitt, Collections and Notes, 1867-1876, out of the mention by Holinshed of a printed account, means but The discloysing, etc. (see p. 351). The case--see Holinshed, Chronicles (London, 1808), IV, 325, and Stow, Annales (London, 1631), p. 678, who put the affair in 1574--was not of witchcraft, but of pretended possession. See above, p. 59.

To this period must belong also A true report of three Straunge Witches, lately found at Newnham Regis, mentioned by Hazlitt (Handbook, p. 230). I have not seen it; but the printer is given as "J. Charlewood," and Charlewood printed between 1562 and 1593. The Stationers' Registers, 1570-1587 (London; Shakespeare Soc., 1849), II, 32, mention also the licensing in 1577 of The Booke of Witches--whatever that may have been.

Among pamphlets dealing with affairs nearly related to witchcraft may be mentioned the following:

A short treatise declaringe the detestable wickednesse of magicall sciences, as Necromancie, Coniuration of Spirites, Curiouse Astrologie and such lyke.... Made by Francis Coxe. [London, 1561.] Black letter. Coxe had been pardoned by the Queen.

The Examination of John Walsh, before Master Thomas Williams, Commissary to the Reverend father in God, William, bishop of Excester, upon certayne Interrogatories touchyng Wytch-crafte and Sorcerye, in the presence of divers gentlemen and others, the XX of August, 1566. 1566. Black letter. John Ashton (The Devil in Britain and America, London, 1896, p. 202) has called this the "earliest English printed book on witchcraft pure and simple"; but it did not deal with witches and it was preceded by the first Chelmsford pamphlet.

The discloysing of a late counterfeyted possession by the devyl in two maydens within the Citie of London. [1574.] Black letter. The case is that of Agnes Bridges and Rachel Pinder, mentioned above (pp. 59, 351).

The Wonderfull Worke of God shewed upon a Chylde, whose name is William Withers, being in the Towne of Walsam ... Suffolk, who, being Eleven Yeeres of age, laye in a Traunce the Space of Tenne Days ... and hath continued the Space of Three Weeks, London, 1581. Written by John Phillips. This pamphlet is mentioned by Sidney Lee in his article on John Phillips in the Dict. Nat. Biog.

A Most Wicked worke of a Wretched Witch (the like whereof none can record these manie yeares in England) wrought on the Person of one Richard Burt, servant to Maister Edling of Woodhall in the Parrish of Pinner in the Countie of Myddlesex, a myle beyond Harrow. Latelie committed in March last, An. 1592 and newly recognized acording to the truth. By G. B. maister of Artes. [London, 1593.] See Hazlitt, Collections and Notes, 1867-1877. The pamphlet may be found in the library of Lambeth Palace. The story is a curious one; no action seems to have been taken.

A defensative against the poyson of supposed prophecies, not hitherto confuted by the penne of any man; which being eyther uppon the warrant and authority of old paynted bookes, expositions of dreames, oracles, revelations, invocations of damned spirits ... have been causes of great disorder in the commonwealth and chiefly among the simple and unlearned people. Henry Howard, afterwards Earl of Northampton, was the author of this "defensative." It appeared about 1581-1583, and was revised and reissued in 1621.

Three Elizabethan ballads on witches are noted by Hazlitt, Bibliographical Collections and Notes, 2d series (London, 1882): A warnynge to wytches, published in 1585, The scratchinge of the wytches, published in 1579, and A lamentable songe of Three Wytches of Warbos, and executed at Huntingdon, published in 1593. Already in 1562-3 "a boke intituled A poosye in forme of a visyon, agaynste wytche Crafte, and Sosyrye," written "in myter" by John Hall, had been published (Stationers' Registers, 1557-1570, p. 78).

Some notion of the first step in the Elizabethan procedure against a witch may be gathered from the specimens of "indictments" given in the old formula book of William West, Simboleography (pt. ii, first printed in 1594). Three specimens are given; two are of indictments "For killing a man by witchcraft upon the statute of Anno 5. of the Queene," the third is "For bewitching a Horse, whereby he wasted and became worse." As the documents in such bodies of models are usually genuine papers with only a suppression of the names, it is probable that the dates assigned to the indictments noted--the 34th and 35th years of Elizabeth--are the true ones, and that the initials given, "S. B. de C. in comit. H. vidua," "Marg' L. de A. in com' E. Spinster," and "Sara B. de C. in comitatu Eb. vidua," are those of the actual culprits and of their residences. Yorkshire is clearly one of the counties meant. It was, moreover, West's own county.

§ 2.--The Exorcists (see ch. IV).

The account of Elizabethan exorcism which we have given is necessarily one-sided. It deals only with the Puritan movement--if Darrel's work may be so called--and does not treat the Catholic exorcists. We have omitted the performances of Father Weston and his coadjutors because they had little or no relation to the subject of witchcraft. Those who wish to follow up this subject can find a readable discussion of it by T. G. Law in the Nineteenth Century for March, 1894, "Devil Hunting in Elizabethan England."

It is a rather curious fact that the Puritan exorcist has never, except for a few pages by S. R. Maitland, in his Puritan Thaumaturgy (London, 1842), been made a study. Without doubt he, his supporters, and his enemies were able between them to make a noise in their own time. To be convinced of that one need only read the early seventeenth-century dramatists. It may possibly be that Darrel was not the mere impostor his enemies pictured him. Despite his trickery it may be that he had really a certain hypnotic control over William Somers and perhaps over Katherine Wright.

Whatever else Darrel may have been, he was a ready pamphleteer. His career may easily be traced in the various brochures put forth, most of them from his own pen. Fortunately we have the other side presented by Samuel Harsnett, and by two obscure clergymen, John Deacon and John Walker. The following is a tentative list of the printed pamphlets dealing with the subject:

A Breife Narration of the possession, dispossession, and repossession of William Sommers: and of some proceedings against Mr. John Dorrel preacher, with aunsweres to such objections.... Together with certaine depositions taken at Nottingham ..., 1598. Black letter. This was written either by Darrel or at his instigation.

An Apologie, or defence of the possession of William Sommers, a yong man of the towne of Nottingham.... By John Darrell, Minister of Christ Jesus.... [1599?] Black letter. This work is undated, but, to judge from the preface, it was probably written soon after both Darrel and More were imprisoned. It is quite clear too that it was written before Harsnett's Discovery of the Fraudulent Practices of John Darrel, for Darrel says that he hears that the Bishop of London is writing a book against him.

The Triall of Maist. Dorrel, or A Collection of Defences against Allegations.... 1599. This seems written by Darrel himself; but the Huth catalogue (V, 1643) ascribes it to James Bamford.

A brief Apologie proving the possession of William Sommers. Written by John Dorrel, a faithful Minister of the Gospell, but published without his knowledge.... 1599.

A Discovery of the Fraudulent Practises of John Darrel, Bacheler of Artes ..., London, 1599. The "Epistle to the Reader" is signed "S. H.," i. e., Samuel Harsnett, then chaplain to the Bishop of London. The book is an exposure, in 324 pages, of Darrel's various impostures, and is based mainly on the depositions given in his trial at Lambeth.

A True Narration of the strange and grevous Vexation by the Devil of seven persons in Lancashire ..., 1600. Written by Darrel. Reprinted in 1641 with the title A True Relation of the grievous handling of William Somers of Nottingham. It is again reprinted in the Somers Tracts, III, and is the best known of the pamphlets.

A True Discourse concerning the certaine possession and dispossession of 7 persons in one familie in Lancashire, which also may serve as part of an Answere to a fayned and false Discoverie.... By George More, Minister and Preacher of the Worde of God ..., 1600. More was Darrel's associate in the Cleworth performances and suffered imprisonment with him.

A Detection of that sinnful, shamful, lying, and ridiculous discours of Samuel Harshnet. 1600. This is Darrel's most abusive work. He takes up Harsnett's points one by one and attempts to answer them.

Dialogicall Discourses of Spirits and Divels by John Deacon John Walker, Preachers, London, 1601.

A Summarie Answere to al the Material Points in any of Master Darel his bookes, More especiallie to that one Booke of his, intituled, the Doctrine of the Possession and Dispossession of Demoniaks out of the word of God. By John Deacon John Walker, Preachers, London, 1601. The "one Booke" now answered is a part of Darrel's A True Narration. The Discourses are dedicated to Sir Edmund Anderson and other men eminent in the government and offer in excuse that "the late bred broyles ... doe mightilie over-runne the whole Realme."

A Survey of Certaine Dialogical Discourses, written by John Deacon and John Walker ... By John Darrell, minister of the gospel ..., 1602.

The Replie of John Darrell, to the Answer of John Deacon, and John Walker concerning the doctrine of the Possession and Dispossession of Demoniakes ..., 1602.

Harsnett's second work must not be omitted from our account. In his famous Declaration of Egregious Popish Impostures, 1603 and 1605, he shows to even better advantage than in the earlier work his remarkable talents as an exposer and gives freer play to his wicked humor.

A True and Breife Report of Mary Glover's Vexation, and of her deliverance by the meanes of fastinge and prayer.... By John Swan, student in Divinitie ..., 1603.

This narrates another exorcism in which a number of clergymen participated. Swan, the author, in his dedication to the king, takes up the cudgels vigorously against Harsnett. Elizabeth Jackson was accused of having bewitched her, and was indicted. Justice Anderson tried the case and showed himself a confirmed believer in witchcraft. But the king was of another mind and sent, to examine the girl, a physician, Dr. Edward Jorden, who detected her imposture and explained it in his pamphlet, A briefe discourse of a disease called the Suffocation of the Mother, Written uppon occasion which hath beene of late taken thereby, to suspect possession of an evill spirit.... (London, 1603). He was opposed by the author of a book still unprinted, "Mary Glover's late woefull case ... by Stephen Bradwell.... 1603" (Brit. Mus., Sloane, 831). But see also below, appendix C, under 1602-1603.

One other pamphlet dealing with this same episode must be mentioned. Hutchinson, Historical Essay on Witchcraft, and George Sinclar, Satan's Invisible World Discovered (Edinburgh, 1685), had seen an account by the Rev. Lewis Hughes (in his Certaine Grievances) of the case of Mother Jackson, who was accused of bewitching Mary Glover. Although Hughes's tale was not here published until 1641-2, the events with which it deals must all have taken place in 1602 or 1603. Sir John Crook is mentioned as recorder of London and Sir Edmund Anderson as chief justice. "R. B.," in The Kingdom of Darkness (London, 1688), gives the story in detail, although misled, like Hutchinson, into assigning it to 1642.

It remains to mention certain exorcist pamphlets of which we possess only the titles:

A history of the case of Catherine Wright. No date; written presumably by Darrel and given by him to Mrs. Foljambe, afterwards Lady Bowes. See C. H. and T. Cooper, Athenae Cantabrigienses (Cambridge, 1858-1861), II, 381.

Darrel says that there was a book printed about "Margaret Harrison of Burnham-Ulpe in Norfolk and her vexation by Sathan." See Detection of that sinnfull ... discours of Samuel Harshnet, 36, and Survey of Certaine Dialogical Discourses, 54.

The strange Newes out of Sommersetshire, Anno 1584, tearmed, a dreadfull discourse of the dispossessing of one Margaret Cooper at Ditchet, from a devill in the likenes of a headlesse beare. Referred to by Harsnett, Discovery of the Fraudulent Practises of John Darrel, 17.

A ballad seems to have been written about the Somers case. Extracts from it are given by Harsnett, ibid., 34, 120.

§ 3.--James I and Witchcraft and Notable Jacobean Cases (see chs. V, VI).

The Most Cruell and Bloody Murther committed by an Innkeepers Wife called Annis Dell, and her Sonne George Dell, Foure Yeares since.... With the severall Witch-crafts and most damnable practices of one Iohane Harrison and her Daughter, upon several persons men and women at Royston, who were all executed at Hartford the 4 of August last past 1606. So far as the writer knows, there is no contemporary reference to confirm the executions mentioned in this pamphlet. The story itself is a rather curious one with a certain literary flavor. This, however, need not weigh against it. It seems possible rather than probable that the narrative is a fabrication.

The severall notorious and lewd Cosenages of Iohn West and Alice West, falsely called the King and Queene of Fayries ... convicted ... 1613, London, 1613. This might pass in catalogues as a witch pamphlet. It is an account of two clever swindlers and of their punishment.

The Witches of Northamptonshire.

Agnes Browne } Arthur Bill } Joane Vaughan} Hellen Jenkenson} Witches. Mary Barber }

Who were all executed at Northampton the 22. of July last. 1612.

Concerning this same affair there is an account in MS., "A briefe abstract of the arraignment of nine witches at Northampton, July 21, 1621" (Brit. Mus., Sloane, 972). This narrative has, in common with the printed narrative, the story of Mistress Belcher's and Master Avery's sufferings from witchcraft. It mentions also Agnes Brown and Joan Brown (or Vaughan) who, according to the other account, were hanged. All the other names are different. But it is nevertheless not hard to reconcile the two accounts. The "briefe abstract" deals with the testimony taken before the justices of the peace on two charges; the Witches of Northamptonshire with the final outcome at the assizes. Three of those finally hanged were not concerned in the first accusations and were brought in from outlying districts. On the other hand, most of those who were first accused by Belcher and Avery seem not to have been indicted.

The Wonderfull Discoverie of Witches in the countie of Lancaster. With the Arraignement and Triall of Nineteene notorious Witches, at the Assizes and generall Gaole deliverie, holden at the Castle of Lancaster, upon Munday, the seventeenth of August last, 1612. Before Sir James Altham, and Sir Edward Bromley.... Together with the Arraignement and Triall of Jennet Preston, at the Assizes holden at the Castle of Yorke, the seven and twentieth day of Julie last past.... Published and set forth by commandement of his Majesties Justices of Assize in the North Parts. By Thomas Potts, Esq. London, 1613. Reprinted by the Chetham Soc, J. Crossley, ed., 1845. Thomas Potts has given us in this book the fullest of all English witch accounts. No other narrative offers such an opportunity to examine the character of evidence as well as the court procedure. Potts was very superstitious, but his account is in good faith.

Witches Apprehended, Examined and Executed, for notable villanies by them committed both by Land and Water. With a strange and most true trial how to know whether a woman be a Witch or not. London, 1613. Bodleian.

A Booke of the Wytches Lately condemned and executed at Bedford, 1612-1613. I have seen no copy of this pamphlet, the title of which is given by Edward Arber, Transcript of the Registers of the Company of Stationers of London, 1554-1640 (London, 1875-1894), III, 234b.... The story is without doubt the same as that told in the preceding pamphlet. We have no absolutely contemporary reference to this case. Edward Fairfax, who wrote in 1622, had heard of the case--probably, however, from the pamphlet itself. But we can be quite certain that the narrative was based on an actual trial and conviction. Some of the incidental details given are such as no fabricator would insert.

In the MS., "How to discover a witch," Brit. Mus., Add. MSS., 36,674, f. 148, there is a reference to a detail of Mother Sutton's ordeal not given in the pamphlet I have used.

A Treatise of Witchcraft.... With a true Narration of the Witchcrafts which Mary Smith, wife of Henry Smith, Glover, did practise ... and lastly, of her death and execution ... By Alexander Roberts, B. D. and Preacher of Gods Word at Kings-Linne in Norffolke. London, 1616. The case of Mary Smith is taken up at p. 45. This account was dedicated to the "Maior" and aldermen, etc., of "Kings Linne" and was no doubt semi-official. It is reprinted in Howell, State Trials, II.

The Wonderful Discoverie of the Witchcrafts of Margaret and Phillip Flower, daughters of Joan Flower neere Bever Castle: executed at Lincolne, March 11, 1618. Who were specially arraigned and condemned before Sir Henry Hobart and Sir Edward Bromley, Judges of Assize, for confessing themselves actors in the destruction of Henry, Lord Rosse, with their damnable practises against others the Children of the Right Honourable Francis Earle of Rutland. Together with the severall Examinations and Confessions of Anne Baker, Joan Willimot, and Ellen Greene, Witches in Leicestershire, London, 1619. For confirmation of the Rutlandshire witchcraft see Cal. St. P., Dom., 1619-1623, 129; Hist. MSS. Comm. Reports, Rutland, IV, 514. See also Gentleman's Magazine, LXXIV, pt. ii, 909: "On the monument of Francis, sixth earl of Rutland, in Bottesford church, Leicestershire, it is recorded that by his second lady he had 'two Sons, both which died in their infancy by wicked practices and sorcery.'"

Another pamphlet seems to have been issued about the affair: Strange and wonderfull Witchcrafts, discovering the damnable Practises of seven Witches against the Lives of certain noble Personages and others of this Kingdom; with an approved Triall how to find out either Witch or any Apprentise to Witchcraft, 1621. Another edition in 1635; see Lowndes.

The Wonderfull discoverie of Elizabeth Sawyer ... late of Edmonton, her conviction, condemnation and Death.... Written by Henry Goodcole, Minister of the word of God, and her continuall Visiter in the Gaole of Newgate.... 1621. The Reverend Mr. Goodcole wrote a plain, unimaginative story, the main facts of which we cannot doubt. They are supported moreover by Dekker and Ford's play, The Witch of Edmonton, which appeared within a year. Goodcole refers to the "ballets" written about this case.

The Boy of Bilson: or A True Discovery of the Late Notorious Impostures of Certaine Romish Priests in their pretended Exorcisme, or expulsion of the Divell out of a young Boy, named William Perry.... London, 1622. Preface signed by Ryc. Baddeley. This is an account of a famous imposture. It is really a pamphlet against the Catholic exorcists. On pp. 45-54 is given a reprint of the Catholic account of the affair; on pp. 55-75 the exposure of the imposture is related. We can confirm this account by Arthur Wilson, Life and Reign of James I, 107-111, and by John Webster, Displaying of Supposed Witchcraft, 274.

A Discourse of Witchcraft As it was acted in the Family of Mr. Edward Fairfax of Fuystone in the County of York, in the year 1621. Edited by R. Monckton Milnes (the later Lord Houghton) for vol. V of Miscellanies of the Philobiblon Soc. (London, 1858-1859, 299 pages). The editor says the original MS. is still in existence. Edward Fairfax was a natural brother of Sir Thomas Fairfax of Denton. He translated into English verse Tasso's Jerusalem Delivered, and accomplished other poetic feats. His account of his children's bewitchment and of their trances is very detailed. The book was again published at Harrogate in 1882, under the title of Dæmonologia: a Discourse on Witchcraft, with an introduction and notes by William Grainge.

§ 4.--Matthew Hopkins (see ch. VIII).

A Most certain, strange and true Discovery of a Witch, Being overtaken by some of the Parliament Forces, as she was standing on a small Planck-board and sayling on it over the River of Newbury, Together with the strange and true manner of her death. 1643. The tale told here is a curious one. The soldiers saw a woman crossing the river on a plank, decided that she was a witch, and resolved to shoot her. "She caught their bullets in her hands and chew'd them." When the "veines that crosse the temples of the head" were scratched so as to bleed, she lost her power and was killed by a pistol shot just below the ear. It is not improbable that this distorted tale was based on an actual happening in the war. See Mercurius Civicus, September 21-28, 1643.

A Confirmation and Discovery of Witch-craft ... together with the Confessions of many of those executed since May 1645.... By John Stearne ... London, 1648.

The Examination, Confession, Triall, and Execution of Joane Williford, Joan Cariden and Jane Hott: who were executed at Feversham, in Kent ... all attested under the hand of Robert Greenstreet, Maior of Feversham. London, 1645. This pamphlet has no outside evidence to confirm its statements, but it has every appearance of being a true record of examinations.

A true and exact Relation of the severall Informations, Examinations, and Confessions of the late Witches arraigned and executed in the County of Essex. Who were arraigned and condemned at the late Sessions, holden at Chelmesford before the Right Honorable Robert, Earle of Warwicke, and severall of his Majesties Justices of Peace, the 29 of July 1645.... London, 1645. Reprinted London, 1837; also embodied in Howell, State Trials. This is a very careful statement of the court examinations, drawn up by "H. F." In names and details it has points of coincidence with the True Relation about the Bury affair; see next paragraph below. It is supported, too, by Arthur Wilson's account of the affair; see Francis Peck, Desiderata Curiosa (ed. of London, 1779), II, 476.

A True Relation of the Araignment of eighteene Witches at St. Edmundsbury, 27th August 1645.... As also a List of the names of those that were executed. London, 1645. There is abundance of corroborative evidence for the details given in this pamphlet. It fits in with the account of the Essex witches; its details are amplified by Stearne, Confirmation of Witchcraft, Clarke, Lives of sundry Eminent Persons, John Walker, Suffering of the Clergy ... in the Grand Rebellion (London, 1714), and others. The narrative was written in the interim between the first and second trials at Bury.

Strange and fearfull newes from Plaisto in the parish of Westham neere Bow foure miles from London, London, 1645. Unimportant.

The Lawes against Witches and Conjuration, and Some brief Notes and Observations for the Discovery of Witches. Being very Usefull for these Times wherein the Devil reignes and prevailes.... Also The Confession of Mother Lakeland, who was arraigned and condemned for a Witch at Ipswich in Suffolke.... By authority. London, 1645. The writer of this pamphlet acknowledges his indebtedness to Potts, Discoverie of Witches in the countie of Lancaster (1613), and to Bernard, Guide to Grand Jurymen (1627). These books had been used by Stearne and doubtless by Hopkins. This pamphlet expresses Hopkins's ideas, it is written in Hopkins's style--so far as we know it--and it may have been the work of the witchfinder himself. That might explain, too, the "by authority" of the title.

Signes and Wonders from Heaven.... Likewise a new discovery of Witches in Stepney Parish. And how 20. Witches more were executed in Suffolk this last Assise. Also how the Divell came to Soffarn to a Farmers house in the habit of a Gentlewoman on horse backe. London, . Mentions the Chelmsford, Suffolk, and Norfolk trials.

The Witches of Huntingdon, their Examinations and Confessions ..., London, 1646. This work is dedicated to the justices of the peace for the county of Huntingdon; the dedication is signed by John Davenport. Three of the witches whose accusations are here presented are mentioned by Stearne (Confirmation of Witchcraft, 11, 13, 20-21, 42).

The Discovery of Witches: in answer to severall Queries, lately Delivered to the Judges of Assize for the County of Norfolk. And now published by Matthew Hopkins, Witchfinder. For the Benefit of the Whole Kingdome.... London, 1647. Hopkins's and Stearne's accounts fit into each other and are the two best sources for ch. VIII.

The Ivell in Kent, or His strange Delusions at Sandwitch, London, 1647. Has nothing to do with witches; shows the spirit of the times.

A strange and true Relation of a Young Woman possest with the Devill. By name Joyce Dovey dwelling at Bewdley neer Worcester ... as it was certified in a Letter from Mr. James Dalton unto Mr. Tho. Groome, Ironmonger over against Sepulchres Church in London.... Also a Letter from Cambridge, wherein is related the late conference between the Devil (in the shape of a Mr. of Arts) and one Ashbourner, a Scholler of S. Johns Colledge ... who was afterwards carried away by him and never heard of since onely his Gown found in the River, London, 1647. In the first narrative a woman after hearing a sermon fell into fits. The second narrative was probably based upon a combination of facts and rumor.

The Full Tryals, Examination and Condemnation of Four Notorious Witches, At the Assizes held in Worcester on Tuseday the 4th of March ... As also Their Confessions and last Dying Speeches at the place of Execution, with other Amazing Particulars ..., London, printed by "I. W.," no date. Another edition of this pamphlet (in the Bodleian) bears the date 1700 and was printed for "J. M." in Fleet street. This is a most interesting example of a made-to-order witch pamphlet. The preface makes one suspect its character: "the following narrative coming to my hand." The accused were Rebecca West, Margaret Landis, Susan Cook, and Rose Hallybread. Now, all these women were tried at Chelmsford in 1645, and their examinations and confessions printed in A true and exact Relation. The wording has been changed a little, several things have been added, but the facts are similar; see A true and exact Relation,10, 11, 13-15, 27. When the author of the Worcester pamphlet came to narrate the execution he wandered away from his text and invented some new particulars. The women were "burnt at the stak." They made a "yelling and howling." Two of them were very "stubborn and refractory." Cf. below, § 10.

The Devill seen at St. Albans, Being a true Relation How the Devill was seen there in a Cellar, in the likenesse of a Ram; and how a Butcher came and cut his throat, and sold some of it, and dressed the rest for himselfe, inviting many to supper ..., 1648. A clever lampoon.

§ 5.--Commonwealth and Protectorate (see ch. IX).

The Divels Delusions or A faithfull relation of John Palmer and Elizabeth Knott two notorious Witches lately condemned at the Sessions of Oyer and Terminer in St. Albans ..., 1649. The narrative purports to be taken from a letter sent from St. Alban's. It deals with the practices of two good witches who were finally discovered to be black witches. The tale has no outside confirmation.

Wonderfull News from the North, Or a True Relation of the Sad and Grievous Torments Inflicted upon the Bodies of three Children of Mr. George Muschamp, late of the County of Northumberland, by Witchcraft, ... As also the prosecution of the sayd Witches, as by Oaths, and their own Confessions will appear and by the Indictment found by the Jury against one of them, at the Sessions of the Peace held at Alnwick, the 24 day of April 1650, London, 1650. Preface signed: "Thine, Mary Moore." This pamphlet bears all through the marks of a true narrative. It is written evidently by a friend of the Mistress Muschamp who had such difficulty in persuading the north country justices, judges, and sheriffs to act. The names and the circumstances fit in with other known facts.

The strange Witch at Greenwich haunting a Wench, 1650. Unimportant.

A Strange Witch at Greenwich, 1650.

The last two pamphlets are mentioned by Lowndes. The second pamphlet I have not seen; as, however, Lowndes cites the title of the first incorrectly, it is very possible that he has given two titles for the same pamphlet.

The Witch of Wapping, or an Exact and Perfect Relation of the Life and Devilish Practises of Joan Peterson, who dwelt in Spruce Island, near Wapping; Who was condemned for practising Witchcraft, and sentenced to be Hanged at Tyburn, on Munday the 11th of April 1652, London, 1652.

A Declaration in Answer to several lying Pamphlets concerning the Witch of Wapping, ... shewing the Bloudy Plot and wicked Conspiracy of one Abraham Vandenhemde, Thomas Crompton, Thomas Collet, and others, London, 1652. This pamphlet is described above, pp. 214-215.

The Tryall and Examinations of Mrs. Joan Peterson before the Honourable Bench at the Sessions house in the Old Bayley yesterday. . This states the case against Mistress Joan in the title, but (unless the British Museum copy is imperfect) gives no details.

Doctor Lamb's Darling, or Strange and terrible News from Salisbury; Being A true, exact, and perfect Relation of the great and wonderful Contract and Engagement made between the Devil, and Mistris Anne Bodenham; with the manner how she could transform herself into the shape of a Mastive Dog, a black Lyon, a white Bear, a Woolf, a Bull, and a Cat.... The Tryal, Examinations, and Confession ... before the Lord Chief Baron Wild.... By James [Edmond?] Bower, Cleric, London, 1653. This is the first account of the affair and is a rather crude one.

Doctor Lamb Revived, or, Witchcraft condemn'd in Anne Bodenham ... who was Arraigned and Executed the Lent Assizes last at Salisbury, before the Right Honourable the Lord Chief Baron Wild, Judge of the Assize.... By Edmond Bower, an eye and ear Witness of her Examination and Confession, London, 1653. Bower's second and more detailed account. It is dedicated to the judge by the writer, who had a large part in the affair and frequently interviewed the witch. He does not present a record of examinations, but gives a detailed narrative of the entire affair. He throws out hints about certain phases of the case and rouses curiosity without satisfying it. His story of Anne Bodenham is, however, clear and interesting. The celebrated Aubrey refers to the case in his Remaines of Gentilisme and Judaisme, 261. His account, which tallies well with that of Bower, he seems to have derived from Anthony Ettrick "of the Middle Temple," who was a "curious observer of the whole triall."

A Prodigious and Tragicall History of the Arraignment, Tryall, Confession, and Condemnation of six Witches at Maidstone, in Kent, at the Assizes there held in July, Fryday 30, this present year, 1652. Before the Right Honourable, Peter Warburton.... Collected from the Observations of E. G. Gent, a learned person, present at their Conviction and Condemnation, and digested by H. F. Gent., London, 1652. It is a pity that the digesting was not omitted. The account, however, is trustworthy. Mention is made of this trial by Elias Ashmole in his Diary (London, 1717) and by The Faithful Scout, July 30-August 7, 1652.

The most true and wonderfull Narration of two women bewitched in Yorkshire: Who camming to the Assizes at York to give in Evidence against the Witch after a most horrible noise to the terror and amazement of all the beholders, did vomit forth before the Judges, Pins, wool.... Also a most true Relation of a young Maid ... who ... did ... vomit forth wadds of straw, with pins a crosse in them, iron Nails, Needles, ... as it is attested under the hand of that most famour Phisitian Doctor Henry Heers, ... 1658. In the Bodleian. The writer of this pamphlet had little information to give and seems to have got it at second or third hand.

A more Exact Relation of the most lamentable and horrid Contract which Lydia Rogers, living in Pump-Ally in Wapping, made with the Divel.... Together with the great pains and prayers of many eminent Divines, ... 1658. In the Bodleian. This is a "Relation of a woman who heretofore professing Religion in the purity thereof fel afterwards to be a sectary, and then to be acquainted with Astrologers, and afterwards with the Divel himself." A poor woman "naturally inclin'd to melancholy" believed she had made a contract with the Devil. "Many Ministers are dayly with her."

The Snare of the Devill Discovered: Or, A True and perfect Relation of the sad and deplorable Condition of Lydia the Wife of John Rogers House Carpenter, living in Greenbank in Pumpe alley in Wappin.... Also her Examination by Mr. Johnson the Minister of Wappin, and her Confession. As also in what a sad Condition she continues.... London, 1658. Another tract against the Baptists. In spite of Lydia Rogers's supposed contract with the Devil, she does not seem to have been brought into court.

Strange and Terrible Newes from Cambridge, being A true Relation of the Quakers bewitching of Mary Philips ... into the shape of a Bay Mare, riding her from Dinton towards the University. With the manner how she became visible again ... in her own Likeness and Shape, with her sides all rent and torn, as if they had been spur-galled, ... and the Names of the Quakers brought to tryal on Friday last at the Assises held at Cambridge ..., London, 1659. This is mentioned by John Ashton in the bibliographical appendix to his The Devil in Britain and America.

The Just Devil of Woodstock, or a true narrative of the severall apparitions, the frights and punishments inflicted upon the Rumpish commissioners sent thither to survey the manors and houses belonging to His Majesty. 1660. Wood, Athenae Oxonienses (ed. of 1817), III, 398, ascribes this to Thomas Widdowes. It was on the affair described in this pamphlet that Walter Scott based his novel Woodstock. The story given in the pamphlet may be found in Sinclar's Satan's Invisible World Discovered. The writer has not seen the original pamphlet.

§ 6.--Charles II and James II (see ch. XI).

The Power of Witchcraft, Being a most strange but true Relation of the most miraculous and wonderful deliverance of one Mr. William Harrison of Cambden in the County of Gloucester, Steward to the Lady Nowel ..., London, 1662.

A True and Perfect Account of the Examination, Confession, Tryal, Condemnation and Execution of Joan Perry and her two Sons ... for the supposed murder of William Harrison, Gent ..., London, 1676. These are really not witchcraft pamphlets. Mr. Harrison disappears, three people are charged with his murder and hanged. Mr. Harrison comes back from Turkey in two years and tells a story of his disappearance which leads to the supposition that he was transported thither by witchcraft.

A Tryal of Witches at the assizes held at Bury St. Edmonds for the County of Suffolk; on the tenth day of March, 1664, London, 1682; another edition, 1716. The writer of this tract writes in introducing it: "This Tryal of Witches hath lain a long time in a private Gentleman's Hands in the Country, it being given to him by the Person that took it in the Court for his own satisfaction." This is the much quoted case before Sir Matthew Hale. The pamphlet presents one of the most detailed accounts of the court procedure in a witch case.

The Lord's Arm Stretched Out in an Answer of Prayer or a True Relation of the wonderful Deliverance of James Barrow, the Son of John Barrow of Olaves Southwark, London, 1664. This seems to be a Baptist pamphlet.

The wonder of Suffolke, being a true relation of one that reports he made a league with the Devil for three years, to do mischief, and now breaks open houses, robs people daily, ... and can neither be shot nor taken, but leaps over walls fifteen feet high, runs five or six miles in a quarter of an hour, and sometimes vanishes in the midst of multitudes that go to take him. Faithfully written in a letter from a solemn person, dated not long since, to a friend in Ship-yard, near Temple-bar, and ready to be attested by hundreds ..., London, 1677. This is mentioned in the Gentleman's Magazine, 1829, pt. ii, 584. I have not seen a copy of the pamphlet.

Daimonomageia: a small Treatise of Sicknesses and Diseases from Witchcraft and Supernatural Causes.... Being useful to others besides Physicians, in that it confutes Atheistical, Sadducistical, and Sceptical Principles and Imaginations ..., London, 1665. Though its title-page bears no name, the author was undoubtedly that "William Drage, D. P. [Doctor of Physic] at Hitchin," in Hertfordshire, to whose larger treatise on medicine (first printed in 1664 as A Physical Nosonomy, then in 1666 as The Practice of Physick, and again in 1668 as Physical Experiments) it seems to be a usual appendage. It is so, at least, in the Cornell copy of the first edition and in the Harvard copy of the third, and is so described by the Dict. Nat. Biog. and by the British Museum catalogue.

Hartford-shire Wonder. Or, Strange News from Ware, Being an Exact and true Relation of one Jane Stretton ... who hath been visited in a strange kind of manner by extraordinary and unusual fits ..., London, 1669. The title gives the clue to this story. The narrator makes it clear that a certain woman was suspected of the bewitchment.

A Magicall Vision, Or a Perfect Discovery of the Fallacies of Witchcraft, As it was lately represented in a pleasant sweet Dream to a Holysweet Sister, a faithful and pretious Assertor of the Family of the Stand-Hups, for preservation of the Saints from being tainted with the heresies of the Congregation of the Doe-Littles, London, 1673. I have not seen this. It is mentioned by Hazlitt, Bibliographical Collections, fourth series, s. v. Witchcraft.

A Full and True Relation of The Tryal, Condemnation, and Execution of Ann Foster ... at the place of Execution at Northampton. With the Manner how she by her Malice and Witchcraft set all the Barns and Corn on Fire ... and bewitched a whole Flock of Sheep ..., London, 1674. This narrative has no confirmation from other sources, yet its details are so susceptible of natural explanation that they warrant a presumption of its truth.

Strange News from Arpington near Bexby in Kent: Being a True Narrative of a yong Maid who was Possest with several Devils ..., London, 1679.

Strange and Wonderful News from Yowell in Surry; Giving a True and Just Account of One Elisabeth Burgess, Who was most strangely Bewitched and Tortured at a sad rate, London, 1681.

An Account of the Tryal and Examination of Joan Buts, for being a Common Witch and Inchantress, before the Right Honourable Sir Francis Pemberton, Lord Chief Justice, at the Assizes ... 1682. Single leaf.

The four brochures next to be described deal with the same affair and substantially agree.

The Tryal, Condemnation, and Execution of Three Witches, viz. Temperance Floyd, Mary Floyd, and Susanna Edwards. Who were Arraigned at Exeter on the 18th of August, 1682.... London, 1682. Confirmed by the records of the gaol deliveries examined by Mr. Inderwick (Side-Lights on the Stuarts, p. 192).

A True and Impartial Relation of the Informations against Three Witches, viz. Temperance Lloyd, Mary Trembles, and Susanna Edwards, who were Indicted, Arraigned, and Convicted at the Assizes holden ... at ... Exon, Aug. 14, 1682. With their several Confessions ... as also Their ... Behaviour, at the ... Execution on the Twenty fifth of the said Month, London, 1682. This, the fullest account (40 pp.), gives correctly the names of these three women, whom I still believe the last put to death for witchcraft in England.

Witchcraft discovered and punished. Or the Tryals and Condemnation of three Notorious Witches, who were Tryed the last Assizes, holden at the Castle of Exeter ... where they received sentence of Death, for bewitching severall Persons, destroying Ships at Sea, and Cattel by Land. To the Tune of Doctor Faustus; or Fortune my Foe. In the Roxburghe Collection at the British Museum. Broadside. A ballad of 17 stanzas (4 lines each) giving the story of the affair.

The Life and Conversation of Temperance Floyd, Mary Lloyd and Susanna Edwards ...; Lately Condemned at Exeter Assizes; together with a full Account of their first Agreement with the Devil: With the manner how they prosecuted their devilish Sorceries ..., London, 1687.

A Full and True Account of the Proceedings at the Sessions of Oyer and Terminer ... which began at the Sessions House in the Old Bayley on Thursday, June 1st, and Ended on Fryday, June 2nd, 1682. Wherein is Contained the Tryal of many notorious Malefactors ... but more especially the Tryall of Jane Kent for Witchcraft. This pamphlet is a brief summary of several cases just finished and has every evidence of being a faithful account. It is to be found in the library of Lincoln's Inn.

Strange and Dreadful News from the Town of Deptford in the County of Kent, Being a Full, True, and Sad Relation of one Anne Arthur. 1684/5. One leaf, folio.

Strange newes from Shadwell, being a ... relation of the death of Alice Fowler, who had for many years been accounted a witch. London, 1685. 4 pp. In the library of the Earl of Crawford. I have not seen it.

A True Account of a Strange and Wonderful Relation of one John Tonken, of Pensans in Cornwall, said to be Bewitched by some Women: two of which on Suspition are committed to Prison, London, 1686. In the Bodleian. This narrative is confirmed by Inderwick's records.

News from Panier Alley; or a True Relation of Some Pranks the Devil hath lately play'd with a Plaster Pot there, London, 1687. In the Bodleian. A curious tract. No trial.

§ 7.--The Final Decline, Miscellaneous Pamphlets (see ch. XIII).

A faithful narrative of the ... fits which ... Thomas Spatchet ... was under by witchcraft ..., 1693. Unimportant.

The Second Part of the Boy of Bilson, Or a True and Particular Relation of the Imposter Susanna Fowles, wife of John Fowles of Hammersmith in the Co. of Midd., who pretended herself to be possessed, London, 1698.

A Full and True Account Both of the Life: And also the Manner and Method of carrying on the Delusions, Blasphemies, and Notorious Cheats of Susan Fowls, as the same was Contrived, Plotted, Invented, and Managed by wicked Popish Priests and other Papists.

The trial of Susannah Fowles, of Hammersmith, for blaspheming Jesus Christ, and cursing the Lord's Prayer ..., London, 1698.

These three pamphlets tell the story of a woman who was "an impostor and Notorious Lyar"; they have little to do with witchcraft. See above, ch. XIII, note 23.

The Case of Witchcraft at Coggeshall, Essex, in the year 1699. Being the Narrative of the Rev. J. Boys, Minister of the Parish. Printed from his manuscript in the possession of the publisher (A. Russell Smith), London, 1901.

A True and Impartial Account of the Dark and Hellish Power of Witchcraft, Lately Exercised on the Body of the Reverend Mr. Wood, Minister of Bodmyn. In a Letter from a Gentleman there, to his Friend in Exon, in Confirmation thereof, Exeter, 1700.

A Full and True Account of the Apprehending and Taking of Mrs. Sarah Moordike, Who is accused for a Witch, Being taken near Paul's Wharf ... for haveing Bewitched one Richard Hetheway.... With her Examination before the Right Worshipful Sir Thomas Lane, Sir Owen Buckingham, and Dr. Hambleton in Bowe-lane. 1701. This account can be verified and filled out from the records of the trial of Hathaway, printed in Howell, State Trials, XIV, 639-696.

A short Account of the Trial held at Surry Assizes, in the Borough of Southwark; on an Information against Richard Hathway ... for Riot and Assault, London, 1702.

The Tryal of Richard Hathaway, upon an Information For being a Cheat and Impostor, For endeavouring to take away The Life of Sarah Morduck, For being a Witch at Surry Assizes ..., London, 1702.

A Full and True Account of the Discovering, Apprehending and taking of a Notorious Witch, who was carried before Justice Bateman in Well-Close on Sunday, July the 23. Together with her Examination and Commitment to Bridewel, Clerkenwel, London, 1704. Signed at the end, "Tho. Greenwel." Single page.

An Account of the Tryals, Examination, and Condemnation of Elinor Shaw and Mary Phillips ..., 1705.

The Northamptonshire Witches ..., 1705.

The second of these is the completer account. They are by the same author and are probably fabrications; see below, § 10.

The Whole Trial of Mrs. Mary Hicks and her Daughter Elizabeth ..., 1716. See below, § 10.

§ 8.--The Surey Pamphlets (see ch. XIII).

The Devil Turned Casuist, or the Cheats of Rome Laid open in the Exorcism of a Despairing Devil at the House of Thomas Pennington in Oriel.... By Zachary Taylor, M. A., Chaplain to the Right reverend Father in God, Nicholas, Lord Bishop of Chester, and Rector of Wigan, London, 1696.

The Surey Demoniack, Or an Account of Satan's Strange and Dreadful Actings, In and about the Body of Richard Dugdale of Surey, near Whalley in Lancashire. And How he was Dispossest by Gods blessing on the Fastings and Prayers of divers Ministers and People, London, 1697. Fishwick, Notebook of Jollie (Chetham Soc.), p. xxiv says this was written by Thomas Jollie and John Carrington. The preface is signed by "Thomas Jolly" and five other clergymen. Probably Jollie wrote the pamphlet and Carrington revised it. See above, ch. XIII, note 10. Jollie disclaimed the sole responsibility for it. See his Vindication, 7. Taylor in The Surey Impostor assumes that Carrington wrote The Surey Demoniack; see e. g. p. 21.

The Surey Imposter, being an answer to a late Fanatical Pamphlet, entituled The Surey Demoniack. By Zachary Taylor. London, 1697.

A Vindication of the Surey Demoniack as no Imposter: Or, A Reply to a certain Pamphlet publish'd by Mr. Zach. Taylor, called The Surey Imposter.... By T. J., London, 1698. Written by Jollie.

Popery, Superstition, Ignorance and Knavery very unjustly by a letter in the general pretended; but as far as was charg'd very fully proved upon the Dissenters that were concerned in the Surey Imposture. 1698. Written by Zachary Taylor.

The Lancashire Levite Rebuked, or a Vindication of the Dissenters from Popery, Superstition, Ignorance, and Knavery, unjustly Charged on them by Mr. Zachary Taylor.... London, 1698. Signed "N. N.;" see above ch. XIII, note 17.

The Lancashire Levite Rebuked, or a Farther Vindication, 1698. This seems to have been an answer to a "letter to Mr. N. N." which Taylor had published. We have, however, no other mention of such a letter.

Popery, Superstition, Ignorance, and Knavery, Confess'd and fully Proved on the Surey Dissenters, from a Second Letter of an Apostate Friend, to Zach. Taylor. To which is added a Refutation of T. Jollie's Vindication ..., London, 1699. Written by Zachary Taylor.

A Refutation of Mr. T. Jolly's Vindication of the Devil in Dugdale; Or, The Surey Demoniack, London, 1699.

It is not worth while to give any critical appraisement of these pamphlets. They were all controversial and all dealt with the case of Richard Dugdale. Zachary Taylor had the best of it. The Puritan clergymen who backed up Thomas Jollie in his claims seem gradually to have withdrawn their support.

§ 9.--The Wenham Pamphlets (see ch. XIII).

An Account of the Tryal, Examination, and Condemnation of Jane Wenham, on an Indictment of Witchcraft, for Bewitching of Matthew Gilston and Anne Thorne of Walcorne, in the County of Hertford.... Before the Right Honourable Mr. Justice Powell, and is ordered for Execution on Saturday come Sevennight the 15th. One page.

A Full and Impartial Account of the Discovery of Sorcery and Witchcraft, Practis'd by Jane Wenham of Walkerne in Hertfordshire, upon the bodies of Anne Thorn, Anne Street, &c.... till she ... receiv'd Sentence of Death for the same, March 4, 1711-12, London, 1712. Anonymous, but confessedly written by Francis Bragge. 1st ed. in Cornell library and Brit. Mus.; 2d ed. in Brit. Mus.; 3d ed. in Brit. Mus. (Sloane, 3,943), and Bodleian; 4th ed. in Brit. Mus.; 5th ed. in Harvard library: all published within the year.

Witchcraft Farther Display'd. Containing (I) An Account of the Witchcraft practis'd by Jane Wenham of Walkerne, in Hertfordshire, since her Condemnation, upon the bodies of Anne Thorne and Anne Street.... (II) An Answer to the most general Objections against the Being and Power of Witches: With some Remarks upon the Case of Jane Wenham in particular, and on Mr. Justice Powel's procedure therein.... London, 1712. Introduction signed by "F. B." [Francis Bragge], who was the author.

A Full Confutation of Witchcraft: More particularly of the Depositions against Jane Wenham, Lately Condemned for a Witch; at Hertford. In which the Modern Notions of Witches are overthrown, and the Ill Consequences of such Doctrines are exposed by Arguments; proving that, Witchcraft is Priestcraft.... In a Letter from a Physician in Hertfordshire, to his Friend in London. London, 1712.

The Impossibility of Witchcraft, Plainly Proving, From Scripture and Reason, That there never was a Witch; and that it is both Irrational and Impious to believe there ever was. In which the Depositions against Jane Wenham, Lately Try'd and Condemn'd for a Witch, at Hertford, are Confuted and Expos'd, London, 1712. 1st ed. in Brit. Mus.; 2d ed., containing additional material, in the Bodleian. The author of this pamphlet in his preface intimates that its substance had earlier been published by him in the Protestant Post Boy.

The Belief of Witchcraft Vindicated: proving from Scripture, there have been Witches; and from Reason, that there may be Such still. In answer to a late Pamphlet, Intituled, The Impossibility of Witchcraft ..., By G. R., A. M., London, 1712.

The Case of the Hertfordshire Witchcraft Consider'd. Being an Examination of a Book entitl'd, A Full and Impartial Account ..., London, 1712. Dedicated to Sir John Powell. In the Cornell copy of this booklet a manuscript note on the title-page, in an eighteenth century hand, ascribes it to "The Rector of Therfield in Hertfordshire, or his Curate," while at the end of the dedication what seems the same hand has signed the names, "Henry Stebbing or Thomas Sherlock." But Stebbing was in 1712 still a fellow at Cambridge, and Sherlock, later Bishop of London, was Master of the Temple and Chaplain to Queen Anne. See Dict. Nat. Biog.

A Defense of the Proceedings against Jane Wenham, wherein the Possibility and Reality of Witchcraft are Demonstrated from Scripture.... In Answer to Two Pamphlets, Entituled: (I) The Impossibility of Witchcraft, etc. (II) A Full Confutation of Witchcraft, By Francis Bragge, A. B., ... London, 1712.

The Impossibility of Witchcraft Further Demonstrated, Both from Scripture and Reason ... with some Cursory Remarks on two trifling Pamphlets in Defence of the existence of Witches. By the Author of The Impossibility of Witchcraft, 1712. In the Bodleian.

Jane Wenham. Broadside. The writer of this leaflet claims to have transcribed his account from an account in "Judge Chancy's own hand". Chauncy was the justice of the peace who with Bragge stood behind the prosecution.

It is very hard to straighten out the authorship of these various pamphlets. The Rev. Mr. Bragge wrote several. The Rev. Mr. Gardiner and the Rev. Mr. Strutt, who were active in the case, may have written two of them. The topographer Gough, writing about 1780, declared that the late Dr. Stebbing had as a young man participated in the controversy. Francis Hutchinson was an interested spectator, but probably did not contribute to the literature of the subject.

A short secondary account is that of W. B. Gerish, A Hertfordshire Witch; or the Story of Jane Wenham, the "Wise Woman of Walkern."

In the Brit. Mus., Sloane MSS., 3,943, there is a continuation of the pamphlet discussion, based chiefly, however, upon Glanvill and other writers.

§ 10.--Criticism of the Northampton and Huntingdon Pamphlets of 1705 and 1716 (see ch. XIII, note 10).

An Account of The Tryals, Examination and Condemnation of Elinor Shaw and Mary Phillips (Two notorious Witches) on Wednesday the 7th of March 1705, for Bewitching a Woman, and two children.... With an Account of their strange Confessions. This is signed, at the end, "Ralph Davis, March 8, 1705." It was followed very shortly by a completer account, written after the execution, and entitled:

The Northamptonshire Witches, Being a true and faithful account of the Births, Educations, Lives, and Conversations of Elinor Shaw and Mary Phillips (The two notorious Witches) That were Executed at Northampton on Saturday, March the 17th, 1705 ... with their full Confession to the Minister, and last Dying Speeches at the place of Execution, the like never before heard of.... Communicated in a Letter last Post, from Mr. Ralph Davis of Northampton, to Mr. William Simons, Merchantt in London, London, 1705.

With these two pamphlets we wish to compare another, which was apparently published in 1716 and was entitled: The Whole Trial and Examination of Mrs. Mary Hicks and her Daughter Elizabeth, But of Nine Years of Age, who were Condemn'd the last Assizes held at Huntingdon for Witchcraft, and there Executed on Saturday, the 28th of July 1716 ... the like never heard before; their Behaviour with several Divines who came to converse with 'em whilst under their sentence of Death; and last Dying Speeches and Confession at the place of execution, London, 1716. There is a copy in the Bodleian Library.

The two Northamptonshire pamphlets and the Huntingdonshire pamphlet have been set by themselves because they appear to have been written by one hand. Moreover, it looks very much as if they were downright fabrications foisted upon the public by a man who had already in 1700 made to order an unhistorical pamphlet. To show this, it will be necessary to review briefly the facts about the Worcester pamphlet described above, § 4. What seems to be the second edition of a pamphlet entitled The full Tryalls, Examinations and Condemnations of Four Notorious Witches, At the Assizes held at Worcester on Tuseday the 4th of March, was published at London with the date 1700. It purports to tell the story of one of the cases that came up during Matthew Hopkins's career in 1645-1647. It has been universally accepted--even by Thomas Wright, Ashton, W. H. D. Adams, and Inderwick. An examination shows, however, that it was made over from the Chelmsford pamphlet of 1645. The author shows little ingenuity, for he steals not only the confessions of four witches at that trial, but their names as well. Rebecca West, Margaret Landis, Susan Cock, and Rose Hallybread had all been hanged at Chelmsford and could hardly have been rehanged at Worcester. Practically all that the writer of the Worcester pamphlet did was to touch over the confessions and add thrilling details about their executions.

Now, it looks very much as if the same writer had composed the Northamptonshire pamphlets of 1705 and the Huntingdonshire pamphlets of 1716. The verbal resemblances are nothing less than remarkable. The Worcester pamphlet, in its title, tells of "their Confessions and Last Dying Speeches at the place of execution." The second of the two Northamptonshire pamphlets (the first was issued before the execution) speaks of "their full Confession to the Minister, and last Dying Speeches at the place of Execution." The Huntingdonshire pamphlet closes the title with "last Dying Speeches and Confession at the place of Execution." The Worcester pamphlet uses the phrase "with other amazing Particulars"; the Northamptonshire pamphlet the phrase "the particulars of their amazing Pranks." The Huntingdon pamphlet has in this case no similar phrase but the Huntingdon and Northamptonshire pamphlets have another phrase in common. The Northamptonshire pamphlet says: "the like never before heard of"; the Huntingdon pamphlet says: "the like never heard before."

These resemblances are in the titles. The Northampton and the fabricated Worcester pamphlets show other similarities in their accounts. The Northampton women were so "hardened in their Wickedness that they Publickly boasted that their Master (meaning the Devil) would not suffer them to be Executed but they found him a Lyer." The Worcester writer speaks of the "Devil who told them to the Last that he would secure them from Publick Punishment, but now too late they found him a Lyer as he was from the beginning of the World." In concluding their narratives the Northamptonshire and Worcestershire pamphleteers show an interesting similarity of treatment. The Northampton witches made a "howling and lamentable noise" on receiving their sentences, the Worcester women made a "yelling and howling at their executions."

These resemblances may be fairly characterized as striking. If it be asked whether the phrases quoted are not conventional in witch pamphlets, the answer must be in the negative. So far as the writer knows, these phrases occur in no other of the fifty or more witch pamphlets. The word "notorious," which occurs in the titles of the Worcester and Northampton pamphlets, is a common one and would signify nothing. The other phrases mentioned are characteristic and distinctive. This similarity suggests that the three pamphlets were written by the same hand. Since we know that one of the three is a fabrication, we are led to suspect the credibility of the other two.

There are, indeed, other reasons for doubting the historicity of these two. A close scrutiny of the Northampton pamphlet shows that the witchcrafts there described have the peculiar characteristics of the witchcrafts in the palmy days of Matthew Hopkins and that the wording of the descriptions is much the same. The Northampton pamphlet tells of a "tall black man," who appeared to the two women. A tall black man had appeared to Rebecca West at Chelmsford in 1645. A much more important point is that the prisoners at Northampton had been watched at night in order to keep their imps from coming in. This night-watching was a process that had never, so far as our records go, been used since the Hopkins alarm, of which it had been the characteristic feature. Were there no other resemblance between the Northampton cases and those at Chelmsford, this similarity would alone lead us to suspect the credibility of the Northampton pamphlet. Unfortunately the indiscreet writer of the Northampton narrative lets other phrases belonging to 1645 creep into his account.

When the Northampton women were watched, a "little white thing about the bigness of a Cat" had appeared. But a "white thing about the bignesse of a Cat" had appeared to the watchers at Chelmsford in 1645. This is not all. The Northampton witches are said to have killed their victims by roasting and pricking images, a charge which had once been common, but which, so far as the writer can recall, had not been used since the Somerset cases of 1663. It was a charge very commonly used against the Chelmsford witches whom Matthew Hopkins prosecuted. Moreover the Northampton witches boasted that "their Master would not suffer them to be executed." No Chelmsford witch had made that boast; but Mr. Lowes, who was executed at Bury St. Edmunds (the Bury trial was closely connected with that at Chelmsford, so closely that the writer who had read of one would probably have read of the other), had declared that he had a charm to keep him from the gallows.

It will be seen that these are close resemblances both in characteristic features and in wording. But the most perfect resemblance is in a confession. The two Northampton women describing their imps--creatures, by the way, that had figured largely in the Hopkins trials--said that "if the Imps were not constantly imploy'd to do Mischief, they [the witches] had not their healths; but when they were imploy'd they were very Heathful and Well." This was almost exactly what Anne Leech had confessed at Chelmsford. Her words were: "And that when This Examinant did not send and employ them abroad to do mischief, she had not her health, but when they were imploy'd, she was healthfull and well."

We cannot point out the same similarity between the Huntingdonshire witchcrafts of 1716 and the Chelmsford cases. The narrative of the Huntingdon case is, however, somewhat remarkable. Mr. Hicks was taking his nine-year-old daughter to Ipswich one day, when she, seeing a sail at sea, took a "basin of water," stirred it up, and thereby provoked a storm that was like to have sunk the ship, had not the father made the child cease. On the way home, the two passed a "very fine Field of Corn." "Quoth the child again, 'Father, I can consume all this Corn in the twinkling of an Eye.' The Father supposing it not in her Power to do so, he bid to shew her infernal skill." The child did so, and presently "all the Corn in the Field became Stubble." He questioned her and found that she had learned witchcraft from her mother. The upshot of it was that at Mr. Hicks's instance his wife and child were prosecuted and hanged. The story has been called remarkable. Yet it is not altogether unique. In 1645 at Bury St. Edmunds just after the Chelmsford trial there were eighteen witches condemned, and one of them, it will be remembered, was Parson Lowes of Brandeston in Suffolk, who confessed that "he bewitched a ship near Harwidge; so that with the extreme tempestuous Seas raised by blusterous windes the said ship was cast away, wherein were many passengers, who were by this meanes swallowed up by the merciless waves." It will be observed that the two stories are not altogether similar. The Huntingdon narrative is a better tale, and it would be hardly safe to assert that it drew its inspiration from the earlier story. Yet, when it is remembered how unusual is the story in English witch-lore, the supposition gains in probability. There is a further resemblance in the accounts. The Hicks child had bewitched a field of corn. One of the Bury witches, in the narrative which tells of parson Lowes, "confessed that She usually bewitcht standing corne, whereby there came great loss to the owners thereof." The resemblance is hardly close enough to merit notice in itself. When taken, however, in connection with the other resemblances it gives cumulative force to the supposition that the writer of the Huntingdon pamphlet had gone to the narratives of the Hopkins cases for his sources.

There are, however, other reasons for doubting the Huntingdon story. A writer in Notes and Queries, 2d series, V, 503-504, long ago questioned the narrative because of the mention of a "Judge Wilmot," and showed that there was no such judge on the bench before 1755. An examination of the original pamphlet makes it clear, however, that in this form the objection is worth nothing. The tract speaks only of a "Justice Wilmot," who, from the wording of the narrative, would seem to have conducted the examination preliminary to the assizes as a justice of the peace would. A justice of the peace would doubtless, however, have belonged to some Huntingdonshire county family. Now, the writer has searched the various records and histories of Huntingdonshire--unfortunately they are but too few--and among the several hundred Huntingdonshire names he has found no Wilmots (and, for that matter, no Hickes either). This would seem to make the story more improbable.

In an earlier number of Notes and Queries (1st series, V, 514), James Crossley, whose authority as to matters relating to witchcraft is of the highest, gives cogent reasons why the Huntingdonshire narrative could not be true. He recalls the fact that Hutchinson, who made a chronological table of cases, published his work in 1718. Now Hutchinson had the help of two chief-justices, Parker and King, and of Chief-Baron Bury in collecting his cases; and yet he says that the last execution for the crime in England was in 1682. Crossley makes the further strong point that the case of Jane Wenham in 1712 attracted wide attention and was the occasion of numerous pamphlets. "It is scarcely possible," he continues, "that in four years after two persons, one only nine years old, ... should have been tried and executed for witchcraft without public attention being called to the circumstance." He adds that neither the Historical Register for 1716 nor the files of two London newspapers for that year, though they enumerate other convictions on the circuit, record the supposed cases.

It will be seen that exactly the same arguments apply to the Northampton trials of 1705. Hutchinson had been at extraordinary pains to find out not only about Jane Wenham, but about the Moordike case of 1702. It is inconceivable that he should have quite overlooked the execution of two women at Northampton.

We have observed that the Northampton, Huntingdon, and Worcester pamphlets have curious resemblances in wording to one another (resemblances that point to a common authorship), that the Worcester narrative can be proved to be fictitious, and that the Huntingdon narrative almost certainly belongs in the same category. We have shown, further, that the Northampton and Huntingdon stories present features of witchcraft characteristic of the Chelmsford and Bury cases of 1645, from the first of which the material of the Worcester pamphlet is drawn; and this fact points not only to the common authorship of the three tracts, but to the imaginary character of the Huntingdon and Northampton cases.

Against these facts there is to be presented what at first blush seems a very important piece of evidence. In the Northamptonshire Historical Collections, 1st series (Northampton, 1896), there is a chapter on witchcraft in Northamptonshire, copied from the Northamptonshire Handbook for 1867. That chapter goes into the trials of 1705 in detail, making copious extracts from the pamphlets. In a footnote the writers say: "To show that the burning actually took place in 1705, it may be important to mention that there is an item of expense entered in the overseers' accounts for St. Giles parish for faggots bought for the purpose." This in itself seems convincing. It seems to dispose of the whole question at once. There is, however, one fact that instantly casts a doubt upon this seemingly conclusive evidence. In England, witches were hanged, not burned. There are not a half-dozen recorded exceptions to this rule. Mother Lakeland in 1645 was burned. That is easy to explain. Mother Lakeland had by witchcraft killed her husband. Burning was the method of execution prescribed by English law for a woman who killed her husband. The other cases where burnings are said to have taken place were almost certainly cases that came under this rule. But it does not seem possible that the Northampton cases came under the rule. The two women seem to have had no husbands. "Ralph Davis," the ostensible writer of the account, who professed to have known them from their early years, and who was apparently glad to defame them in every possible way, accused them of loose living, but not of adultery, as he would certainly have done, had he conceived of them as married. It is hard to avoid the conclusion that they could not have been burned.

There is a more decisive answer to this argument for the authenticity of the pamphlet. The supposed confirmation of it in the St. Giles parish register is probably a blunder. The Reverend R. M. Serjeantson of St. Peter's Rectory has been kind enough to examine for the writer the parish register of St. Giles Church. He writes: "The St. Giles accounts briefly state that wood was bought from time to time--probably for melting the lead. There is no mention of faggots nor witches in the Church wardens' overseers-for-the-poor accounts. I carefully turned out the whole contents of the parish chest." Mr. Serjeantson adds at the close this extract: "1705 P'd for wood 5/ For taking up the old lead 5/." It goes without saying that Mr. Serjeantson's examination does not prove that there never was a mention of the faggots bought for burning witches; but, when all the other evidence is taken into consideration, this negative evidence does establish a very strong presumption to that effect. Certainly the supposed passage from the overseers' accounts can no longer be used to confirm the testimony of the pamphlet. It looks very much as if the compilers of the Northamptonshire Handbook for 1867 had been careless in their handling of records.

It seems probable, then, that the pamphlet of 1705 dealing with the execution of Mary Phillips and Elinor Shaw is a purely fictitious narrative. The matter derives its importance from the fact that, if the two executions in 1705 be disproved, the last known execution in England is put back to 1682, ten years before the Salem affair in Massachusetts. This would of course have some bearing on a recent contention (G. L. Kittredge, "Notes on Witchcraft," Am. Antiq. Soc., Proc., XVIII), that "convictions and executions for witchcraft occurred in England after they had come to an end in Massachusetts."

B.--LIST OF PERSONS SENTENCED TO DEATH FOR WITCHCRAFT DURING THE REIGN OF JAMES I.

1.--Charged with Causing Death.

1603. Yorkshire. Mary Pannel. 1606. Hertford. Johanna Harrison and her daughter. 1612. Northampton. Helen Jenkinson, Arthur Bill, Mary Barber. 1612. Lancaster. Chattox, Eliz. Device, James Device, Alice Nutter, Katherine Hewitt, Anne Redfearne. 1612. York. Jennet Preston. 1613. Bedford. Mother Sutton and Mary Sutton. 1616. Middlesex. Elizabeth Rutter. 1616. Middlesex. Joan Hunt. 1619. Lincoln. Margaret and Philippa Flower. 1621. Edmonton. Elizabeth Sawyer.

2.--Not Charged with Causing Death (so far as shown by records).

1607. Rye, Kent. Two women entertained spirits, "to gain wealth." 1612. Lancaster. John and Jane Bulcock, making to waste away. It was testified against them that at Malking Tower they consented to murder, but this was apparently not in the indictment. Acquitted, but later convicted. Alizon Device, caused to waste away. Isabel Robey, caused illness. 1616. Enfield, Middlesex. Agnes Berrye, laming and causing to languish. 1616. King's Lynn. Mary Smith, hanged for causing four people to languish. 1616. Leicester. Nine women hanged for bewitching a boy. Six more condemned on same charge, but pardoned by command of king.

Mixed Cases.

1607. Bakewell. Our evidence as to the Bakewell witches is too incomplete to assure us that they were not accused of killing by witchcraft. 1612. Northampton. Agnes Brown and Joane Vaughan were indicted for bewitching Master Avery and Mistress Belcher, "together with the body of a young child to the death."

C.--LIST OF CASES OF WITCHCRAFT, 1558-1718, WITH REFERENCES TO SOURCES AND LITERATURE.

1558. John Thirkle, "taylour, detected of conjuringe," to be examined. Acts of Privy Council, n. s., VII, 6.

---- Several persons in London charged with conjuration to be sent to the Bishop of London for examination. Ibid., 22.

1559. Westminster. Certain persons examined on suspicion, including probably Lady Frances Throgmorton. Cal. St. P., Dom., 1547-1580, 142.

c. 1559. Lady Chandos's daughter accused and imprisoned with George Throgmorton. Brit Mus., Add. MSS., 32,091, fol. 176.

1560. Kent. Mother Buske of St. John's suspected by the church authorities. Visitations of Canterbury in Archæologia Cantiana, XXVI, 31.

1561. Coxe, alias Devon, a Romish priest, examined for magic and conjuration, and for celebrating mass. Cal. St. P., Dom., 1547-1580, 173.

---- London. Ten men brought before the queen and council on charge of "trespass, contempt, conjuration and sorceries." Punished with the pillory and required to renounce such practices for the future. From an extract quoted in Brit. Mus., Sloane MSS., 3,943, fol. 19.

1565. Dorset. Agnes Mondaye to be apprehended for bewitching Mistress Chettell. Acts P. C., n. s., VII, 200-201.

1565-1573. Durham. Jennet Pereson accused to the church authorities. Depositions ... from ... Durham (Surtees Soc.), 99.

1566. Chelmsford, Essex. Mother Waterhouse hanged; Alice Chandler hanged, probably at this time; Elizabeth Francis probably acquitted. The examination and confession of certaine Wytches at Chensforde. For the cases of Elizabeth Francis and Alice Chandler see also A detection of damnable driftes, A iv, A v, verso.

---- Essex. "Boram's wief" probably examined by the archdeacon. W. H. Hale, A Series of Precedents and Proceedings in Criminal Causes, 1475-1640, extracted from the Act Books of Ecclesiastical Courts in the Diocese of London (London, 1847), 147.

1569. Lyme, Dorset. Ellen Walker accused. Roberts, Southern Counties, 523.

1570. Essex. Malter's wife of Theydon Mount and Anne Vicars of Navestock examined by Sir Thomas Smith. John Strype, Life of Sir Thomas Smith (ed. of Oxford, 1820), 97-100.

1570-1571. Canterbury. Several witches imprisoned. Mother Dungeon presented by the grand jury. Hist. MSS. Comm. Reports, IX, pt. 1, 156 b; Wm. Welfitt, "Civis," Minutes collected from the Ancient Records of Canterbury (Canterbury, 1801-1802), no. VI.

---- ---- Folkestone, Kent. Margaret Browne, accused of "unlawful practices," banished from town for seven years, and to be whipped at the cart's tail if found within six or seven miles of town. S. J. Mackie, Descriptive and Historical Account of Folkestone (Folkestone, 1883), 319.

1574. Westwell, Kent. "Old Alice" [Norrington?] arraigned and convicted. Reginald Scot, Discoverie of Witchcraft, 130-131.

---- Middlesex. Joan Ellyse of Westminster convicted on several indictments for witchcraft and sentenced to be hanged. Middlesex County Records, I, 84.

c. 1574. Jane Thorneton accused by Rachel Pinder, who however confessed to fraud. Discloysing of a late counterfeyted possession.

1575. Burntwood, Staffordshire. Mother Arnold hanged at Barking. From the title of a pamphlet mentioned by Lowndes: The Examination and Confession of a notorious Witch named Mother Arnold, alias Whitecote, alias Glastonbury, at the Assise of Burntwood in July, 1574; who was hanged for Witchcraft at Barking, 1575. Mrs. Linton, Witch Stories, 153, says that many were hanged at this time, but I cannot find authority for the statement.

---- Middlesex. Elizabeth Ducke of Harmondsworth acquitted. Middlesex County Records, I, 94.

---- Great Yarmouth, Norfolk. Katharine Smythe acquitted. Henry Harrod, "Notes on the Records of the Corporation of Great Yarmouth," in Norfolk Archæology, IV, 248.

1577. Seaford, Sussex. Joan Wood presented by the grand jury. M. A. Lower, "Memorials of Seaford," in Sussex Archæological Soc., Collections, VII, 98.

---- Middlesex. Helen Beriman of Laleham acquitted. Middlesex County Records, I, 103.

---- Essex. Henry Chittam of Much Barfield to be tried for coining false money and conjuring. Acts P. C., n. s., IX, 391; X, 8, 62.

1578. Prescall, Sanford, and "one Emerson, a preiste," suspected of conjuration against the queen. The first two committed. Id., X, 382; see also 344, 373.

---- Evidence of the use of sorcery against the queen discovered. Cal. St. P., Spanish, 1568-1579, 611; see also note to Ben Jonson's Masque of Queenes (London, Shakespeare Soc., 1848), 71.

---- Sussex. "One Tree, bailiff of Lewes, and one Smith of Chinting" to be examined. Acts P. C., n. s., X, 220.

1579. Chelmsford, Essex. Three women executed. Mother Staunton released because "no manslaughter objected against her." A Detection of damnable driftes.

---- Abingdon, Berks. Four women hanged; at least two others and probably more were apprehended. A Rehearsall both straung and true of ... acts committed by Elisabeth Stile ...; Acts P. C., n. s., XI, 22; Scot, Discoverie of Witchcraft, 10, 51, 543.

---- Certain persons suspected of sorcery to be examined by the Bishop of London. Acts P. C., n. s., XI, 36.

---- Salop, Worcester, and Montgomery. Samuel Cocwra paid for "searching for certen persons suspected for conjuracion." Ibid., 292.

---- Southwark. Simon Pembroke, a conjurer, brought to the parish church of St. Saviour's to be tried by the "ordinarie judge for those parties," but falls dead before the opening of the trial. Holinshed, Chronicles (ed. of 1586-1587), III, 1271.

---- Southampton. Widow Walker tried by the leet jury, outcome unknown. J. S. Davies, History of Southampton (Southampton, 1883), 236.

1579-1580. Shropshire. Mother Garve punished in the corn market. Owen and Blakeway, History of Shrewsbury, I, 562.

1580. Stanhope, Durham. Ann Emerson accused by the church officials. Injunctions ... of ... Bishop of Durham (Surtees Soc.), 126.

---- Bucks. John Coleman and his wife examined by four justices of the peace at the command of the privy council. They were probably released. Acts P. C., n. s., XI, 427; XII, 29.

---- Kent. Several persons to be apprehended for conjuration. Id., XII, 21-23.

---- Somerset. Henry Harrison and Thomas Wadham, suspected of conjuration, to appear before the privy council. Ibid., 22-23.

---- Somerset. Henry Fize of Westpenner, detected in conjuration, brought before the privy council. Ibid., 34.

---- Essex. "Sondery persones" charged with sorceries and conjuration. Acts P. C., XII, 29, 34.

1581. Randoll and four others accused for "conjuring to know where treasure was hid in the earth." Randoll and three others found guilty. Randoll alone executed. Holinshed, Chronicles (London, 1808), IV, 433.

1581. Padstow, Cornwall. Anne Piers accused of witchcraft. Examination of witnesses. Cal. St. P., Dom., 1581-1590, 29. See also Acts P. C., n. s., XIII, 228.

1581. Rochester, Kent. Margaret Simmons acquitted. Scot, Discoverie, 5.

1581-82. Colchester, Essex. Annis Herd accused before the "spiritual Courte." Witches taken at St. Oses, 1582.

1582. St. Osyth, Essex. Sixteen accused, one of whom was a man. How many were executed uncertain. It seems to have been a tradition that thirteen were executed. Scot wrote that seventeen or eighteen were executed. Witches taken at St. Oses, 1582; Scot, Discoverie, 543.

1582 (or before). "T. E., Maister of Art and practiser both of physicke, and also in times past, of certeine vaine sciences," condemned for conjuration, but reprieved. Scot, Discoverie, 466-469.

1582. Middlesex. Margery Androwes of Clerkenwell held in bail. Middlesex County Records, I, 133.

1582. Durham. Alison Lawe of Hart compelled to do penance. Denham Tracts (Folk-Lore Soc.), II, 332.

1582. Kent. Goodwife Swane of St. John's suspected by the church authorities. Archæol. Cant., XXVI, 19.

1582-83. Nottingham. A certain Batte examined before the "Meare" of Nottingham. Hist. MSS. Comm. Reports, XII, pt. 4, 147.

1582-83. King's Lynn. Mother Gabley probably hanged. Excerpt from parish register of Wells in Norfolk, in the Gentleman's Magazine, LXII (1792), 904.

1583. Kingston-upon-Hull, Yorkshire. Three women tried, one sentenced to a year's imprisonment and the pillory. J. J. Sheahan, History of Kingston-upon-Hull (London, 1864), 86.

1583. Colchester, Essex. Two women sentenced to a year in prison and to four appearances in the pillory. E. L. Cutts, Colchester (London, 1888), 151. Henry Harrod, Report on the Records of Colchester (Colchester, 1865), 17; App., 14.

1583. St. Peter's, Kent. Ellen Bamfield suspected by the church authorities. Archæol. Cant., XXVI, 45.

1584. Great Yarmouth, Norfolk. Elizabeth Butcher (punished before) and Joan Lingwood condemned to be hanged. C. J. Palmer, History of Great Yarmouth, I, 273.

1584. Staffordshire. An indictment preferred against Jeffrey Leach. Cal. St. P., Dom., 1581-1590, 206.

1584. "The oulde witche of Ramsbury" and several other "oulde witches and sorcerers" suspected. Cal. St. P., Dom., 1581-1590, 220.

1584. York. Woman, indicted for witchcraft and "high treason touching the supremacy," condemned. Cal. St. P., Dom., Add. 1580-1625, 120-121.

1584. Middlesex. Elizabeth Bartell of St. Martin's-in-the-Fields acquitted. Middlesex County Records, I, 145.

1585. Middlesex. Margaret Hackett of Stanmore executed. From titles of two pamphlets mentioned by Lowndes, The severall Facts of Witchcrafte approved on Margaret Haskett ... 1585, and An Account of Margaret Hacket, a notorious Witch ... 1585.

1585. Middlesex. Joan Barringer of "Harroweelde" (Harrow Weald) acquitted. Middlesex County Records, I, 157.

1585. Dorset. John Meere examined. Cal. St. P., Dom., 1581-90, 246-247.

1585-86. Alnwick, Northumberland. Two men and two women committed to prison on suspicion of killing a sheriff. Denham Tracts, II, 332; Cal. S. P., Dom., Add. 1580-1625, 168.

1586. Eckington, Derbyshire. Margaret Roper accused. Discharged. Harsnett, Discovery of the Fraudulent Practises of John Darrel, 310.

1586. Faversham, Kent. Jone Cason [Carson] tried before the mayor, executed. Holinshed, Chronicles (1586-1587), III, 1560.

1587. Great Yarmouth, Norfolk. Helena Gill indicted. C. J. Palmer, History of Great Yarmouth, 273. H. Harrod in Norfolk Archæology, IV, 248, assigns this to 1597, but it is probably a mistake.

c. 1588. A woman at R. H. said to have been imprisoned and to have died before the assizes. Gifford, Dialogue (London, 1603), C.

1589. Chelmsford, Essex. Three women hanged. The apprehension and confession of three notorious Witches.

1589. Several persons to be examined about their dealings in conjuration with an Italian friar. Acts P. C., n. s., XVII, 31-32.

1589. Mrs. Deir brought into question for sorcery against the queen. Charge dismissed. Strype, Annals of the Reformation (London, 1709-1731), IV, 7-8.

1590. Mrs. Dewse suspected of attempting to make use of conjurors. Cal. St. P., Dom., 1581-1590, 644.

1590. John Bourne, a "sorcerer and seducer," arrested. Acts P. C., n. s., XVIII, 373.

1590. Berwick. A Scottish witch imprisoned. John Scott, History of Berwick (London, 1888), 180; Archæologia, XXX, 172.

1590. Norfolk. Margaret Grame accused before justice of the peace. Neighbors petition in her behalf. Hist. MSS. Comm. Reports, Various, II, 243-244.

1590. King's Lynn. Margaret Read burnt. Benjamin Mackerell, History and Antiquities ... of King's Lynn, (London, 1738), 231.

1590. Edmonton, Middlesex. Certain men taken for witchcraft and conjuring. Bloodhound used in pursuit of them. Cal. St. P., Dom., 1581-1590, 689.

1590-91. Hertfordshire. Indictment of Joan White for killing. Hertfordshire County Session Rolls, I, 4.

1591. John Prestall suspected. Cal. St. P., Dom., 1591-1594, 17-19.

1591. Middlesex. Stephen Trefulback of Westminster given penalty of statute, i. e., probably pillory. Middlesex County Records, I, 197.

1592. Colchester, Essex. Margaret Rand indicted by grand jury. Brit. Mus., Stowe MSS., 840, fol. 42.

1592. Yorkshire. "Sara B. de C." examined. West, Symboleography, pt. II (London, 1594), ed. of 1611, fol. 134 verso (reprinted in County Folk-Lore, Folk-Lore Soc., 135). Whether the "S. B. de C. in comit. H." whose indictment in the same year is printed also by West may possibly be the same woman can not be determined.

1592. Yorkshire. Margaret L. de A. examined. Ibid.

1593. Warboys, Huntingdonshire. Mother, daughter and father Samuel executed. The most strange and admirable discoverie of the three Witches of Warboys. 1593. See also John Darrel, A Detection of that sinnful ... discours of Samuel Harshnet, 20-21, 39-40, 110. Harsnett, Discovery of the Fraudulent Practises of John Darrel, 93, 97.

1594. Jane Shelley examined for using sorcerers to find the time of the queen's death. Hist. MSS. Comm., Cecil., pt. V, 25.

1595. St. Peter's Kent. Two women presented by the church authorities. Still suspected in 1599. Archæol. Cant., XXVI, 46.

1595. Woodbridge, Suffolk. Witches put in the pillory. County Folk-Lore, Suffolk (Folk-Lore Soc., London, 1895), 193.

1595. Jane Mortimer pardoned for witchcraft. Bodleian, Tanner MSS., CLXVIII, fol. 29.

1595. Near Bristol, Somerset. Severall committed for the Earl of Derby's death. Hist. MSS. Comm. Reports, IV, app., 366 b. See also E. Baines's Lancaster (London, 1870), 273-274 and note.

1595. Barnet and Braynford, Herts. Three witches executed. From title of pamphlet mentioned by Lowndes, The Arraignment and Execution of 3 detestable Witches, John Newell, Joane his wife, and Hellen Calles: two executed at Barnett and one at Braynford, 1 Dec. 1595.

1596 (or before). Derbyshire. Elizabeth Wright (mother of Alice Gooderidge) several times summoned before the justice of the peace on suspicion. The most wonderfull and true Storie of ... Alse Gooderidge (1597).

1596. Burton-upon-Trent, Derbyshire. Alice Gooderidge tried at Derby, convicted. Died in prison. Harsnett, Discovery of the fraudulent Practises of John Darrel; John Darrel, Detection of that sinnful ... discours of Samuel Harshnet, 38, 40; The most wonderfull and true Storie of ... Alse Gooderidge (1597).

1596-1597. Leicester. Mother Cooke hanged. Mary Bateson, Records of the Borough of Leicester (Cambridge, 1899), III, 335.

1596-1597. Lancaster. Hartley condemned and executed. John Darrel, True Narration (in the Somers Tracts, III), 175, 176; George More, A True Discourse concerning the certaine possession ... of 7 persons ... in Lancashire, 18-22; John Darrel, Detection of that sinnful ... discours of Samuel Harshnet, 40.

1597. Nottingham. Thirteen or more accused by Somers, at least eight of whom were put in gaol. All but two discharged. Alice Freeman tried at the assizes and finally acquitted. John Darrel, Detection of that sinnful ... discours of Samuel Harshnet, 109-111; An Apologie or defence of the possession of William Sommers, L-L 3; Samuel Harsnett, Discovery of the Fraudulent Practises of John Darrel, 5, 102, 140-141, 320-322.

1597. St. Lawrence, Kent. Sibilla Ferris suspected by the church authorities. Archæol. Cant., XXVI, 12.

1597. Nottingham. William Somers accused of witchcraft as a ruse to get him into the house of correction. Darrel, A True Narration of the ... Vexation ... of seven persons in Lancashire, in Somers Tracts, III, 184; also his Brief Apologie (1599), 17.

1597. Yorkshire. Elizabeth Melton of Collingham condemned, pardoned. Cal. St. P., Dom., 1595-1597, 400.

1597. Lancashire. Alice Brerely of Castleton condemned, pardoned. Ibid., 406.

1597. Middlesex. Agnes Godfrey of Enfield held by the justice of the peace on £10 bail. Middlesex County Records, I, 237.

1597. St. Andrew's in Holborne, Middlesex. Josia Ryley arraigned. "Po se mortuus in facie curie," i. e. Posuit se moriturum. Ibid., 225.

1597. Middlesex. Helen Spokes of St. Giles-in-the-Fields acquitted. Ibid., 239.

1598. Berwick. Richard Swynbourne's wife accused. John Scott, History of Berwick (London, 1888), 180.

1598. St. Peter's, Kent. Two women suspected by the church officials; one of them presented again the next year. Archæol. Cant., XXVI, 46.

1598. King's Lynn. Elizabeth Housegoe executed. Mackerell, History and Antiquities of King's Lynn, 232.

1599. Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk. Jone Jordan of Shadbrook tried. Darrel, A Survey of Certaine Dialogical Discourses, 54.

1599. Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk. Joane Nayler tried. Ibid.

1599. Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk. Oliffe Bartham of Shadbrook executed. The Triall of Maist. Dorrel, 92-98.

1599. London. Anne Kerke of Bokes-wharfe executed at "Tiburn." The Triall of Maist. Dorrel, 99-103.

1600. Hertford. A "notable witch" committed to the gaol at Hertford. Hist. MSS. Comm. Reports, Cecil MSS., pt. X, 310.

1600. Rosa Bexwell pardoned. Bodleian, Tanner MSS., CLXVIII, fol. 104.

1600. Norfolk. Margaret Fraunces committed for a long time. Probably released by justice of the peace on new evidence. Hist. MSS. Comm. Reports, X, pt. II (Gawdy MSS.), 71. See also below, pp. 400, 401.

1600. Ipswich, Suffolk. Several conjurers suspected. Cal. St. P., Dom., 1598-1601, 523.

1601. Bishop Burton, York. Two women apprehended for bewitching a boy. Brit. Mus., Add. MSS., 32,496, fol. 42 b.

1601. Middlesex. Richard Nelson of St. Katharine's arraigned. Middlesex County Records, I, 260.

1601. Nottingham. Ellen Bark presented at the sessions. Records of the Borough of Nottingham, IV, 260-261.

1602. Middlesex. Elizabeth Roberts of West Drayton indicted on three charges, acquitted. Middlesex County Records, I, 212.

1602. Saffron Walden, Essex. Alice Bentley tried before the quarter sessions. Case probably dismissed. Darrel, A Survey of Certaine Dialogical Discourses, 54.

temp. Eliz. Northfleet, Kent. Pardon to Alice S. for bewitching a cow and pigs. Bodleian, Rawlinson MSS., C 404, fol. 205 b.

temp. Eliz. Woman condemned to prison and pillory. Gifford, Dialogue concerning Witches (1603), L 4 verso.

temp. Eliz. Cambridge. Two women perhaps hanged at this time. Henry More, Antidote to Atheisme, III. But see 1605, Cambridge.

temp. Eliz. Mother W. of W. H. said to have been executed. Gifford, Dialogue concerning Witches, D 4 verso--E.

temp. Eliz. Mother W. of Great T. said to have been hanged. Ibid., C 4.

temp. Eliz. Woman said to have been hanged. Ibid., L 3-L 3 verso.

temp. Eliz. Two women said to have been hanged. Ibid., I 3 verso.

1602-1603. London. Elizabeth Jackson sentenced, for bewitching Mary Glover, to four appearances in the pillory and a year in prison. John Swan, A True and Breife Report of Mary Glover's Vexation; E. Jorden, A briefe discourse of ... the Suffocation of the Mother, 1603; also a MS., Marie Glover's late woefull case ... upon occasion of Doctor Jordens discourse of the Mother, wherein hee covertly taxeth, first the Phisitiones which judged her sicknes a vexation of Sathan and consequently the sentence of Lawe and proceeding against the Witche who was discovered to be a meanes thereof, with A defence of the truthe against D. J. his scandalous Impugnations, by Stephen Bradwell, 1603. Brit. Mus., Sloane MSS., 831. An account by Lewis Hughes, appended to his Certaine Grievances (1641-2), is quoted by Sinclar, Satan's Invisible World Discovered (Edinburgh, 1685), 95-100; and hence Burton (The Kingdom of Darkness) and Hutchinson (Historical Essay concerning Witchcraft) assign a wrong date.

1603. Yorkshire. Mary Pannel executed for killing in 1593. Mayhall, Annals of Yorkshire (London, 1878), I, 58. See also E. Fairfax, A Discourse of Witchcraft, 179-180.

1603. Great Yarmouth, Norfolk. Ales Moore in gaol on suspicion. C. J. Palmer, History of Great Yarmouth, II, 70.

1604. Wooler, Northumberland. Katherine Thompson and Anne Nevelson proceeded against by the Vicar General of the Bishop of Durham. Richardson, Table Book, I, 245; J. Raine, York Depositions, 127, note.

1605. Cambridge. A witch alarm. Letters of Sir Thomas Lake to Viscount Cranbourne, January 18, 1604/5, and of Sir Edward Coke to Viscount Craybourne, Jan. 29, 1604/5, both in Brit. Mus., Add. MSS., 6177, fol. 403. This probably is the affair referred to in Cal. St. P., Dom., 1603-1610, 218. Nor is it impossible that Henry More had this affair in mind when he told of two women who were executed in Cambridge in the time of Elizabeth (see above, temp. Eliz., Cambridge) and was two or three years astray in his reckoning.

1605. Doncaster, York. Jone Jurdie of Rossington examined. Depositions in Gentleman's Magazine, 1857, pt. I, 593-595.

1606. Louth, Lincolnshire. "An Indictment against a Witche." R. W. Goulding, Louth Old Corporation Records (Louth, 1891), 54.

1606. Hertford. Johanna Harrison and her daughter said to have been executed. This rests upon the pamphlet The Most Cruell and Bloody Murther, ... See appendix A, § 3.

1606. Richmond, Yorkshire. Ralph Milner ordered by quarter sessions to make his submission at Mewkarr Church. North Riding Record Society, I, 58.

1607. Middlesex. Alice Bradley of Hampstead arraigned on four bills, acquitted. Middlesex County Records, II, 8.

1607. Middlesex. Rose Mersam of Whitecrosse Street acquitted. Ibid., II, 20.

1607. Bakewell, Derby. Several women said to have been executed here. See Robert Simpson, A Collection of Fragments illustrative of the History and Antiquities of Derby (Derby, 1826), 90; Glover, History of Derby (ed. Thos. Noble, 1833), pt. I, vol. II, p. 613; J. C. Cox, Three Centuries of Derbyshire Annals, II, 88. For what purports to be a detailed account of the affair see W. Andrews, Bygone Derbyshire, 180-184.

1607-11. Rye, Sussex. Two women condemned by local authorities probably discharged upon interference from London. Hist. MSS. Comm. Reports, XIII, pt. 4, 136-137, 139-140, 147-148.

1608. Simon Read pardoned. Cal. St. P., Dom., 1603-1610, 406.

1610. Norfolk. Christian Weech, pardoned in 1604, now again pardoned. Ibid., 96, 598. Was this the Christiana Weekes of Cleves Pepper, Wilts, who in 1651 and 1654 was again and again accused of telling where lost goods were? See Hist. MSS. Comm. Reports, Various, I, 120.

1610. Middlesex. Agnes Godfrey of Enfield, with four bills against her, acquitted on three, found guilty of killing. File containing sentence lost. Middlesex County Records, II, 57-58. Acquitted again in 1621. Ibid., 79, 80.

1610. Leicestershire. Depositions taken by the sheriff concerning Randall and other witches. Hist. MSS. Comm. Reports, XII, pt. 4 (MSS. of the Duke of Rutland), I, 422.

1611. Carnarvon. Story of witchcraft "committed on six young maids." Privy Council orders the Bishop of Bangor and the assize judges to look into it. Cal. St. P., Dom., 1611-1618, 53.

1611. Wm. Bate, indicted twenty years before for practising invocation, etc., for finding treasure, pardoned. Ibid., 29.

1611. Thirsk, Yorkshire. Elizabeth Cooke presented by quarter sessions for slight crime related to witchcraft. North Riding Record Soc., I, 213.

1612. Lancaster. Margaret Pearson, who in 1612 was sentenced to a year's imprisonment and the pillory, had been twice tried before, once for killing, and once for bewitching a neighbor. Potts, Wonderfull Discoverie of Witches in the countie of Lancaster (Chetham Soc., 1845).

1612. Lancaster. Ten persons of Pendle sentenced to death, one to a year's imprisonment; eight acquitted including three women of Salmesbury. Potts, Wonderfull Discoverie of Witches, Chetham Soc., 1845. But cf. Cooper's words (Mystery of Witchcraft, 1617), 15.

1612. York. Jennet Preston sentenced to death. Potts, Wonderfull Discoverie of Witches.

1612. Northampton. At least four women and one man hanged. Many others accused, one of whom died in gaol. The Witches of Northamptonshire, 1612; also Brit Mus., Sloane MSS., 972, fol. 7.

1613. Bedford. Mother Sutton and Mary Sutton, her daughter, of Milton Miles hanged. Witches Apprehended, Examined and Executed, 1613. See app. A, § 3, for mention of another pamphlet on the same subject, A Booke of the Wytches lately condemned and executed. See also The Wonderful Discoverie of ... Margaret and Phillip Flower, preface, and Richard Bernard, Guide to Grand Jurymen, III.

1613. Wilts. Margaret Pilton of Warminster, accused at quarter sessions, probably released. Hist. MSS. Comm. Reports, Various, I, 86-87.

1614. Middlesex. Dorothy Magick of St. Andrew's in Holborn sentenced to a year's imprisonment and four appearances in the pillory. Middlesex County Records, II, 91, 218.

1615. Middlesex. Joan Hunt of Hampstead, who had been, along with her husband, twice tried and acquitted, and whose accuser had been ordered to ask forgiveness, sentenced to be hanged. Middlesex County Records, II, lii, 95, 110, 217-218.

1616. Leicester. Nine women hanged on the accusation of a boy. Six others accused, one of whom died in prison, five released after the king's examination of the boy. Robert Heyrick's letters from Leicester, July 16 and October 15, 1616, reprinted in the Annual Register, 1800, p. 405. See also Cal. S. P., Dom., 1611-1618, 398, and William Kelly, Royal Progresses in Leicester (Leicester, 1855), pt. II, 15.

1616. King's Lynn, Norfolk. Mary Smith hanged. Alexander Roberts, Treatise of Witchcraft (London, 1616); Mackerell, History and Antiquities of King's Lynn, 233.

1616. Middlesex. Elizabeth Rutter of Finchley, for laming and killing three persons, sentenced to be hanged. Middlesex County Records, II, 108, 218.

1616. Middlesex. Margaret Wellan of London accused "upon suspition to be a witch." Andrew Camfield held in £40 bail to appear against her. Middlesex County Records, II, 124-125.

1617. Middlesex. Agnes Berrye of Enfield sentenced to be hanged. Ibid., 116, 219.

1617. Middlesex. Anne Branche of Tottenham arraigned on four counts, acquitted. Ibid., 219.

1618. Middlesex. Bridget Meakins acquitted. Ibid., 225.

1619. Lincoln. Margaret and Philippa Flower hanged. Their mother, Joan Flower, died on the way to prison. The Wonderful Discoverie of the Witchcrafts of Margaret and Phillip Flower; J. Nichols, History and Antiquities of the County of Leicester (1795-1815), II, pt. I, 49; Cal. St. P., Dom., 1619-1623, 129; Hist. MSS. Comm. Reports, Rutland MSS., IV, 514.

1619. Leicester. Three women, Anne Baker, Joan Willimot, Ellen Green, accused and confessed. Doubtless executed. The Wonderful Discoverie of the Witchcrafts of Margaret and Phillip Flower.

1619. Middlesex. Agnes Miller of Finchley acquitted. Middlesex County Records, II, 143-144.

1620. London. "One Peacock, sometime a schoolmaster and minister," for bewitching the king, committed to the Tower and tortured. Williams, Court and Times of James I, II, 202; Cal. St. P., Dom., 1619-1623, 125.

1620. Leicester. Gilbert Smith, rector of Swithland, accused of witchcraft among other things. Leicestershire and Rutland Notes and Queries, I, 247.

1620. Padiham, Lancashire. Witches in prison. House and Farm Accounts of the Shuttleworths, pt. II. (Chetham Soc., 1856), 240.

1620. Staffordshire. Woman accused on charges of the "boy of Bilson" acquitted. The Boy of Bilson (London, 1622); Arthur Wilson, Life and Reign of James I, 107-112; Webster, Displaying of Supposed Witchcraft, 274-275.

1621. Edmonton, Middlesex. Elizabeth Sawyer hanged. The wonderfull discoverie of Elizabeth Sawyer, by Henry Goodcole (1621).

1621. Middlesex. Anne Beaver, accused of murder on six counts, acquitted. Middlesex County Records, II, 72-73. Acquitted again in 1625. Ibid., III, 2.

1622. York. Six women indicted for bewitching Edward Fairfax's children. At April assizes two were released upon bond, two and probably four discharged. At the August assizes they were again acquitted. Fairfax, A Discourse of Witchcraft (Philobiblon Soc., London, 1858-1859).

1622. Middlesex. Margaret Russel, alias "Countess," committed to Newgate by Sir Wm. Slingsby on a charge by Lady Jennings of injuring her daughter. Dr. Napier diagnosed the daughter's illness as epilepsy. Brit. Mus., Add. MSS., 36,674, fol. 134.

1623. Yorkshire. Elizabeth Crearey of North Allerton sentenced to be set in the pillory once a quarter. Thirsk Quarter Sessions Records in North Riding Record Society (London, 1885), III, 177, 181.

1624. Bristol. Two witches said to have been executed. John Latimer, The Annals of Bristol in the Seventeenth Century (Bristol, 1900), 91. Latimer quotes from another "annalist."

temp. Jac. I? Two women said to have been hanged. Story doubtful. Edward Poeton, Winnowing of White Witchcraft (Brit. Mus., Sloane MSS., 1,954), 41-42.

temp. Jac. I. Norfolk. Joane Harvey accused for scratching "an olde witche" there, "Mother Francis nowe deade." Mother Francis had before been imprisoned at Norwich. Brit. Mus., Add. MSS., 28,223, fol. 15.

temp. Jac. I. Warwickshire. Coventry haunted by "hellish sorcerers." "The pestilent brood" also in Cheshire. Thomas Cooper, The Mystery of Witchcraft (1617),13, 16.

temp. Jac. I. Norwich. Witches probably accused for illness of a child. Possibly Mother Francis was one of them. Cooper, ibid., "Epistle Dedicatorie."

1626. Taunton, Somerset. Edmund Bull and Joan Greedie accused. Brit. Mus., Add. MSS., 36,674, fol. 189; Wright, Narratives of Sorcery and Magic, II, 139-143. See also Richard Bernard, Guide to Grand Jurymen, "Epistle Dedicatorie."

1627. Durham. Sara Hathericke and Jane Urwen accused before the Consistory Court. Folk-Lore Journal (London, 1887), V, 158. Quoted by Edward Peacock from the records of the Consistory Court of Durham.

1627. Linneston, Lancaster. Elizabeth Londesdale accused. Certificate of neighbors in her favor. Hist. MSS. Comm. Reports, XIV, pt. 4 (Kenyon MSS.), 36.

1628. Leepish, Northumberland. Jane Robson committed. Mackenzie, History of Northumberland (Newcastle, 1825), 36. Mackenzie copies from the Mickleton MS.

1630. Lancaster. A certain Utley said to have been hanged for bewitching Richard Assheton. E. Baines, Lancaster (ed. of 1868-1870), II, 12.

1630. Sandwich, Kent. Woman hanged. Wm. Boys, Collections for an History of Sandwich in Kent (Canterbury, 1792), 707.

c. 1630. Wilts. "John Barlowes wife" said to have been executed. MS. letter of 1685-86 printed in the Gentleman's Magazine, 1832, pt. I, 405-410.

1633. Louth, Lincolnshire. Witch alarm; two searchers appointed. One witch indicted. Goulding, Louth Old Corporation Records, 54.

c. 1633. Lancaster. The father and mother of Mary Spencer condemned. Cal. S. P., Dom., 1634-1635, 79.

1633. Norfolk. Woman accused. No arrest made. Hist. MSS. Comm. Reports, X, pt. 2 (Gawdy MSS.), p. 144.

1633-34. Lancaster. Several witches, probably seventeen, tried and condemned. Reprieved by the king. For the many references to this affair see above, chap. VII, footnotes.

1634. Yorkshire. Four women of West Ayton presented for telling "per veneficationem vel incantationem" where certain stolen clothes were to be found. Thirsk Quarter Sessions Records in North Riding Record Society, IV, 20.

1635. Lancaster. Four witches condemned. Privy Council orders Bishop Bridgeman to examine them. Two died in gaol. The others probably reprieved. Hist. MSS. Comm. Reports, XII, 2 (Cowper MSS., II), 77, 80.

1635. Leicester. Agnes Tedsall acquitted. Leicestershire and Rutland Notes and Queries, I, 247.

1635. ----. Mary Prowting, who was a plaintiff before the Star Chamber, accused of witchcraft. Accuser, who was one of the defendants, exposed. Cal. St. P., Dom., 1635, 476-477.

c. 1637. Bedford. Goodwife Rose "ducked," probably by officials. Wm. Drage, Daimonomageia (London, 1665), 41.

1637. Staffordshire. Joice Hunniman committed, almost certainly released. Hist. MSS. Comm. Reports, II, App., 48 b.

1637-38. Lathom, Lancashire. Anne Spencer examined and probably committed. Hist. MSS. Comm. Reports, XIV, 4 (Kenyon MSS.), 55.

1638. Middlesex. Alice Bastard arraigned on two charges. Acquitted. Middlesex County Records, III, 112-113.

1641. Middlesex. One Hammond of Westminster tried and perhaps hanged. John Aubrey, Remaines of Gentilisme and Judaisme (Folk-Lore Soc.), 61.

temp. Carol I. Oxford. Woman perhaps executed. This story is given at third hand in A Collection of Modern Relations (London, 1693), 48-49.

temp. Carol, I. Somerset. One or more hanged. Later the bewitched person, who may have been Edmund Bull (see above, s. v. 1626, Taunton), hanged also as a witch. Meric Casaubon, Of Credulity and Incredulity (London, 1668), 170-171.

temp. Carol. I? Taunton Dean. Woman acquitted. North, Life of North, 131.

1642. Middlesex. Nicholas Culpepper of St. Leonard's, Shoreditch, acquitted. Middlesex County Records, III, 85.

1643. Newbury, Berks. A woman supposed to be a witch probably shot here by the parliament forces. A Most certain, strange and true Discovery of a Witch ... 1643; Mercurius Aulicus, Oct. 1-8, 1643; Mercurius Civicus, Sept. 21-28, 1643; Certaine Informations, Sept. 25-Oct. 2, 1643; Mercurius Britannicus, Oct. 10-17, 1643.

1644. Sandwich, Kent. "The widow Drew hanged for a witch." W. Boys, Collections for an History of Sandwich, 714.

1645 (July). Chelmsford, Essex. Sixteen certainly condemned, probably two more. Possibly eleven or twelve more at another assize. A true and exact Relation ... of ... the late Witches ... at Chelmesford (1645); Arthur Wilson, in Peck, Desiderata Curiosa, II, 76; Hopkins, Discovery of Witches, 2-3; Stearne, Confirmation and Discovery of Witchcraft, 14, 16, 36, 38, 58, etc.; Signes and Wonders from Heaven (1645), 2; "R. B." The Kingdom of Darkness (London, 1688). The fate of the several Essex witches is recorded by the True and Exact Relation in marginal notes printed opposite their depositions (but omitted in the reprint of that pamphlet in Howell's State Trials). "R. B.," in The Kingdom of Darkness, though his knowledge of the Essex cases is ascribed to the pamphlet, gives details as to the time and place of the executions which are often in strange conflict with its testimony.

1645 (July). Norfolk. Twenty witches said to have been executed. Whitelocke, Memorials, I, 487. A Perfect Diurnal (July 21-28, 1645) says that there has been a "tryall of the Norfolke witches, about 40 of them and 20 already executed." Signes and Wonders from Heaven says that "there were 40 witches arraigned for their lives and 20 executed."

1645. Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk. Sixteen women and two men executed Aug. 27. Forty or fifty more probably executed a few weeks later. A very large number arraigned. A manuscript (Brit. Mus., Add. MSS., 27,402, fol. 104 ff.) mentions over forty true bills and fifteen or more bills not found. A True Relation of the Araignment of eighteene Witches at St. Edmundsbury (1645); Clarke, Lives of Sundry Eminent Persons, 172; County Folk-Lore, Suffolk (Folk-Lore Soc.), 178; Ady, A Candle in the Dark, 104-105, 114; Moderate Intelligencer, Sept. 4-11, 1645; Scottish Dove, Aug. 29-Sept. 6, 1645.

Stearne mentions several names not mentioned in the True Relation--names probably belonging to those in the second group of the accused. Of most of them he has quoted the confession without stating the outcome of the cases. They are Hempstead of Creeting, Ratcliffe of Shelley, Randall of Lavenham, Bedford of Rattlesden, Wright of Hitcham, Ruceulver of Powstead, Greenliefe of Barton, Bush of Barton, Cricke of Hitcham, Richmond of Bramford, Hammer of Needham, Boreham of Sudbury, Scarfe of Rattlesden, King of Acton, Bysack of Waldingfield, Binkes of Haverhill. In addition to these Stearne speaks of Elizabeth Hubbard of Stowmarket. Two others from Stowmarket were tried, "Goody Mils" and "Goody Low." Hollingsworth, History of Stowmarket (Ipswich, 1844), 171.

1645. Melford, Suffolk. Alexander Sussums made confession. Stearne, 36.

1645. Great Yarmouth, Norfolk. At least nine women indicted, five of whom were condemned. Three women acquitted and one man. Many others presented. C. J. Palmer, History of Great Yarmouth, I, 273-274. Hist. MSS. Comm. Reports, IX, App., pt. I, 320 a; Henry Harrod in Norfolk Archæol., IV, 249-251.

1645. Cornwall. Anne Jeffries confined in Bodmin gaol and starved by order of a justice of the peace. She was said to be intimate with the "airy people" and to cause marvellous cures. We do not know the charge against her. Finally discharged. William Turner, Remarkable Providences (London, 1697), ch. 82.

1645. Ipswich, Suffolk. Mother Lakeland burnt. The Lawes against Witches (1645).

1645. King's Lynn, Norfolk. Dorothy Lee and Grace Wright hanged. Mackerell, History and Antiquities of King's Lynn, 236.

1645. Aldeburgh, Norfolk. Seven witches hanged. Quotations from the chamberlain's accounts in N. F. Hele, Notes or Jottings about Aldeburgh, 43-44.

1645. Faversham, Kent. Three women hanged, a fourth tried, by the local authorities. The Examination, Confession, Triall and Execution of Joane Williford, Joan Cariden and Jane Hott (1645).

1645. Rye, Sussex. Martha Bruff and Anne Howsell ordered by the "mayor of Rye and others" to be put to the ordeal of water. Hist. MSS. Comm. Reports, XIII, pt. 4, 216.

1645. Middlesex. Several witches of Stepney accused. Signes and Wonders from Heaven, 2-3.

1645-46. Cambridgeshire. Several accused, at least one or two of whom were executed. Ady, Candle in the Dark, 135; Stearne, 39, 45; H. More, Antidote against Atheisme, 128-129. This may have been what is referred to in Glanvill's Sadducismus Triumphatus, pt. ii, 208-209.

1646. Northamptonshire. Several witches hanged. One died in prison. Stearne, 11, 23, 34-35.

1646. Huntingdonshire. Many accused, of whom at least ten were examined and several executed, among them John Wynnick. One woman swam and was released. John Davenport, Witches of Huntingdon (London, 1646); H. More, Antidote against Atheisme, 125; Stearne, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20-21, 39, 42.

1646. Bedfordshire. Elizabeth Gurrey of Risden made confession. Stearne says a Huntingdonshire witch confessed that "at Tilbrooke bushes in Bedfordshier ... there met above twenty at one time." Huntingdonshire witches seem meant, but perhaps not alone. Stearne, 11, 31.

c. 1646. Yarmouth, Norfolk. Stearne mentions a woman who suffered here. Stearne, 53.

1646. Heptenstall, Yorkshire. Elizabeth Crossley, Mary Midgley, and two other women examined before two justices of the peace. York Depositions, 6-9.

1647. Ely, Cambridgeshire. Stearne mentions "those executed at Elie, a little before Michaelmas last, ... also one at Chatterish there, one at March there, and another at Wimblington there, now lately found, still to be tryed"; and again "one Moores wife of Sutton, in the Isle of Elie," who "confessed her selfe guilty" and was executed; and yet again "one at Heddenham in the Isle of Ely," who "made a very large Confession" and must have paid the penalty. Stearne, 17, 21, 37; Gibbons, Ely Episcopal Records (Lincoln, 1891), 112-113.

1647. Middlesex. Helen Howson acquitted. Middlesex County Records, III, 124.

1648. Middlesex. Bill against Katharine Fisher of Stratford-at-Bow ignored. Middlesex County Records, III, 102.

1648. Norwich, Norfolk. Two women burnt. P. Browne, History of Norwich (Norwich, 1814), 38.

1649. Worcester. A Lancashire witch said to have been tried; perhaps remanded to Lancashire. A Collection of Modern Relations. The writer says that he received the account from a "Person of Quality" who attended the trial.

1649. Middlesex. Elizabeth Smythe of St. Martin's-in-the-Fields acquitted. Middlesex County Records, III, 191.

1649. Middlesex. Dorothy Brumley acquitted. Ibid.

1649. St. Albans. John Palmer and Elizabeth Knott said to have been hanged for witches. The Divels Delusion (1649).

1649. Berwick. Thirty women, examined on the accusation of a Scotch witch-finder, committed to prison. Whitelocke, Memorials, III, 99; John Fuller, History of Berwick (Edinburgh, 1799), 155-156, giving extracts from the Guild Hall Books; John Sykes, Local Records (Newcastle, 1833), I, 103-105.

1649. Gloucester. Witch tried at the assizes. A Collection of Modern Relations, 52.

1649-50. Yorkshire. Mary Sykes and Susan Beaumont committed and searched. The former acquitted, bill against the latter ignored. York Depositions, 28.

1649-50. Durham. Several witches at Gateshead examined, and carried to Durham for trial; "a grave for a witch." Sykes, Local Records, I, 105; or Denham Tracts (Folk-Lore Soc.), II, 338.

1649-50. Newcastle. Thirty witches accused. Fourteen women and one man hanged, together with a witch from the county of Northumberland. Ralph Gardiner, England's Grievance (London, 1655), 108; Sykes, Local Records, I, 103; John Brand, History and Antiquities of Newcastle (London, 1789), II, 477-478; Whitelocke, Memorials, III, 128; Chronicon Mirabile (London, 1841), 92.

1650. Yorkshire. Ann Hudson of Skipsey charged. York Depositions, 38, note.

1650. Cumberland. A "discovery of witches." Sheriff perplexed. Cal. St. P., Dom., 1650, 159.

1650. Derbyshire. Ann Wagg of Ilkeston committed for trial. J. C. Cox, Three Centuries of Derbyshire Annals, II, 88.

1650. Middlesex. Joan Roberts acquitted. Middlesex County Records, III, 284.

1650. Stratford-at-Bow, Middlesex. Witch said to have been apprehended, but "escaped the law." Glanvill, Sadducismus Triumphatus, pt. ii, Relation XX.

1650. Middlesex. Joan Allen sentenced to be hanged. Middlesex County Records, III, 284. The Weekly Intelligencer, Oct. 7, 1650, refers to the hanging of a witch at the Old Bailey, probably Joan.

1650. Leicester. Anne Chettle searched and acquitted. Tried again two years later. Result unknown. Leicestershire and Rutland Notes and Queries, I, 247; James Thompson, Leicester (Leicester, 1849), 406.

1650. Alnwick. Dorothy Swinow, wife of a colonel, indicted. Nothing further came of it. Wonderfull News from the North (1650).

1650. Middlesex. Elizabeth Smith acquitted. Middlesex County Records, III, 284.

c. 1650-60. St. Alban's, Herts. Two witches suspected and probably tried. Drage, Daimonomageia (1665), 40-41.

1651. Yorkshire. Margaret Morton acquitted. York Depositions, 38.

1651. Middlesex. Elizabeth Lanam of Stepney acquitted. Middlesex County Records, III, 202, 285.

1651. Colchester, Essex. John Lock sentenced to one year's imprisonment and four appearances in the pillory. Brit. Mus., Stowe MSS., 840, fol. 43.

1652. Yorkshire. Hester France of Huddersfield accused before the justice of the peace. York Depositions, 51.

1652. Maidstone, Kent. Six women hanged, others indicted. A Prodigious and Tragicall History of the Arraignment ... of six Witches at Maidstone ... by "H. F. Gent.," 1652; The Faithful Scout, July 30-Aug. 7, 1652; Ashmole's Diary in Lives of Ashmole and Lilly (London, 1774), 316.

1652. Middlesex. Joan Peterson of Wapping acquitted on one charge, found guilty on another, and hanged. Middlesex County Records, III, 287; The Witch of Wapping; A Declaration in Answer to several lying Pamphlets concerning the Witch of Wapping; The Tryall and Examinations of Mrs. Joan Peterson; French Intelligencer, Apr. 6-13, 1652; Mercurius Democritus, Apr. 7-14, 1652; Weekly Intelligencer, April 6-13, 1652; Faithful Scout, Apr. 9-16, 1652.

1652. London. Susan Simpson acquitted. A True and Perfect List of the Names of those Prisoners in Newgate (London, 1652).

1652. Worcester. Catherine Huxley of Evesham, charged with bewitching a nine-year-old girl, hanged. Baxter, Certainty of the World of Spirits (London, 1691), 44-45. Baxter's narrative was sent him by "the now Minister of the place."

1652. Middlesex. Temperance Fossett of Whitechapel acquitted. Middlesex County Records, III, 208, 288.

1652. Middlesex. Margery Scott of St Martin's-in-the-Fields acquitted. Ibid., 209.

1652. Scarborough, Yorkshire. Anne Marchant or Hunnam accused and searched. J. B. Baker, History of Scarborough (London, 1882), 481, using local records.

1652. Durham. Francis Adamson and ---- Powle executed. Richardson, Table Book, I, 286.

1652. Exeter, Devonshire. Joan Baker committed. Cotton, Gleanings ... Relative to the History of ... Exeter (Exeter, 1877), 149.

1652. Wilts. William Starr accused and searched. Hist. MSS. Comm. Reports, Various, I, 127.

1652-53. Cornwall. A witch near Land's End accused, and accuses others. Eight sent to Launceston gaol. Some probably executed (see above, p. 218 and footnotes 24, 25). Mercurius Politicus, Nov. 24-Dec. 2, 1653; R. and O. B. Peter, The Histories of Launceston and Dunheved (Plymouth, 1885), 285. See also Burthogge, Essay upon Reason and the Nature of Spirits (London, 1694), 196.

1653. Wilts. Joan Baker of the Devizes makes complaint because two persons have reported her to be a witch. Hist. MSS. Comm. Reports, Various, I, 127. Is this the Joan Baker of Exeter mentioned a few lines above?

1653. Wilts. Joan Price of Malmesbury and Elizabeth Beeman of the Devizes indicted, the latter committed to the assizes. Ibid.

1653. Yorkshire. Elizabeth Lambe accused. York Depositions, 58.

1653. Middlesex. Elizabeth Newman of Whitechapel acquitted on one charge, found guilty on another, and sentenced to be hanged. Middlesex County Records, III, 217, 218, 289.

1653. Middlesex. Barbara Bartle of Stepney acquitted. Ibid., 216.

1653. Leeds, Yorkshire. Isabel Emott indicted for witchcraft upon cattle. Hist. MSS. Comm. Reports, IX, pt. 1, 325 b.

1653. Salisbury, Wilts. Anne Bodenham of Fisherton Anger hanged. Doctor Lamb Revived; Doctor Lamb's Darling; Aubrey, Folk-Lore and Gentilisme (Folk-Lore Soc.), 261; Henry More, An Antidote against Atheisme, bk. III, chap. VII.

1654. Yorkshire. Anne Greene of Gargrave examined. York Depositions, 64-65.

1654. Yorkshire. Elizabeth Roberts of Beverley examined. Ibid., 67.

1654. Wilts. Christiana Weekes of Cleves Pepper, who had been twice before accused in recent sessions, charged with telling where lost goods could be found. "Other conjurers" charged at the same time. Hist. MSS. Comm. Reports, Various, I, 120. See above, 1610, Norfolk.

1654. Exeter. Diana Crosse committed. Cotton, Gleanings ... Relative to the History of ... Exeter, 150.

1654. Wilts. Elizabeth Loudon committed on suspicion. Hist. MSS. Comm. Reports, Various, I, 129.

1654. Whitechapel, Middlesex. Grace Boxe, arraigned on three charges, acquitted. Acquitted again in 1656. Middlesex County Records, III, 223, 293.

1655. Yorkshire. Katherine Earle committed and searched. York Depositions, 69.

1655. Salisbury. Margaret Gyngell convicted. Pardoned by the Lord Protector. F. A. Inderwick, The Interregnum, 188-189.

1655. Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk. Mother and daughter Boram said to have been hanged. Hutchinson, An Historical Essay concerning Witchcraft, 38.

1656. Yorkshire. Jennet and George Benton of Wakefield examined. York Depositions, 74.

1656. Yorkshire. William and Mary Wade committed for bewitching the daughter of Lady Mallory. York Depositions, 75-78.

1657. Middlesex. Katharine Evans of Fulham acquitted. Middlesex County Records, III, 263.

1657. Middlesex. Elizabeth Crowley of Stepney acquitted, but detained in the house of correction. Middlesex County Records, III, 266, 295.

1657. Gisborough, Yorkshire. Robert Conyers, "gent.," accused. North Riding Record Society, V, 259.

1658. Exeter. Thomas Harvey of Oakham, Rutlandshire, "apprehended by order of Council by a party of soldiers," acquitted at Exeter assizes, but detained in custody. Cal. St. P., Dom., 1658-1659, 169.

1658. Chard, Somerset. Jane Brooks of Shepton Mallet hanged. Glanvill, Sadducismus Triumphatus (1681), pt. ii, 120-122. (Glanvill used Hunt's book of examinations). J. E. Farbrother, Shepton Mallet; notes on its history, ancient, descriptive and natural (1860), 141.

1658. Exeter. Joan Furnace accused. Cotton, Gleanings ... Relative to the History of ... Exeter, 152.

1658. Yorkshire. Some women said to have been accused by two maids. The woman "cast" by the jury. The judges gave a "respite." Story not entirely trustworthy. The most true and wonderfull Narration of two women bewitched in Yorkshire ... (1658).

1658. Wapping, Middlesex. Lydia Rogers accused. A More Exact Relation of the most lamentable and horrid Contract which Lydia Rogers ... made with the Divel (1658). See app. A, § 5, for another tract.

1658. Northamptonshire. Some witches of Welton said to have been examined. Glanvill, Sadducismus Triumphatus (1681), pt. ii, 263-268.

1658. Salisbury, Wilts. The widow Orchard said to have been executed. From a MS. letter of 1685-86, printed in the Gentleman's Magazine, 1832, pt. I, 405-410.

1659. Norwich, Norfolk. Mary Oliver burnt. P. Brown, History of Norwich, 39. Francis Blomefield, An Essay towards a Topographical History of the County of Norfolk (London, 1805-1810), III, 401.

1659. Middlesex. Elizabeth Kennett of Stepney accused. Middlesex County Records, III, 278, 299.

1659. Hertfordshire. "Goody Free" accused of killing by witchcraft. Hertfordshire County Sessions Rolls, I, 126, 129.

1659-1660. Northumberland. Elizabeth Simpson of Tynemouth accused. York Depositions, 82.

1660. Worcester. Joan Bibb of Rushock received £20 damages for being ducked. Gentleman's Magazine, 1856, pt. I, 39, from a letter of J. Noake of Worcester, who used the Townshend MSS.

1660. Worcester. A widow and her two daughters, and a man, from Kidderminster, tried. "Little proved." Copied from the Townshend MSS. by Nash, in his Collections for the History of Worcestershire (1781-1799), II, 38.

1660. Newcastle. Two suspected women detained in prison. Extracts from the Municipal Accounts of Newcastle-upon-Tyne in M. A. Richardson, Reprints of Rare Tracts ... illustrative of the History of the Northern Counties (Newcastle, 1843-1847), III, 57.

1660. Canterbury, Kent. Several witches said to have been executed. W. Welfitt ("Civis"), Minutes of Canterbury (Canterbury, 1801-1802), no. X.

c. 1660. Sussex. A woman who had been formerly tried at Maidstone watched and searched. MS. quoted in Sussex Archæol. Collections, XVIII, 111-113; see also Samuel Clarke, A Mirrour or Looking Glasse both for Saints and Sinners, II, 593-596.

1661. Hertfordshire. Frances Bailey of Broxbourn complained of abuse by those who believed her a witch. Hertfordshire County Sessions Rolls, I, 137.

1661. Newcastle. Jane Watson examined before the mayor. York Depositions, 92-93.

1661. Newcastle. Margaret Catherwood and two other women examined before the mayor. Ibid., 88.

1663. Somerset. Elizabeth Style died before execution. Glanvill, Sadducismus Triumphatus, pt. ii, 127-146. For copies of three depositions about Elizabeth Style, see Gentleman's Magazine, 1837, pt. ii, 256-257.

1663. Taunton, Somerset. Julian Cox hanged. Glanvill, Sadducismus Triumphatus, pt. ii, 191-198.

1663-64. Newcastle. Dorothy Stranger accused before the mayor. York Depositions, 112-114.

1664. Somerset. A "hellish knot" of witches (Hutchinson says twelve) accused before justice of the peace Robert Hunt. His discovery stopped by "some of them in authority." Glanvill, Sadducismus Triumphatus, pt. ii, 256-257. But see case of Elizabeth Style above.

1664. Somerset. A witch condemned at the assizes. She may have been one of those brought before Hunt. Cal. St. P., Dom., 1663-1664, 552.

1664. Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk. Rose Cullender and Amy Duny condemned. A Tryal of Witches at ... Bury St. Edmunds (1682).

1664. Newcastle. Jane Simpson, Isabell Atcheson and Katharine Curry accused before the mayor. York Depositions, 124.

1664. York. Alice Huson and Doll Dilby tried. Both made confessions. Copied for A Collection of Modern Relations (see p. 52) from a paper written by the justice of the peace, Corbet.

1665. Wilts. Jone Mereweather of Weeke in Bishop's Cannings committed. Hist. MSS. Comm. Reports, Various, I, 147.

1665. Newcastle. Mrs. Pepper accused before the mayor. York Depositions, 127.

1665. Three persons convicted of murder and executed for killing a supposed witch. Joseph Hunter, Life of Heywood (London, 1842), 167-168, note.

1666. Lancashire. Four witches of Haigh examined, two committed but probably acquitted. Cal. St. P., Dom., 1665-1666, 225.

1667. Newcastle, Northumberland. Emmy Gaskin of Landgate accused before the mayor. York Depositions, 154.

1667. Norfolk. A fortune-teller or conjuror condemned to imprisonment. Cal. St. P., Dom., 1667, 30.

1667. Ipswich, Suffolk. Two witches possibly imprisoned. Story doubtful. Cal. St. P., Dom., 1667-1668, 4.

1667. Devizes, Wilts. "An old woman" imprisoned, charged with bewitching by making and pricking an image. Blagrave, Astrological Practice (London 1689), 90, 103.

1667. Lancashire. Widow Bridge and her sister, Margaret Loy, both of Liverpool, accused. The Moore Rental (Chetham Soc., 1847), 59-60.

1668. Durham. Alice Armstrong of Strotton tried, but almost certainly acquitted. Tried twice again in the next year with the same result. Sykes, Local Records, II, 369.

1668. Warwick. Many witches "said to be in hold." Cal. St. P., Dom., 1668-1669, 25.

1669. Hertfordshire. John Allen of Stondon indicted for calling Joan Mills a witch. Hertfordshire County Sessions Rolls, I, 217.

1670. Yorkshire. Anne Wilkinson acquitted. York Depositions, 176 and note.

1670. Latton Wilts. Jane Townshend accused. Hist. MSS. Comm. Reports, Various. I, 150-151.

1670. Wilts. Elizabeth Peacock acquitted. See Inderwick's list of witch trials in the western circuit, in his Sidelights on the Stuarts (London, 1888), 190-194. Hereafter the reference "Inderwick" will mean this list. See also above, p. 269, note.

1670. Devonshire. Elizabeth Eburye and Aliena Walter acquitted. Inderwick.

1670. Somerset. Anne Slade acquitted on two indictments. Inderwick.

1670. Bucks. Ann Clarke reprieved. Cal. St. P., Dom., 1670, 388.

1671. Devonshire. Johanna Elford acquitted. Inderwick.

1671. Devonshire. Margaret Heddon acquitted on two indictments. Inderwick.

1671. Falmouth. Several witches acquitted. Cal. St. P., Dom., 1671, 105, 171. Perhaps identical with the three, two men and a woman, mentioned by Inderwick as acquitted in Cornwall.

1672. Somerset. Margaret Stevens acquitted on two indictments. Inderwick.

1672. Devonshire. Phelippa Bruen acquitted on four indictments. Inderwick.

1672. Wilts. Elizabeth Mills acquitted on two indictments. Inderwick.

1672. Wilts. Elizabeth Peacock, who had been acquitted two years before, acquitted on five indictments. Judith Witchell acquitted on two, found guilty on a third. She and Ann Tilling sentenced to execution. They must have been reprieved. Inderwick; Gentleman's Magazine, 1832, pt. II, p. 489-492.

1673. Yorkshire, Northumberland, and Durham. At least twenty-three women and six men accused to various justices of the peace by Ann Armstrong, who confessed to being present at witch meetings, and who acted as a witch discoverer. Some of those whom she accused were accused by others. Margaret Milburne, whom she seems not to have mentioned, also accused, York Depositions, 191-202.

1674. Northampton. Ann Foster said to have been hanged for destroying sheep and burning barns by witchcraft. A Full and True Relation of The Tryal, Condemnation, and Execution of Ann Foster (1674).

1674. Middlesex. Elizabeth Row of Hackney held in bail for her appearance at Quarter Sessions. Middlesex County Records, IV, 42-43.

1674. Southton, Somerset. John and Agnes Knipp acquitted. Inderwick.

1674? (see above, p. 269, note). Salisbury. Woman acquitted, but kept in gaol. North, Life of North, 130, 131.

1674-75. Lancashire. Joseph Hinchcliffe and his wife bound over to appear at the assizes. He committed suicide and his wife died soon after. York Depositions, 208; Oliver Heywood's Diary (1881-1885), I, 362.

1675. Southton, Somerset. Martha Rylens acquitted on five indictments. Inderwick.

1676. Devonshire. Susannah Daye acquitted. Inderwick.

1676. Cornwall. Mary Clarkson acquitted. Inderwick.

c. 1679. Ely, Cambridgeshire. Witch condemned, but reprieved. Hutchinson, Historical Essay concerning Witchcraft, 41.

c. 1680. Somerset. Anna Rawlins acquitted. Inderwick.

c. 1680. Derbyshire. Elizabeth Hole of Wingerworth accused and committed for charging a baronet with witchcraft. J. C. Cox, Three Centuries of Derbyshire Annals, II, 90.

1680. Yorkshire, Elizabeth Fenwick of Longwitton acquitted. York Depositions, 247.

1682. London. Jane Kent acquitted. A Full and True Account ... but more especially the Tryall of Jane Kent for Witchcraft (1682).

1682. Surrey. Joan Butts acquitted. Strange and Wonderfull News from Yowell in Surry (1681); An Account of the Tryal and Examination of Joan Buts (1682).

1682. Devonshire. Temperance Lloyd acquitted on one indictment, found guilty on another. Susanna Edwards and Mary Trembles found guilty. All three executed. Inderwick; North, Life of North, 130; see also app. A, § 6, above.

1682-88. Northumberland. Margaret Stothard of Edlingham accused. E. Mackenzie, History of Northumberland, II, 33-36.

1683. London. Jane Dodson acquitted. An Account of the Whole Proceedings at the Sessions Holden at the Sessions House in the Old Baily ... (1683).

1683. Somerset. Elenora, Susannah, and Marie Harris, and Anna Clarke acquitted. Inderwick.

1684. Devonshire. Alicia Molland found guilty. Inderwick.

1685. Devonshire. Jane Vallet acquitted on three indictments. Inderwick.

temp. Carol. II. Devonshire. Agnes Ryder of Woodbury accused, probably committed. A. H. A. Hamilton, Quarter Sessions chiefly in Devon (London, 1878), 220.

temp. Carol. II. Ipswich, Suffolk. A woman in prison. William Drage, Daimonomageia, 11.

temp. Carol. II. Herts. Two suspected witches of Baldock ducked. Ibid., 40.

temp. Carol. II. St. Albans, Herts. Man and woman imprisoned. Woman ducked. Ibid.

temp. Carol. II. Taunton Dean, Somerset. Man acquitted. North, Life of North, 131.

1685-86. Malmesbury, Wilts. Fourteen persons accused, among whom were the three women, Peacock, Tilling and Witchell, who had been tried in 1672. Eleven set at liberty; Peacock, Tilling and Witchell kept in prison awhile, probably released eventually. Gentleman's Magazine, 1832, pt. I, 489-492.

1686. Somerset. Honora Phippan acquitted on two indictments. Inderwick.

1686. Cornwall. Jane Noal, alias Nickless, alias Nicholas, and Betty Seeze committed to Launceston gaol for bewitching a fifteen-year-old boy. We know from Inderwick that Jane Nicholas was acquitted. A True Account of ... John Tonken of Pensans in Cornwall (1686).

1687. York. Witch condemned, probably reprieved. Memoirs and Travels of Sir John Reresby (London, 1812), 329.

1687. Dorset. Dewnes Knumerton and Elizabeth Hengler acquitted. Inderwick. For examination of first see Roberts, Southern Counties, 525-526.

1687. Wilts. M. Parle acquitted. Inderwick.

1687. Devonshire. Abigail Handford acquitted. Inderwick.

1689. Wilts. Margareta Young condemned but reprieved. Christiana Dunne acquitted. Inderwick.

1690. Taunton, Somerset. Elizabeth Farrier (Carrier), Margaret Coombes and Ann Moore committed. Coombes died in prison at Brewton. The other two acquitted at the assizes. Inderwick; Baxter, Certainty of the World of Spirits, 74-75.

1692. Wilts. Woman committed. Hist. MSS. Comm. Reports, Various, I, 160.

1693. Suffolk. Widow Chambers of Upaston committed, died in gaol. Hutchinson, Historical Essay concerning Witchcraft, 42.

1693-94. Devonshire. Dorothy Case acquitted on three indictments. Inderwick.

1693-94. Devonshire. Katherine Williams acquitted. Inderwick.

1694. Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk. Mother Munnings of Hartis acquitted. Hutchinson, op. cit., 43.

1694. Somerset. Action brought against three men for swimming Margaret Waddam. Hist. MSS. Comm. Reports, Various, I, 160.

1694. Ipswich, Suffolk. Margaret Elnore acquitted. Hutchinson, 44.

1694. Kent. Ann Hart of Sandwich convicted, but went free under a general act of pardon. W. Boys, Collections for an History of Sandwich, 718.

1694-95. Devonshire. Clara Roach acquitted. Inderwick.

1695. Launceston, Cornwall. Mary Guy or Daye acquitted. Hutchinson, 44-45; Inderwick gives the name as Maria Daye (or Guy) and puts the trial in Devonshire in 1696.

1696. Devonshire. Elizabeth Horner acquitted on three indictments, Hutchinson, 45; Inderwick. See also letter from sub-dean Blackburne to the Bishop of Exeter in Brand, Popular Antiquities (ed. of 1905), II, 648-649.

1698-99. Wilts. Ruth Young acquitted. Inderwick.

1700. Dorset. Anne Grantly and Margaretta Way acquitted. Inderwick.

1700-10. Lancashire. A woman of Chowbent searched and committed. Died before the assizes. MS. quoted by Harland and Wilkinson, Lancashire Folk-Lore (London, 1867), 207; also E. Baines, Lancaster, II, 203.

1701. Southwark. Sarah Morduck, who had been before acquitted at Guildford, and who had unsuccessfully appealed to a justice in London against her persecutor, tried and acquitted. Hutchinson, 46. The Tryal of Richard Hathaway (1702); A Full and True Account of the Apprehending and Taking of Mrs. Sarah Moordike (1701); A short Account of the Trial held at Surry Assizes, in the Borough of Southwark (1702). See above, app. A, § 7.

1701. Kingston, Surrey. Woman acquitted. Notes and Queries (April 10, 1909), quoting from the London Post of Aug. 1-4, 1701.

1701-02. Devonshire. Susanna Hanover acquitted. Inderwick.

1702-03. Wilts. Joanna Tanner acquitted. Inderwick.

1704. Middlesex. Sarah Griffiths committed to Bridewell. A Full and True Account ... of a Notorious Witch (London, 1704).

1705. Northampton. Two women said to have been burned here. Story improbable. See above, appendix A, § 10.

1707. Somerset. Maria Stevens acquitted. Inderwick.

1712. Hertford. Jane Wenham condemned, but reprieved. See footnotes to chapter XIII and app. A, § 9.

1716. Huntingdon. Two witches, a mother and daughter, said to have been executed here. Story improbable. See above, app. A, § 10.

1717. Leicester. Jane Clark and her daughter said to have been tried. Leicestershire and Rutland Notes and Queries, I, 247.

1717. Leicester. Mother Norton and her daughter acquitted. Brit. Mus., Add. MSS., 35,838, fol. 404.

I am unwilling to close this work without an expression of my gratitude to the libraries, on both sides of the sea, which have so generously welcomed me to the use of their books and pamphlets on English witchcraft--many of them excessively rare and precious. They have made possible this study. My debt is especially great to the libraries of the British Museum and of Lambeth Palace at London, to the Bodleian Library at Oxford, and in America to the Boston Athenæum and to the university libraries of Yale and Harvard. To the unrivalled White collection at Cornell my obligation is deepest of all.

The references in this list, together with the account, in appendix A, of the pamphlet literature of witchcraft, are designed to take the place of a formal bibliography. That the list of cases here given is complete can hardly be hoped. Crude though its materials compel it to be, the author believes it may prove useful. He hopes in the course of time to make it more complete, and to that end will gladly welcome information respecting other trials.

INDEX.

Abbot, George, Archbishop of Canterbury, 141 n., 233-234

Abbott, Alice, 132 n.

Abingdon, 27, 347, 387

Account of the ... Proceedings ... in the Old Baily, cited, 416

Acton, 404

Acts of the Privy Council, cited, 26 n., 28 n., 30 n., 347, 384, 385, 388, 390

Adams, W. H. Davenport, cited, 188 n., 376

Adamson, Francis, 409

Addison, Joseph, 340-341

Ady, Thomas, 238, 241-242, 310. Cited, 180, 184 n., 225 n., 404

Agrippa, Cornelius, 62

Aikin, Lucy, cited, 143 n.

Aldeburgh, 182, 183, 191 n., 193, 200 n., 405

Alene, case of, 13

Alfred the Great, 2

Allen, Joan, 408, 414

Alnwick, 390, 408

Altham, Sir James, 112, 113, 125

Anderson, Sir Edmund, 51, 56 n., 78, 84, 102, 350, 354, 355

Andrews, William, cited, 137 n., 396

Anne, Princess of Denmark, her marriage to James I, 94

Annual Register, cited, 141 n., 398

Archæologia, cited, 10 n., 391

Archæologia Cantiana, cited, 21 n., 29 n., 385, 389, 392, 393

Archer, John, 273, 282; conducts Cox trial, 260-261

Armstrong, Ann, 281-282, 415

Arnold, Mother, 386

Ashmole, Elias, cited, 216, 365, 408

Ashmolean Museum, at Oxford, 216

Ashton, John, cited, 188 n., 351, 366, 376

Ashwell, John, 7

Aspine, Martha, 107

Assembly, the witch. See Sabbath

Assheton, R., 158 n., 401

Atcheson, Isabell, 413

Aubrey, John, his credulity, 306. Cited, 162 n., 212 n., 365, 402, 410

Audley, vicar of, 326

Autobiography of Edward Underhill, cited, 13 n.

Avery, "Master," 110, 130-132, 357, 384

B., R. See Burton, Richard.

Bacon, Francis, 246-247. Cited, 246 n., 247 n.

Baddeley, Richard, 141 n., 142 n., 359

Bailey, Frances, 412

Bailey, the Old, 108 n.

Baines, Edward, cited, 147 n., 149 n., 150 n., 158 n., 392, 401, 419

Baker, Alexander, 154

Baker, Anne, 133 n., 399

Baker, J. B., cited, 409

Baker, Joan, of Devizes, 217, 409

Baker, Joan, of Exeter, 409

Baker, Mother, 59-60

Bakewell, affair of, 137, 384, 396

Baldock, 417

Bamfield, Ellen, 389

Bamford, James, 353

Bancroft, Richard, as Bishop of London, 84-89; as Archbishop of Canterbury, 88 n., 89, 233, 346, 353

Bangor, Bishop of, 397

Barber, Mary, 383

Bark, Ellen, 394

Barking, 386

Barlowe, wife of John, 401

Barnet, 392

Barringer, Joan, 390

Barrow, Dr., of Cambridge, 47

Barrow, Isaac, 308 and n., 311

Barrow, James, 256-237

Barrow, John, 256

Bartell, Elizabeth, 389

Bartham, Doll, 350

Bartham, Oliffe, 394

Bartle, Barbara, 410

Barton, 404

Barton, Elizabeth, the "Holy Maid of Kent," 58

Basel, 15 n.

Bastard, Alice, 402

Batcombe, 34, 236

Bate, William, 397

Bates, Dr., cited, 337 n.

Bateson, Mary, cited, 392

Bath and Wells, Bishop of, 162 n.

Bath and Wells, chancellor of the Bishop of, 235

Batte, 38

Baxter, Richard, 196, 316, 336-339. Cited, 216 n., 337 n., 409, 418

Beaumont, John, 336, 339. Cited, 273 n., 275 n.

Beaumont, Susan, 407

Beaver, Anne, 400

Bedford, Duchess of, 4, 9, 49

Bedford, trials at, no, 117, 135-136, 383, 398, 402, 404

Bedfordshire, 107, 115, 118, 119, 179 n., 187, 200 n., 406

Bee, Jesse, 349

Beeman, Elizabeth, 409

Beigel, H., 346

Bekker, Balthazar, 339

Bel and the Dragon, book of, 97

Belcher, Elizabeth, 130-132, 230, 357, 384

Belvoir Castle, witchcraft at, 132-134

Bennett, Elizabeth, 42-43

Bennett, Gervase, 219

Bentham, Thomas, Bishop of Coventry and Lichfield, 15 n.

Bentley, Alice, 394

Benton, George, 411

Benton, Jennet, 411

Beriman, Helen, 387

Berkhampstead, 257

Berks, 387, 403

Bernard, Richard, 165, 234-236, 241, 293, 303 n., 361, 401. Cited, 398

Berrye, Agnes, 384, 399

Berwick, 201, 206, 207, 209, 252 n., 253, 391, 393, 407

Beverley, 410

Bexwell, Rosa, 52 n., 394

Bibb, Joan, 412

Bill, Arthur, 106-107, 132 n., 383

Bilson, boy of. See Bilston

Bilson, Thomas, Bishop of Winchester, 234

Bilston, boy of, 140, 141-142, 151, 152, 323, 400

Binkes, Anne, 192 n., 404

Bishop Burton, 394

Bishop's Cannings, 413

Blackburne, Launcelot, 321, 418

Blackmail, charge of, 149, 153

Blagrave, Joseph, cited, 414

Blomefield, Francis, cited, 412

Bodenham, Anne, trial of, 210-213, 363, 410

Bodine (Bodin), 69 n.

Bodmin, 405

Bohemia, Queen of, 158

Bokes-wharfe, 394

Bolingbroke, Roger, 8, 9

Boram, mother and daughter, 411

Boram, wife of, 385

Boreham of Sudbury, 404

Bottesford, 134 n.

Boulton, Richard, 336, 339-340, 348

Bourne, John, 390

Bovet, Richard, 303 and n.

Bower, Edmond, 212, 216, 364, 365

Bowes, Lady, 356

Bowes, Sir Thomas, 167 n.

Boxe, Grace, 410

Boyle, Sir Robert, 337 and n.; opinions of, 305-306 and n.

Boys, the Rev. Mr., 331-332

Boys, William, cited 401, 403, 418

Bracton, cited, 128 n.

Bradley, Alice, 396

Bradwell, Stephen, cited, 395

Bragge, Francis, 325-336, 373-375

Bramford, 404

Branche, Anne, 399

Brand, John, cited, 208 n., 321 n., 407

Brandeston, 175, 179 n., 379

Braynford, 392

Brerely, Alice, 393

Brereton, Sir William, 158. Cited, 158 n.

Brewton, 418

Bridewell, 419

Bridge, widow, 414

Bridgeman, Henry, Bishop of Chester, 152-157, 402

Bridges, Agnes, 30 n., 59, 88 n., 351

Brightling, 282

Brinley, John, 303

Bristol, 118, 392, 400

Britannicus, 252

Britton, 5, 6. Cited, 128

Brome, Richard, 159, 244, 306

Bromley, Sir Edward, 113, 125, 134

Brooks, Jane, 221, 222, 411

Brown, Agnes, trial of, 35, 36, 110, 115, 357, 384

Brown, Joan, 130, 131, 132, 357

Browne, Margaret, 386

Browne, P., cited, 406

Browne, Richard, 183 n.

Browne, Sir Thomas, 266-267, 305, 311

Broxbourn, 412

Bruen, Philippa, 415

Bruff, Martha, 405

Brumley, Dorothy, 406

Bucer, Martin, 15 n., 88 n.

Buckingham, George Villiers, Duke of, 134 n.

Buckinghamshire, 74, 388, 415

Bulcock, Jane and John, 383

Bull, Edmund, 401, 402

Bullinger, 15 n.

Burghley, William Cecil, Lord, 19 n., 25 n., 27

Burman, Charles, cited, 216 n.

Burnet, Bishop Gilbert, 248 n. Cited, 268 n.

Burnham-Ulpe, 356

Burntwood, 386

Burr, George L., cited, 3 n.

Burthogge, Richard, 340. Cited, 218 n., 409

Burton, Richard ("R. B."), 339 n. Cited, 395, 403

Burton, Robert, 245

Burton, boy of, named by Ben Jonson, 92. See also Darling, Thomas

Burton-upon-Trent, 76, 85, 392

Bury, Thomas, 380

Bury St. Edmunds, 177-181, 192, 194, 200, 204, 261-267, 305, 321, 361, 378, 379, 393, 394, 404, 411, 413, 418

Bush, of Barton, 404

Buske, Mother, 385

Butcher, Elizabeth, 389

Butler's Hudibras on Matthew Hopkins, 165, 194

Butts, Joan, trial of, 277, 416

Byett, William, 46 n.

Byles, Andrew, 35

Byrom, Margaret, 52

Bysack, of Waldingfield, 404

Calamy, Edmund, the elder, 178

Calendar of Patent Rolls, cited, 7 n.

Calendar of the Proceedings of the Committee for the Advance of Money, cited, 164 n.

Calendars of State Papers, cited, 26 n. and passim

Calvin, 64, 65, 87 n.

Cambridge, 139, 179 n., 279, 396

Cambridge University, 48, 89, 228, 229, 235, 238, 276, 374; Queen's College, 143, 348; Christ's College, 227; Emmanuel College, 228 n.; Trinity College, 308

Cambridgeshire, 111, 184, 200 n., 331, 405, 406, 416

Camfield, Andrew, 399

Camfield, Benjamin, 303, 307

Canterbury, 201, 255, 385, 386, 412

Canterbury, Archbishop of. See Warham, William; Cranmer, Thomas; Parker, Matthew; Grindall, Edmund; Whitgift, John; Bancroft, Richard; Abbot, George

Carbury, John, Earl of, 339 n.

Cariden, Joan, 201 n., 405

Carnarvon, 118, 397

Carr, Robert, 232

Carrier, Elizabeth, 418

Carrington, John, 317, 319 n., 372

Carshoggil, laird of, 96

Carter, Richard, 170 n.

Casaubon, Meric, 238-240, 293-299, 307. Cited, 240 n., 293 n., 294 n., 403

Cason, Joan, trial of, 54, 390

Castleton, 393

Cecil, William, Lord Burghley. See Burghley

Celles, Cystley, 45

Certaine Informations, cited, 403

Chalmers, Alexander, cited, 328 n.

Chamberlain, letter of, 115 n.

Chambers, widow, 418

Chandler, Alice, case of, 38 n., 385

Chandler, Elizabeth, 187 n.

Chandler, Mary, 185

Chandler, R., 212

Chandos, daughter of Lady, 385

Chapbook, the witch, 33

Chard, 221, 411

Charles I, 146, 152, 154, 158, 161, 199, 234, 323; growth of skepticism as to witches in his reign, 162-163

Charles II, 248, 254, 262, 276, 306; witchcraft in his reign, 255

Charlewood, J., 350

Chatterish, 406

Chattox, Anne, 109, 121-122, 126 n., 127, 383

Chaucer, Geoffrey, 89

Chauncy, Arthur, 327

Chauncy, Sir Henry, 324, 326, 375

Chelmsford, 34-41, 43, 46, 166-174, 178, 188 n., 200, 204, 346, 363, 376, 378, 385, 387, 390, 400, 403; trials of 1566 at, 34-38, 385; trials of 1579 at, 38-40, 387; trials of 1589 at, 40, 390; trials of 1645 at, 166-174, 403

Cherrie, of Thrapston, case of, 184-185

Cheshire, 118, 232 n.

Chester, Bishop of. See Bridgeman, Henry

Chettell, "Mistress," 385

Chettle, Anne, 218, 408

Chichester, Bishop of, 12. See also Harsnett, Samuel

Chinting, 387

Chishull, the Rev. Mr., 328

Chittam, Henry, 387

Chowbent, 419

Christ's College, Cambridge, 227

Chronicon Mirabile, cited, 208 n., 407

Church, the trials for sorcery under, 6-8; statute of Henry VIII not aimed to limit, 10; state ready to reclaim jurisdiction from, 24; penalties under, 28, 30; gradual transfer to state of witchcraft cases, 30-31

Clarke, of Keiston, 185-186

Clarke, Ann, 415, 417

Clarke, Elizabeth, 166-175

Clarke, Helen, 169

Clarke, Jane, 141-142, 419

Clarke, Sir Robert, 54

Clarke, Samuel, cited, 177, 307, 361, 404, 412

Clarke, William, his letter to Speaker Lenthall, 225 n.

Clarkson, Mary, 416

Clerkenwell, 389

Cleves, Pepper, 397, 410

Cleworth, 52, 149 n.

Clinton, Lord, 12

Clouues, William, 24 n.

Clutterbuck, Robert, cited, 328 n.

Cobbett, William, cited, 102 n.

Cobham, Eleanor, Duchess of Gloucester, 4, 8

Cobham, Lord, 12

Cock, Susan, 362, 376

Cocwra, Samuel, 387

Coke, Sir Edward, 102, 152, 228. Cited, 128 n., 396

Colchester, 388, 389, 391, 408

Cole, Henry, Jewel's controversy with, 16 n.

Cole, Thomas, 34, 346

Coleman, John, 388

Collection of Modern Relations, 279, 339 n. Cited, 146 n., 181 n., 402, 406, 407, 413

Collingham, 393

Coman, widow, case of, 331-332

Commission of Oyer and Terminer, 178, 192, 200

Committee of Both Kingdoms, 200

Commons' Journal, cited, 17 n., 103 n.

Conyers, Robert, 411

Cooke, Elizabeth, 397

Cooke, Mother, 392

Coombes, Margaret, 418

Cooper, C. H. and T., cited, 356

Cooper, John, 82 n.

Cooper, Thomas, 227, 231-232, 242. Cited, 398, 401

Corbet, 413

Corbolt. See Godbolt

Cornwall, 217, 218, 221, 224, 254, 276-277, 279, 320, 388, 405, 409, 415, 416, 417, 418

Cornwall, Henry, 170 n.

Cosyn, Edmund, 25

Cotta, John, 227, 229-231, 235, 237, 243. Cited, 130 n., 230 n., 231 n.

Cotton, William, cited, 217 n., 221 n., 224 n., 409, 410, 411

Council of State, 215, 219, 225, 226

Council Register, cited, 152 n., 154 n., 155 n.

"Countess" (Margaret Russel), 400

County Folk Lore, Suffolk, cited, 165 n., 176 n., 179 n., 194 n., 392, 404

Court of High Commission, 84, 86-87

Coventry, 232 n., 400

Coventry and Lichfield, Bishop of. See Bentham, Thomas

Coverdale, Miles, 15 n.

Coverley, Sir Roger de, 341

Cowper, Earl and Countess of, 328 n.

Cox, John Charles, cited, 137 n., 219 n., 324 n., 396

Cox, Julian, trial of, 260-261, 273, 282, 292, 310, 413

Cox, Richard, 15 n.

Coxe, Francis, trial of, 31 n., 351, 385

Cranbourne, Viscount, 115 n., 396

Cranmer, Thomas, Archbishop of Canterbury, 12, 58 n.

Crearey, Elizabeth, 400

Creeting, 404

Cricke, 404

Criminal Chronology of York Castle, cited, 224

Cromwell, Sir Henry, 48, 50

Cromwell, Lady, 48

Cromwell, Oliver, 48 n., 207, 212 n., 215, 219, 226, 237 n., 275

Cromwell, Richard, 220, 226

Cromwell, Thomas, 19

Crosse, Diana, 223-224, 410

Crossley, Elizabeth, 406, 411

Crossley, James, cited, 124 n., 147 n., 357, 380

Crouch, Nathaniel, 339 n.

Crump, Hannah, 257

Cruther, Joseph, 282

Cudworth, Ralph, 307

Cullender, Rose, 262, 310, 413

Culpepper, Nicholas, 403

Cumberland, 220, 224, 225, 407

Cunny, Joan, 347

Curry, Katharine, 413

Cushman, L. W., cited, 244 n.

Damages awarded accused, 324

Danvers, Sir John, 215

Darcy, Brian, 41, 42, 44 n., 45, 46 n., 348

Darling, Thomas, 76-78, 80, 85

Darrel, John, 74-87, 92, 138, 255, 315, 349, 352-356. Cited, 391, 392, 393, 394

Davenport, John, 187 n., 362

Daventry, 251

Davies, J. S., cited, 8 n.

Davis, Ralph, 375, 382

Daye, Mary, 418

Daye, Susannah, 416

Deacon, John, 353, 354

Dee, John, 52-53, 79

Deir, Mrs., 390

Dekker, Thomas, 244. Cited, 112 n., 359

Del Rio, 234

Demdike, Old (Elizabeth Southerns), 121-128

Denham, 74 n.

Denham, Sir John, 235

Denham Tracts, cited, 30 n., 219 n., 389, 390, 407

Denison, John, 78 n., 349

Denton, 360

Derby, 392

Derby, Archdeacon of, 83

Derby, Earl of, 392

Derbyshire, 52, 81, 118, 137, 219, 324, 390, 392, 396, 407

Descartes, 238

Devell, Mother, 28 n.

Device, Alizon, 111 n., 384

Device, Elizabeth, 108 n., 122-126, 383

Device, James, 126-127, 383

Device, Jennet, 113, 126-127

Devizes, 217, 409, 414

Devonshire, 254, 277, 409, 414-419

Dewse, Mrs., 390

Diary, A, or an Exact Journall, cited, 174 n.

Dickonson, Frances, 147, 152-160

Dilby, Doll, 413

Distribution of witchcraft, 118-119, 146, 224, 254-255

Doctrine of Devils, The, 296-297, 302 n.

Dodgson, Nathan, 256

Dodson, Jane, 416

Doncaster, 396

Dorrington, Doctor, 50 n.

Dorset, 385, 390, 417, 419

Dorset, Marquis of, 12

Drage, William, 367. Cited, 256-258 n., 279 n., 402, 408, 417

Drew, widow, 403

Ducke, Elizabeth, 386

Dugdale, Richard, 315-320, 329, 373

Duncane, Geillis, torture of, 95

Dungeon, Mother, 386

Dunne, Christiana, 418

Duny, Amy, trial of, 262-267, 310, 413

Durham, 119, 146, 210, 218, 219 n., 388, 389, 395, 401, 407, 409, 414, 415

Durham, Bishop of, 12; his Injunctions, cited, 388

Durham, Depositions ... from the Court of, cited, 21 n., 29 n., 385

Durham, vicar-general of the Bishop of, 117

Dutten, Mother, 28 n.

E., T., "Maister of Art," 388

Earle, Katherine, 223, 410

East Anglia, 51, 119, 184, 197, 255

Eburye, Elizabeth, 414

Eckington, 390

Edlingham, 416

Edmonds, Mr., 235 n.

Edmonton, 108, 112, 136 n., 383, 391, 400

Edward I, 6

Edward IV, 4, 9

Edward VI, 12, 88

Edwards, Richard, 169-170

Edwards, Susanna, 271-272, 368-369, 416

Elford, Johanna, 415

Elizabeth, 35-92, 93; number of executions in her reign compared with number under James, 105-106; spectral evidence in her reign, 110; distribution of witch cases, 118

Ellyse, Joan, 386

Elnore, Margaret, 418

Ely, 189, 279, 406, 416

Ely, Bishop of, 12, 15 n., 234

Emerson, a priest, 387

Emerson, Ann, 388

Emott, Isabel, 410

Emmanuel College, Cambridge, 228 n.

Endor, witch of, Scot's explanation of, 62; Filmer's explanation of, 241; Muggleton's explanation of, 295; Webster's explanation of, 298

Enfield, 384, 393, 399

Enger, Master, 110-111, 117, 118 and n., 135-136

Essex, 26, 41, 70 n., 90 n., 119, 146, 158, 166-174, 192, 195, 228 n., 331-332, 337, 385, 387, 388, 389, 390, 391, 394, 403, 408

Essex, Countess of, 144 n., 232-234

Essex, Earl of, 234

Ettrick, Anthony, 365

Evans, Katharine, 411

Evesham, 409

Exeter, 31 n., 216, 221, 223, 270-272, 278, 320-321, 409, 410, 411

Exeter, Bishop of, 418

Exeter College, Oxford, 285

Eye, witch of, 4

F., H., 172, 361

Fairclough, Samuel, 166 n., 177, 178

Fairfax, Edward, 111, 144-145, 249-250, 358, 359. Cited, 102 n., 142 n., 250 n., 395, 400

Fairfax, Sir Thomas, 360

Faithful Scout, The, cited, 213 n., 216, 365, 408

Falmouth, 415

Farbrother, J. E., cited, 411

Farington Papers, cited, 155 n.

Farnworth, Richard, 240 n.

Farrier, Elizabeth, 118

Faversham, 54, 201, 390, 405

Female juries, 108, 113, 171, 264, 271, 279, 330

Fenner, Edward, in Warboys trials, 49-50

Fenwick, Elizabeth, 279, 416

Ferris, Sibilla, 393

Fian, Dr., 94-96

Filmer, Sir Robert, 238, 241. Cited, 241 n.

Finchingfield, 228 n.

Finchley, 399

Fisher, Katharine, 406

Fisherton-Anger, 211, 410

Fishwick, cited, 372

Fize, Henry, 388

Flagellum Dæmonum, 79 n.

Fleta, 5

Flower, Joan and her daughters (Margaret and Philippa), case of, 115, 119 n., 132-134, 383, 399

Fludd, Robert, 286

Foljambe, Mrs. See Bowes, Lady

Folk Lore Journal, The, cited, 24 n., 401

Folkestone, 386

Ford, John, 359

Fortescue, Sir Anthony, case of, 25

Fortescue, Sir John, 34, 346

"Foscue, Master." See Fortescue, Sir John

Fossett, Temperance, 409

Foster, Ann, trial of, 282, 415

Fowles, Susanna, case of, 323 n.

Foxcroft, H. C., cited, 341 n.

France, Hester, 408

Francis, Elizabeth, her two trials, 35-40, 385

Francis, Mother, 400, 401

Frankfort, 15 n.

Frankland, Richard, 316, 319

Fraunces, Margaret, 394

Free, Goody, 412

Freeman, Alice, 84, 393

Freeman, Mary, 83

French Intelligencer, cited, 213 n., 215 n., 408

Fulham, 411

Fuller, John, cited, 207 n., 407

Fuller, Thomas, cited, 90 n., 139 n., 140 n., 143, 144

Fustis Dæmonum, cited, 79 n.

Gabley, Mother, 389

Gaddesden, Little, 256

Gairdner, James, cited, 9 n.

Gallis, Richard, 347

Gardiner, Mr. and Mrs., 324

Gardiner, the Rev. Mr., 375

Gardiner, Catherine, 132 n.

Gardiner, Ralph, cited, 208, 209 n., 407

Gargrave, 410

Garve, Mother, 387

Gaskin, Emmy, 414

Gateshead, 210, 219 n., 407

Gaule, John, 165, 174-175, 186-187, 192, 196, 236-237, 241, 242

Gee, John, cited, 139 n.

Geneva, 14, 15, 87 n., 233

Gentleman's Magazine, cited, 95 n., 143 n., 160 n., 269 n., 279 n., 359, 367, 389, 396, 401, 412, 413, 415, 417

Gerard, Sir Gilbert, 34, 346

Gerish, W. B., cited, 375

Gibbons, A., cited, 189 n., 406

Gibson, "Coz.," 222

Gifford, George, 54, 57 n., 70-72, 242, 243. Cited, 390, 394, 395

Gill, Helena, 390

Gilston, 328 n.

Gilston, Matthew, 335

Gisborough, 411

Glance of a witch, instances of, 111, 112, 135

Glanvill, Joseph, 101, 196 n., 238, 273-276, 285-293, 297, 299, 300, 303, 306, 307, 309, 310, 314, 327, 336, 337. Cited, 221 n., 222 n., 251 n., 260 n., 308 n., 405, 408, 411, 413

Globe theatre, The, 159

Gloucester, 208, 407

Gloucester, Duchess of, 4, 8

Gloucester, Richard of, 9

Glover, Mary, 138, 355, 395

Glover, Stephen, cited, 396

Godbolt, John, 178, 192

Godfrey, Agnes, 393, 397

Goldsmith, Mr., 332

"Good Witches," 21-27, 29, 220, 229, 259-260

Goodcole, Henry, 112, 359

Gooderidge, Alse, 76-78, 349, 392

Gooding, Elizabeth, 169-170

Gough, Richard, 375

Goulding, R. W., cited, 396, 401

Gordon, Rev. Alexander, cited, 317 n., 319 n.

Grainge, William, 360

Grame, Margaret, 391

"Grantam's curse," 88

Grantly, Anne, 419

Great Staughton, 186-187

"Great T.," "Mother W. of," 395

Great Yarmouth, 181, 386. See also Yarmouth

Greedie, Joan, 401

Green, Ellen, 399

Greene, Anne, 410

Greene, Ellen, 133 n.

Greenleife, Mary (of Alresford), 170-171

"Greenliefe of Barton," 404

Greenslet, Ferris, cited, 286 n.

Greenwel, Thomas, 371

Greenwich, 154

Grevell, Margaret, 44

Griffiths, Sarah, 419

Grimes, Mr., 332

Grimston, Sir Harbottle, 167 n.

Grindall, Edmund, Bp. of London, then Abp. of Canterbury, 15 n.

Guildford, 322

Guilford, Baron. See Francis North

Gunpowder Plot, 123, 232

Gurney, Elizabeth, 406

Guy, Mary, 418

Gyngell, Margaret, 225, 410

Habakkuk, transportation of, 97

Hackett, Margaret, 390

Hackney, 415

Haigh, 414

Hale, Sir Matthew, 67, 261-268, 283, 304, 321, 334, 336, 337, 339 n., 367

Hale, William H., cited, 10 n., 21 n., 22 n., 29 n., 385

Halifax, Marquis of, opinion of, 341

Hall, John, 352

Hall, Joseph, Bishop, 180

Hall, Mary, 256, 257

Halliwell-Phillips, J. O., 142 n., 306 n.

Hallybread, Rose, 362, 376

Hallywell, Henry, 303 and n., 304, 307

Hamilton, A. H. A., cited, 417

Hammer, 404

Hammersmith, case at, 323 n.

Hammond, of Westminster, 402

Hampstead, 396, 398

Hampton Court, 13

Handford, Abigail, 418

Hanover, Susanna, 419

Hansen, J., cited, 3 n.

Harington, Sir John, 140 n.

Harland and Wilkinson, cited, 419

Harmondsworth, 386

Harris, Alice, 132 n.

Harris, Eleonora, 417

Harris, Elizabeth, 201 n.

Harris, Marie, 417

Harris, Susannah, 419

Harrison, Mr., 44

Harrison, Henry, 388

Harrison, Johanna, of Royston, 108-109, 111, 135, 383, 396

Harrison, Margaret, 356

Harrison, William, 367

Harrod, H., cited, 182 n., 386, 389, 390, 405

Harrogate, 360

Harrow, Weald, 390

Harsnett, Samuel, later Abp. of York, 12, 51, 85-92, 138, 227, 233, 349, 353-356. Cited, 390-393

Hart, 389

Hart, Anne, 418

Hart, Prudence, 170

Hart Hall, Oxford, 57

Hartis, 418

Hartley, Edmund, 52, 79-80, 392

Harvey, Gabriel, 69 n.

Harvey, Joane, 400

Harvey, Thomas, 411

Harvey, William, 154, 160-162

Harwood, Goodwife, 256

Hatfield Peverel, 41

Hathaway, Richard, 322-324, 371

Hathericke, Sara, 401

Hatsell, Sir Henry, 323

Haverhill, 404

Hazlitt, W. C., cited, 350-352, 368

Heddenham, 406

Heddon, Margaret, 415

Hele, N. F., cited, 183 n., 191 n., 200 n., 405

Hemloke, Sir Henry, 324

Hempstead, 404

Hengler, Elizabeth, 417

Henry IV, 4, 7

Henry VI, 4, 7

Henry VIII, 20, 30, 58 n. See also Statutes.

Heptenstall, 406

Herbert, Sir Edward, 311 n.

Herd, Annis, 44, 388

Hereford, Bishop of, 12, 15 n.

Hertford, trials at 134-135, 314, 324-330, 383, 394, 396, 419

Hertfordshire, 118, 367, 374, 391, 392, 408, 412, 414, 417

Hertfordshire County Sessions, Rolls, cited, 21 n., 221 n., 391, 412, 414

Hewitt, Katherine, 383

Heylyn, Peter, cited, 143 n.

Heyrick, Robert, 141, 398

Heywood, Oliver, 256, 307, 316, 319. Cited, 416

Heywood, Thomas, 306 n.; play of, 158-159; opinions expressed in play of, 244-245. Cited, 244 n.

Hicke, Mr., 379

Hinchcliffe, Joseph, 416

Hist. MSS. Comm. Reports, cited, 114 n., and passim thereafter

Hitcham, 404

Hitchin, 367

Hoarstones, 148, 156

Hobart, Sir Henry, 134

Hobbes, Thomas, 241, 246-249, 291, 307

Holborn, 393, 398

Hole, Elizabeth, case of, 324

Holinshed, cited, 54-55, 59 n., 350, 387, 388, 390

Holland, Henry, 72 n.

Hollingsworth, A. G., cited, 183 n., 404

Holt, Sir John, 267; nullified statute of James I; gave repeated acquittals, 320-323; his ruling on the water ordeal, 332

Homes, Nathaniel, opinions of, 240. Cited, 240 n.

Hooke, William, 45 n.

Hopkins, James, 164

Hopkins, Matthew, 164-205, 339, 376, 378

Hopwood, Mr., 79 n.

Horace, 89

Horner, Elizabeth, 321-322, 418

Hott, Jane, 201 n., 405

Houghton, Lord, 359

Housegoe, Elizabeth, 393

Howard, Henry, later Earl of Northampton, 352

Howell, James, 180, 195, 245

Howell, T. B. and T. J., cited, 116 n., 144 n., 233 n.

Howsell, Anne, 405

Howson, Helen, 406

Hubbard, Elizabeth, 404

Huddersfield, 408

Hudson, Ann, 407

Hughes, Lewis, 355, 395

Hulton, John, 209

Humphrey, of Gloucester, Duke, 8

Hunnam, Anne, 409

Hunniman, Joice, 162 n., 402

Hunt, widow, 45 n.

Hunt, Joan, 383, 398

Hunt, Robert, 260, 273, 411, 413

Hunter, Joseph, cited, 92 n., 256 n., 413

Huntingdon, 49-51, 185 n., 200 n., 237 n., 314 n., 348, 362, 375, 383, 419

Huntingdonshire, 47-51, 185-187, 192, 236, 348, 375-383, 405

Huson, Alice, 413

Hutchinson, Francis, 175, 195-198, 313, 321, 331, 340-343, 355, 375, 380, 381. Cited, 11 n., 179 n., 321-323 n., 328 n., 395, 411, 413, 416, 418

Huxley, Catherine, 216, 409

Ilkeston, 407

Images, alleged use of in witchcraft, 6, 59-60, 109-110, 125-127

Incendiarism ascribed to witchcraft, 282-283, 333

Inderwick, F. A., cited, 201 n., 225 n., 226 n., 268 n., 269 n., 270 n., 311 n., 333, 376, 410, 414-419

Ipswich, 164, 175, 182, 320, 394, 405, 414, 417, 418

Jackson, Elizabeth, 138, 355, 395

James I, 69, 90 n., 93-119, 130, 132, 134, 137-145, 146, 165, 189, 203, 227, 228, 229 n., 232, 234, 241-242, 247, 250, 254, 255, 260, 267, 276, 312, 314, 331. His Scottish experience, 93-96; his Dæmonologie, 97-101; his statute and its effect, 101-109; distribution of witchcraft in his realm, 118-119; his changing attitude, 138-145

James II, 308

James, G. P. R., cited, 340 n., 342 n.

Jeffreys, George, Baron, 311 n.

Jeffries, Anne, 405

Jenkinson, Helen, 383

Jennings, Lady, 400

Jeopardy, neglect of legal restriction on, 128 and n., 145 n.

Jewel, John, Bishop of Salisbury, 15-17

Joan of Arc, 230

Johnson, Margaret, 154, 156, 157, 159

Johnson, W. S., cited, 244 n.

Johnstone, James, 341

Jollie, Thomas, 316-319, 329, 372-373

Jones, J. O., cited, 164 n., 181 n., 182 n., 188 n.

Jonson, Ben, 91-92, 244, 387

Jordan, Jane, 393

Jorden, Dr. Edward, 138, 355, 395

Jourdemain, Margery, 7-9

Jurdie, Jone, 396

Keiston, 185

Kelly, William, cited, 141 n., 398

Kelyng, Sir John, 265, 267, 305

Kemp, Ursley, trial of, 41, 43

Kennet, Elizabeth, 412

Kent, 21 n., 54, 57, 60, 119, 201, 255, 350, 383, 385, 386, 388, 389, 390, 392, 393, 394, 401, 403, 405, 408, 412, 416, 418

Kent, Holy Maid of. See Barton, Elizabeth

Kerke, Anne, 394

Kerke, Joan, 51

Kidderminster, 412

Kimbolton, 186

King, of Acton, 404

King, Peter, 380

King's Lynn, 54, 116-117, 183, 231, 358, 384, 389, 391, 393, 399, 405

Kingston, 419

Kingston-upon-Hull, 389

Kittredge, G. L., cited, 298, 301, 383

Knipp, Agnes and John, 415

Knott, Elizabeth, 208 n., 407

Knowles, Sir William, 154

Knumerton, Dewnes, 417

Lake, Sir Thomas, 115 n., 396

Lakeland, Mother, 182, 200 n., 381, 405

Laleham, 387

Lambe, Dr., 211

Lambe, Elizabeth, 410

Lambeth, 354

Lanam, Elizabeth, 408

Lancashire, 52, 78-81, 92, 108-113, 115-116, 118, 120-130, 146-160, 307, 314-319, 393, 399, 402, 406, 414, 416, 419; Starchie affair, 78-81, 92; trials of 1612, 120-130; trials of 1634, 146-156; Dugdale affair of 1689, 315-319

Lancaster, 120, 151, 156, 158, 171, 224, 229 n., 273, 383, 392, 397, 401, 402

Lancaster, chancellor of the Duchy of, 152 n.

Landgate, 414

Landis, Margaret, 362, 376

Land's End, 217-218, 409

Langton, Walter, 6

Lathom, 402

Latimer, John, cited, 400

Latton, 414

Launceston, 218 n., 409, 418

Lavenham, 404

Law, John, 111 n.

Law, T. G., cited, 74 n., 87 n., 353

Lawe, Alison, 389

Lea, H. C., his definition of a witch, 4. Cited, 3 n., 99 n.

Leach, Jeffrey, 389

Lecky, W. E. H., 196

Lee, Dorothy, 405

Leech, Anne, 170, 174, 379

Leeds, 219, 410

Leepish, 401

Legge, cited, 138 n., 225 n.

Leicester, 54, 119 n., 120, 140-141, 218, 330-331, 384, 392, 398, 399, 402, 408, 419

Leicester, Records of the Borough of, cited, 54 n.

Leicestershire, 51, 118, 133 n., 146, 359, 397

Leicestershire and Rutland, Notes and Queries, cited, 218 n., 399, 402, 408, 419

Levingston, Anne, 214

Lewes, 387

Lichfield, Bishop of (Walter Langton), 6; (Thomas Morton), 141-142, 152

Liebermann, F., cited, 2 n.

Lincoln, 118, 119 n., 120; trials of 1618-1619, 132, 383, 399

Lincoln, Bishop of, 7, 8, 12, 49, 50

Lincolnshire, 396, 401

Lingwood, Joan, 389

Linneston, 401

Linton, Mrs. Lynn, cited, 29 n., 95 n., 386

Lister, Mr., 111 note, 112, 129

Little Gaddesden, 256

Liverpool, 414

Lloyd, Temperance, 271-272, 368-369, 416

Lloyd, William, Bishop of Worcester, 340

Lloynd's wife, 150

Lock, John, 408

Locke, John, 340

Lodge, Edmund, cited, 139 n.

Lodge, Sir Oliver, 238

Londesdale, Elizabeth, 401

London, 9, 25, 26, 30 n., 51, 59, 154, 159, 160, 173, 177, 210 n., 216, 277-278, 309, 320, 322, 323, 329, 384, 385, 394, 395, 399, 409, 416

London, Bishop of, 8, 9 n., 12, 30 n., 84, 384, 387. See also Grindall, E.; Bancroft, R.

London Post, cited, 419

Long, Sir James, 268

Longwitton, 279, 416

Lords' Journal, cited, 102 n., 103 n.

Lord's Prayer, testing of witches by, 40, 80, 271, 282, 326

Lothbury, 30 n., 88 n.

Loudon, Elizabeth, 410

Louth, 396, 401

Low, Goody, 404

Lower, M. A., cited, 386

Lowes, John, case of, 165 n., 175-179, 197, 378, 379

Lowestoft, 262, 263

Lowndes, cited, 347, 350, 359, 364, 386, 390, 392

Loy, Margaret, 414

Lucas, Hugh, 112

Lucas, Jane, 110 n., 112

Luther, Martin, attitude of, towards exorcism, 87 n.

Lyme, 385

Lynn. See King's Lynn

Mackenzie, E., cited, 259 n., 401, 416

Mackerell, Benjamin, cited, 391, 393, 399, 405

Mackie, S. J., cited, 386

Magazine of Scandall, cited, 176 n., 197 n.

Magick, Dorothy, 398

Maidstone, cases at, 215-216, 238, 241, 283, 408, 412

Maitland, S. R., cited, 353

Malborne, Sir John, book of, 63

Maldon, 41, 54, 70 n.

Malking Tower, meeting of witches at, 113, 123-129, 147, 148, 383

Mallory, Lady Elizabeth, 223, 411

Malmesbury, alarm at, 269-270, 409, 417

Malter, wife of, 385

Manchester, 79

Manners, Francis, Earl of Rutland, 132-134, 359

Manners, Lord Francis, 133, 134 n.

Manners, Lord Henry, 134 n.

Manners, Lady Katherine, 134 n.

Manningtree, 164, 165, 173, 193, 194

Mansfield, 75

Manship, cited, 182 n.

Manwood, Sir Roger, 56

Marchant, Anne, 409

Margaret, Mother, 28 n.

Marks, use of as a test of witchcraft, 36, 40, 45, 77, 99, 108, 151, 154-155, 156-157, 167, 190, 218, 229, 230, 242, 243, 264, 284, 330

Martin, Dr., 323

Mary I, 14, 15 n., 52

Mary, Queen of Scots, 18, 25, 26, 53

Mascon, Demon of, 306, 337 n.

Mason, of Faversham, 54

Mason, James, and his opinions, 229 n.

Massachusetts, trials in, 50, 264, 316, 382

Mathers, the (Cotton and Increase), 316, 336

Matthews, Grace, 216-217

Mayhall, John, cited, 395

Meakins, Bridget, 399

Meere, John, 390

Melford, 404

Melton, Elizabeth, 393

Mercurius Aulicus, cited, 403

Mercurius Civicus, cited, 360, 403

Mercurius Democritus, cited, 213 n., 251 n., 408

Mercurius Politicus, cited, 218 n., 409

Mereweather, Jone, 413

Merlin, 230

Merril, Goodman, 171 n.

Merriman, R. B., cited, 74 n.

Mersam, Rose, 396

Mewkarr Church, 396

Middlesex, 51, 74, 118, 146, 174, 201, 208 n., 220, 224, 225, 278, 383-387, 389-394, 396-400, 402, 403, 405-412, 415, 419

Middlesex County Records, cited, 21 n., 220 n., 386, and passim thereafter

Middleton, Thomas, 244

Midgley, Mary, 406

Midwife as a witch, 21 and n., 41, 258-259

Milburne, Jane, 279

Milburne, Margaret, 415

Miller, Agnes, 399

Mills, Elizabeth, 415

Mills, Joan, 414

Milner, Ralph, 117, 396

Milnes, R. Monckton, 102 n., 359

Mils, Goody, 404

Milton, John, 241, 278

Milton, Miles, 398

Mistley-cum-Manningtree, 164 n.

Mob law, 117, 315

Moderate Intelligencer, its opinion of the Bury executions in 1645, 179-180. Cited, 177 n., 180 n., 404

Molland, Alicia, 417

Mompesson affair, 273, 276, 310

Mondaye, Agnes, 385

Montague, James, Bp. of Winchester, 97 n.

Montgomery, 387

Moone, Margaret, 170 n.

Moordike, Sarah, case of, 322-324, 419

Moore, wife of, 189 n., 406

Moore, Ales, 395

Moore, Ann, 418

Moore, Mary, 363

Moore Rental, The, cited, 414

Morduck, Sarah. See Moordike

More, George, 81, 84-85, 353, 354. Cited, 78 n., 79 n., 80 n., 392

More, Henry, 238-240, 243, 262, 286, 297, 303, 307, 309, 310. Cited, 211 n., 239, 394, 396, 405, 410

More, Sir Thomas, 59 n.

Mortimer, Jane, 52 n., 392

Morton, Margaret, 408

Morton, Thomas, Bishop of Lichfield, 141 n., 142, 152

Much, Barfield, 387

Muggleton, Lodowick, and witchcraft, 295, 298, 307, 309. Cited, 295 n.

Munnings, Mother, trial of, 321, 418

Muschamp, Mrs., 210, 218, 253, 363

Muschamp, George, 209, 210

N., N., 318 n., 372

Nall, J. G., cited, 181 n.

Napier, Dr., 400

Napier, Barbara, 96

Nash, J. R., cited, 412

Nash, Thomas, cited, 69 n.

Navestock, 385

Naylor, Joane, 394

Needham, 404

Nelson, Richard, 394

Nevelson, Anne, 395

New England. See Massachusetts

New Romney, 59

Newbury, 403

Newcastle, 201, 207-208, 259, 279, 281, 407, 412, 413, 414

Newell, Sir Henry, 27, 28

Newgate, 183 n., 400

Newgate, A True and Perfect List of the Prisoners in, cited, 409

Newman, Ales, 45 n.

Newman, Elizabeth, 410

Newman, William, 45 n.

Newmarket, 134, 161

Newton, Isaac, 308

Nicholas (or Nickless), Jane, 417

Nichols, John, cited, 134 n., 141 n., 399

Nicholson, Brinsley, 58, 62, 70 n.

Nicolas, Sir Harris, cited, 8 n.

Noake, J., 412

Noal, Jane, 417

Norfolk, 193, 200 n., 231, 253, 337, 356, 386, 389-391, 394, 395, 397, 399-401, 403-406, 410, 412, 414

Norfolk Archæology, cited, 182, 386, 390, 405

Norrington, Alice, 59, 386

Norrington, Mildred, 59, 62

North, Francis, Baron Guilford, 269 n., 271, 272, 278, 305, 311

North, Roger, 267. Cited, 261 n., 269 n., 271 n., 278 n., 403, 416, 417

North Allerton, 400

North Riding (of Yorkshire), 117

North Riding Record Society, 114 n., 117 n., 162 n.

Northampton, 106-112, 115, 118, 119 n., 120, 130-132, 184, 229, 230, 255, 314 n., 357, 375-383, 415, 419

Northampton, Henry Howard, Earl of, 352

Northamptonshire, 184, 200 n., 282, 331, 405, 411

Northamptonshire Handbook, 381-382

Northamptonshire Historical Collections, 381

Northfield, Thomas, 7

Northfleet, 394

Northumberland, 52, 146, 208 n., 209, 210, 220, 224, 282, 390, 395, 401, 407, 412, 414, 415, 416

Norton, mother and daughter, 330, 333, 419

Norwich, 7 n., 400, 401, 406, 412

Norwich, Bishop of, 7 n., 8, 15 n., 89

Notes and Queries, cited, 164 n., 321 n., 380, 418, 419

Nottingham, 75, 81-86, 118, 315, 389, 393, 394

Nottingham, Records of the Borough of, cited, 394

Nottinghamshire, 51, 234

Nowell, Roger, 123

Nutter, Alice, trial of, 113, 116, 126-127, 383

Nutter, Christopher, 127

Nutter, Robert, 128

Oakham, 411

Ogle, Henry, 208, 209, 259 n.

Old Bailey, 108 n., 213

Oliver, Mary, 412

Onslow, Speaker, 268

Orchard, widow, 412

Orchard, N., 296 n.

Oriel College, Oxford, 294

Orme, W., cited, 337 n.

Osborne, Francis, 143-144, 245-246, 291. Cited, 141 n., 143, 246 n.

Owen, John, cited, 287 n.

Owen, and Blakeway, cited, 21 n., 387

Oxford, Samuel Parker, Bishop of, 308, 309

Oxford, 15, 63, 146 n., 216, 285, 402

Oxford University, 131, 216, 285; Hart Hall, 57; Oriel College, 294; Trinity College, 131-132

Pacy, Mr., 265

Padiham, 150 n., 399

Padston, 388

Palmer, C. J., cited, 182 n., 389, 390

Palmer, John, 208 n.

Pannel, Mary, 383, 395

Paracelsus, 286

Paris, University of, formulated theory concerning pacts with Satan, 3

Parker, Matthew, Archbishop of Canterbury, 30, 88 n.

Parker, Samuel, Bishop of Oxford, 308, 309

Parker, Thomas, Earl of Macclesfield, 314, 320, 330-331, 332 n., 380

Parkhurst, John, Bishop of Norwich, 15 n.

Parle, M., 417

Parliamentary History, cited, 12 n., 102 n.

Peacock, a schoolmaster, tortured, 115 n., 399

Peacock, Edward, 401

Peacock, Elizabeth, 269, 270, 414, 415, 417

Pearson, Margaret, 397

Pechey, Joan, 45 n.

Peck, Francis, cited, 172 n., 403

Peckham, Sir George, 74 n.

Pelham, 151 n.

Pellican, cited, 15 n.

Pemberton, Sir Francis, 277

Pembroke, Simon, 387

Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, 89

Pendle Hill, or Forest, 121, 147, 315, 397

Pepper, Mrs., 259, 413

Pepys, Samuel, 309

Pereson, Jennet, 385

Perfect Diurnal, A, cited, 403

Perkins, William, 227-230, 240, 241, 242, 243

Perry, William, the "boy of Bilston," 140-142

Peter Martyr, 16 n.

Peter, R. and O. B., cited, 218 n., 409

Peterson, Joan, case of, 213-215, 408

Petty treason, its penalty not to be confused with that of witchcraft, 182

Phillips, Goody, 183

Phillips, John, 346, 351

Phillips, Mary, 382

Phippan, Honora, 417

Pickering, Gilbert, 47, 131 n.

Pickering, Sir Gilbert, 131 n.

Pickering, Henry, 48

Pickering, Thomas, 228 n.

Pickerings, the, 348

Pico della Mirandola, 286

Piers, Anne, 388

Pike, L. O., cited, 7

Pillory, punishment of, 30, 55, 104, 114

Pilton, Margaret, 398

Pinder, Rachel, 30 n., 59, 88, 351, 386

Pitcairn, Robert, cited, 95 n.

Plato, 238

Pleasant Treatise of Witches, A, 296

Plummer, Colonel, 328 n.

Poeton, Edward, cited, 400

Pole, Arthur, 25

Pole, Edmund, 25

Pollock and Maitland, cited, 6 and n., 7 n.

Popham, Sir John, 354

Potts, Thomas, 112, 113, 116, 125, 129, 130, 249, 357-358, 361. Cited, 105-128 n., passim, 397, 398

Powell, Sir John, 272 n., 314, 320, 324, 327-328, 329, 330, 335, 374

Powell, Lady, 214-215

Powell, William, 346

Powle, ----, 409

Powstead, 404

Pregnancy, plea of, in delay of execution, 50, 96

Prentice, Joan, 348

Presbyterian party, its part in Hopkins crusade, 195-201

Prestall, John, 25, 387, 397

Preston, Jennet, 111 n., 112, 129, 249, 383, 398

Price, Joan, 409

Privy Council, its dealings with sorcerers, in the later Middle Ages, 4-10; its campaign against conjurers under Elizabeth, 26-27; the Abingdon trials, 27-28, 30 n.; the Chelmsford trials, 34; Dee's case, 53-54; Darrel's, 87; its part in the statute of James I, 103; in the Lancashire trials of 1633, 152, 155, 156; in the Somerset cases of 1664, 273. See also Acts of the Privy Council and Council Register.

Protestant Post Boy, The, 374

Prowting, Mary, 402

Queen's College, Cambridge, 143, 348

R., G., 374

R., H., 390

Rainsford, Sir Richard, 260, 268-269, 269-270, 304

Rames, Nicholas, wife of, 279

Ramsay, Sir J. R., cited, 9 n.

Ramsbury, 389

Rand, Margaret, 391

Randall, 397

Randall, of Lavenham, 404

Randoll, 388

Ratcliffe, 404

Ratcliffe, Agnes, 136 n.

Rattlesden, 404

Rawlins, Anna, 416

Raymond, Sir Thomas, 260, 270-271, 271-272, 278, 283, 304, 321

Read, Joan, 217

Read, Margaret, 391

Read, Simon, 397

Redfearne, Anne, 126 n., 127-128, 383

Redman, 258

Repington, Philip, Bp. of Lincoln, 7

Reresby, Sir John, 272 n., 305, 311. Cited, 417

Rhymes, Witch, 24, 76

Rich, Robert, Earl of Warwick, 172, 178, 200

Richard III, 9

Richardson, M. A., cited, 117 n., 219 n., 395, 409, 412

Richmond, of Bramford, 404

Richmond (Yorkshire), 396

Richmond and Lenox, Duke of, 287

Risden, 188 n., 406

Rivet, John, 166

Roach, Clara, 418

Roberts, Alexander, 227, 231, 235. Cited, 117 n., 231 n., 399.

Roberts, Elizabeth, 394, 410

Roberts, George, cited, 279 n., 385, 417

Roberts, Joan, 407

Robey, Isabel, 384

Robinson, Edmund, 146-157, 298, 323

Robson, Jane, 401

Rochester, 63, 388

Rodes, Sara, 218

Rogers, Lydia, 366, 411

Roper, Margaret, 75, 390

Rose, Goodwife, 402

Rossington, 396

Rous, Francis, 240

Row, Elizabeth, 415

Roxburghe Club, cited, 95 n.

Royal Society, the, 275, 285, 286, 305, 306, 308-309

Royston, 109, 111

Ruceulver, 404

Rushock, 412

Russel, Margaret, 400

Rutland, Earl of. See Manners

Rutlandshire, 411

Rutter, Elizabeth, 383, 399

Ryder, Agnes, 417

Rye, 116, 383, 397, 405

Rylens, Martha, 416

Ryley, Josia, 393

Rymer, cited, 7

S., Alice, 52 n., 394

Sabbath, the Witch, 3, 113, 123-124, 148, 166, 170, 186, 239, 273, 281-282

Saffron Walden, 394

Saint Alban's, 208 n., 252 n., 363, 407, 408, 417

Saint Andrew's in Holborne, 393, 398

Saint Giles's, Northampton, 382

Saint Giles-in-the-Fields, 393

Saint John's, Kent, 385, 389

Saint Katharine's, 394

Saint Lawrence, 393

Saint Leonard's, Shoreditch, 403

Saint Martin's-in-the-Fields, 389, 406, 409

Saint Mary's, Nottingham, 83

Saint Osyth's, 41-46, 58, 70, 125, 388

Saint Paul's, 13; public penance in, 59

Saint Paul's, Dean of, 11 n.

Saint Peter's, Kent, 389, 392, 393

Saint Saviour's, Southwark, 387

Salem. See Massachusetts

Salisbury, 212, 225, 268, 270-271, 410, 412

Salisbury, Bishop of. See Jewel, John

Salmesbury, witches of, 128-129, 398

Salop (Shropshire), 387

Sammon, Margerie, 43, 44, 45 n.

Sampson, Agnes, torture of, 95

Samuel, Agnes, 49

Samuel, Alice, trial of, 47-51

Samuel, John, 49

Samuel, Mother. See Alice Samuel

Samuels, the (of Warboys), 109, 391

Sandwich, 401, 403, 418

Sanford, 387

Sawyer, Elizabeth, trial of, 108 n., 112, 136 n., 383, 400

Scarborough, 219, 409

Scarfe, of Rattlesden, 404

Schwebel, Johann, 15 n.

Scory, John, Bishop of Hereford, 15 n.

Scot, Margery, 409

Scot, Reginald, 51, 55, 57-72, 89, 90, 97, 142, 160, 227, 228-231, 235, 239, 241, 242, 243, 249, 291, 294 n., 296, 298, 301, 310, 312, 342. Cited, 20 n., 28 n., 46 n., 296 n., 347, 348, 386, 387, 388

Scot, Sir Thomas, 56

Scotland, Register of the Privy Council of, cited 96 n.

Scotland and the Commonwealth, cited, 225

Scots-Hall, 57

Scott, John, cited, 391, 393

Scott, Sir Walter, 196, 275. Cited, 199 n., 366

Scottish Dove, The, cited, 404

Seaford, 386

Seccombe, Thomas, cited, 164 n., 181 n.

Seeze, Betty, 417

Selden, John, 246-248, 262. Cited, 247 n., 248 n.

Serjeantson, Rev. R. M., 382

Sewel, William, 296 n.

Shadbrook, 350, 393, 394

Shadwell, Thomas, 121, 309; his opinions, 306-307

Shakespeare, William, used Harsnett, 91; allusions in Twelfth Night of, 92; his witch-lore, 243

Shalock, Anthony, 171 n.

Shaw, Elinor, 382

Sheahan, J. J., cited, 389

Shelley, 404

Shelley, Jane, 391

Shepton, Mallet, 411

Sherlock, Thomas, 374

Ship Tavern, at Greenwich, 154

Shore, Jane, 9

Shoreditch, 403

Shrewsbury, Earl of, 12, 19 n., 26

Shrewsbury, Duke of, 341

Shropshire (Salop), 387

Shuttleworths, House and Farm Accounts of the, cited, 399

Simmons, Margaret, 388

Simpson, Elizabeth, 412

Simpson, Jane, 413

Simpson, Robert, cited, 396

Simpson, Susan, 409

Sinclar (or Sinclair), George, cited, 355, 366, 395

Skipsey, 407

Slade, Anne, 414

Slingsby, Sir William, 400

Smith, of Chinting, 387

Smith, Charlotte Fell, cited, 53 n.

Smith, Elizabeth, 408

Smith, Elleine, 39 n., 40

Smith, Gilbert, 399

Smith, Mary, 231, 358, 384, 399

Smith, Sir Thomas, 25 n., 385

Smithfield, 9

Smythe, Elizabeth, 406

Smythe, Katharine, 386

Somers, William, 51, 81-86, 92, 315, 353, 393

Somerset, 146, 220, 222, 224, 234, 254, 260, 273, 280, 285, 293, 320, 388, 392, 393, 401, 402, 411, 413-419

Somerset, the protector, repeal of felonies during his protectorate, 12; attitude of, 13

Sorcery, distinguished from witchcraft, 3-4

Southampton, 387

Southampton, Earl of, 12

Southcole, Justice, 346

Southcote, John, 34

Southerns, Elizabeth. See Demdike

Southton, 415, 416

Southwark, 164, 256, 277, 321, 323, 387, 419

Southwell, Thomas, 8

Southworth. See Master Thompson

Sowerbutts, Grace, part in Salmesbury cases, 128-129, 139, 140, 151

Spectator, The, 341 n.

Spectral evidence, 110-111, 131 n., 184, 218, 221-222, 235-236, 263-264, 279, 279 n.

Speier, 15 n.

Spencer, Anne, 402

Spencer, Mary, 152, 157, 159, 160, 401

Spokes, Helen, 393

Staffordshire, 118, 141, 146, 386, 389, 400, 402

Stanford Rivers, 34

Stanhope, 388

Stanmore, 390

Star Chamber, Dee examined by the, 52

Starchie, Mrs., 79 n.

Starchie, John, 149 n.

Starchie, Nicholas, children of, 78-81, 158

Starr, William, 409

Stationers' Registers, cited, 347, 350, 352, 358

Statutes: 1 Edward VI, cap. xii (repeal of felonies), 12; 3 Henry VIII, cap. xi, 10 n.; 33 Henry VIII, cap. viii, 10-12; 5 Elizabeth, cap. xvi, 5, 14, 15, 17, 101-102; 1 James I, cap. xii, 102-104, 314

Staunton, Mother, 39 n., 387

Stearne, John, 164-205 passim (in text and notes), 339, 361, 362, 404. Cited, 403-406.

Stebbing, Henry, 335, 374, 375

Steele, Sir Richard, 342

Stephen, Sir J. F., cited, 10 n., 11 n.

Stephen, Leslie, cited, 287 n.

Stephens, Edward, 339 n.

Stepney, 405, 408, 410, 411, 412

Sterland, Mr., 83

Stevens, Margaret, 415

Stevens, Maria, 419

Stoll, Elmer, cited, 244 n.

Stonden, 414

Stothard, Margaret, 259, 416

Stow, John, cited, 59 n., 350

Stowmarket, 183, 404

Stranger, Dorothy, 279, 413

Strangridge, Old, 238

Strassburg, 15 n.

Stratford-at-Bow, 406, 407

Strotton, 414

Strutt, the Rev. Mr., 326, 327, 375

Strype, John, cited, 16 n., 17 n., 25 n., 26 n., 27 n., 385, 390

Stuart, Charles, Duke of Richmond and Lenox, 287

Studley Hall, 223

Style, Elizabeth, 280, 413

Sudbury, 404

Suffolk, 164, 165 n., 175, 176 n., 183, 194, 195, 197, 224, 337, 350, 379, 392, 393, 394, 404, 405, 411, 413, 414, 417, 418

Suffolk Institute of Archæology, Proceedings of, 176 n.

Surey, affair of. See Dugdale

Surrey, 416, 419

Sussex, 282, 386, 387, 397, 405, 412

Sussex Archæological Collections, 283 n., 386, 412

Sussums, Alexander, 404

Sutton, 406

Sutton, Mary, 110-111, 118 n., 136, 383, 398

Sutton, Mother, 107-108, 115, 117, 135-136, 358, 383, 398

Swan, John, 90 n., 355. Cited, 395

Swan Inn, Maidstone, 215

Swane, Goodwife, 389

Swinow, Colonel, 209

Swinow, Dorothy, 209-210, 211, 408

Swithland, 399

Swynbourne, Richard, wife of, 393

Sykes, John, cited, 30 n., 407, 414

Sykes, Mary, 218, 407

T., R., 295

Talbot, Charles, Duke of Shrewsbury, 341-342

Talbot, George, Earl of Shrewsbury, 19 n., 26

Tanner, Joanna, 419

Tatler, The, 342 n.

Taunton, 234, 235, 260, 401, 403, 413, 417, 418

Taunton-Dean, 278, 417

Taylor, Robert, 170

Taylor, Zachary, 317-318, 329, 372, 373

Tedsall, Agnes, 402

Tedworth, affair of, 274-276, 303 n.

Tempest, Henry, 218

Temple, Sir William, 309

Tendering, John, 46 n.

Test of bleeding of dead body, 112, 301; of repetition of certain words, 49, 109; of thatch-burning, 112; of swimming (see Water, ordeal of)

Theodore of Tarsus, 2

Therfield, 374

Theydon, Mount, 385

Thievery and Witchcraft, 122, 222, 326

Thirple, 374

Thirsk, 397

Thompson, James, cited, 201 n., 408

Thompson, Katherine, 395

Thompson, Master, 129

Thorne, Anne, accuser of Jane Wenham, 324-330, 334-336

Thorneton, Jane, 386

Thorpe, Benjamin, cited, 2 n.

Thrapston, 184-185

Throckmorton, Sir Robert, 47, 50

Throckmortons, the, 348

Throgmorton, George, 385

Throgmorton, Lady Frances, 384

Thurlow, Grace, 41, 42

Tichmarsh, 131 n.

Tilbrooke-bushes, 188 n.

Tilling, Ann, 269-270, 415, 417

Tolbooth, the, 96

Torture, of Alse Gooderidge, 77; by the bootes, 96; of Peacock, 115 n., 203; perhaps used at Lincoln, 134; unknown to English law, 167; of Lowes, by walking, 176-177; Hopkins's and Stearne's theory and practice as to, 202-204; advocated by Perkins, 229; by scratching, 330; by swimming (see Water, ordeal of)

Tottenham, 399

Towns, independent jurisdiction of, 54-55, 116-117, 201

Townshend, Jane, 414

Tradescant, John, 216

Transportation of witches through the air, 3, 97, 239, 246

Treasure-seekers, 20

Tree, 387

Trefulback, Stephen, 391

Trelawny, Sir Jonathan, Bishop of Exeter, 321

Trembles, Mary, 271-272, 368-369, 416

Trinity College, Oxford, 131-132; Master of. See Isaac Barrow

Turner, William, cited, 405

Twelfth Night, allusions in, 92

Two Terrible Sea-Fights, cited, 225 n.

Tyburn, 51, 394

Tynemouth, 412

Underhill, Edward, Autobiography of, cited, 13

Upaston, 418

Upney, Joan, 347

Upsala, 94

Urwen, Jane, 401

Utley, hanged at Lancaster, 158, 401

Uxbridge, 74 n.

Vairus, Leonardus, 58 n.

Vallet, Jane, 417

Van Helmont, 286

Varden, J. T., cited, 194 n.

Vaughan, Joan, 384

Vaughans, the two (Henry and Thomas), 286

Vaux, Lord, 74 n.

Vernon, James, 341-342

Vetter, Theodor, cited, 15 n.

Vicars, Anne, 383

Vickers, K. H., cited, 9 n.

Victoria History of Essex, cited, 90 n.

Virley, John, 7

W., Mother, of Great T., 395

W., Mother, of W. H., 395

"W. W." and the St. Osyth's pamphlet, 46, 62 n.

Waddam, Margaret, 418

Wade, Mary, 223, 411

Wade, William, 221, 223, 411

Wadham, Thomas, 388

Wagg, Ann, 407

Wagstaffe, John, 294-295, 297

Wakefield, 220-221, 411

Waldingfield, 404

Walker, widow, 387

Walker, Ellen, 385

Walker, John, 353, 354

Walker, John (another), cited, 361

Walkerne, 325

Wallis, Joane, 185 n., 187 n.

Walsh, John, trial of, 31 n.

Walter, Aliena, 414

Walter, Sir John, 235

Walton, Colonel Valentine, 187, 237 n.

Wanley, Nathaniel, 307. Cited, 308 n.

Wapping, 408, 411

Warboys, trials at, 47-51, 109 n., 131, 143, 160, 185, 221, 229 n., 391

Warburton, Sir Peter, 142

Warburton, Peter, 215

Warden of the Cinque Ports, 116

Warham, William, Abp. of Canterbury, 58 n.

Warminster, 398

Warwick, 257, 414

Warwick, Earl of. See Rich

Washington, Sir John, 185

"Watching" of witches, practised by Hopkins and Stearne, 167; Gaule's description, 175; Stearne's explanation, 190; Stearne's description, 202; probably practised on Elizabeth Style, 280; practised on a Sussex woman, 283

Water, ordeal of, James recommends it, 99; its use on the Continent, 99 n.; in reign of James, 106-108, 118 n., 132; stopped in Suffolk, 178; in Huntingdonshire, 187; its use by Hopkins and Stearne, 191-192; story that Hopkins was put to it, 194; use at Faversham, 201 n.; Perkins's opinion, 228; Cotta's, 230; Bernard's, 235; Ady's, 242; its decline, 243, 284; increased use of it as an illegal process, 315, 331; forbidden in Jane Wenham's case, 326; at Leicester, 330; in Essex, 331-332; by Holt or Parker, 332; by Addison's Sir Roger de Coverley and his chaplain, 341

Waterhouse, Mother Agnes, trial of, 35-38, 40 n., 45, 385

Waterhouse, Joan, 36

Watson, Jane, 413

Way, Margaretta, 419

Wayt, Mrs., 174

Webb, Mrs., 269

Webb, Goodwife, 39

Webster, John, 141, 147 n., 148-151, 151, 268, 297-303, 314. Cited, 306 n., 359, 400

Weech, Christian, 397

Weeke, 413

Weekes, Christiana, 397, 410

Weekly Intelligencer, cited, 213 n., 408

Weight, Mrs., 174

Welfitt, William, cited, 412

Wellam, Margaret, 399

Wells, 389

Wells, Archdeacon of, 235

Welton, 251, 411

Wenham, 164

Wenham, Jane, trial of, 324-330, 380, 381, 419; controversy over, 334-336; her trial the occasion of Hutchinson's book, 342-343

Wentworth, Lord, 12

West, Andrew, 44

West, Anne, 169, and n., 171

West, Rebecca, 169, 170, 171, 362, 376

West, William, cited, 352, 391

West Ayton, 402

West Drayton, 394

West Riding, Yorkshire, 256

Westminster, disputation of, 16 n.; cases at, 139, 384, 386, 391, 402

Weston, Father, 74 n., 87, 352

Westpenner, 388

Westwell, Old Alice of, 59, 386

Weyer (Wier, Wierus), Johann, 62, 79 n., 97, 229 n.

Whitaker, Thomas D., cited, 147 n.

White, Joan, 391

Whitechapel, 409-410

Whitecrosse Street, 396

Whitgift, John, Archbishop of Canterbury, 74, 84, 88 n.

Whitehall, 134

Whitelocke, Bulstrode, 226, 252 n. Cited, 172 n., 179 n., 181 n., 201 n., 206 n., 207 n., 403, 407

Wickham, William, Bishop of Lincoln, 50

Widdowes, Thomas, cited, 366

Widdrington, Thomas, 207 n.

Wier, Wierus. See Weyer

Wigan, 156

Wildridge, T. T., cited, 137 n.

Wilkins, David, cited, 10 n.

Wilkinson, Anne, 414

Williams, Katherine, 418

Williams, Robert, cited, 399

Williford, Joan, 201 n., 405

Willimot, Joan, 119 n., 133 n., 399

Wilson, Alice, 109 n.

Wilson, Arthur, 143 n., 172 n., 173. Cited, 359, 400, 403

Wilts, 146, 211, 224, 268, 269 n., 274, 285, 397, 398, 401, 409, 410, 412-414, 417-419

Wimblington, 406

Winch, Sir Humphrey, 142

Winchester, Bishop of. See Thomas Bilson, and James Montague

Winchester Park, 257 n.

Windebank, Secretary, 152, 155

Windsor, 139, 347

Windsor, Dean of, and Abingdon trials, 28

Wingerworth, 416

Witchall, Judith, 269, 270, 415, 417

Witchfinder, Darrel as a, 75-83; Hopkins as a, 165-205; a Scotch pricker as a, 206-208; Ann Armstrong as a, 281-282

Wolsey, Thomas, Abp. of York, 19, 59 n.

Women, proportion of to men in indictments for witchcraft, 114; of wives to spinsters and to widows, 114-115

Wood, Anthony à, cited, 295 n., 366

Wood, Joan, 386

Woodbridge, 392

Woodbury, 417

Woodhouse, Doctor, 257

Woodstock, 275

Wooler, 395

Worcester, 7, 216, 376, 387, 406, 409, 412

Worcester, Bishop of, 12, 340

Worcestershire, 208 n.

Worthington, John, cited, 180 n.

Wright, Elizabeth, 76, 78 n., 392

Wright, Grace, 405

Wright, Katherine, 75, 85, 353

Wright, Thomas, 100, 188 n., 376. Cited, 2 n., 6 n., 7 n., 9 n., 19 n., 25 n., 95 n., 100 n., 147 n., 401

Wrottesley, Lord, 162 n.

Wylde, John, 212

Wynnick, John, 185 n., 187 n., 405

Yarmouth, 54, 181, 183, 199, 201, 263, 406. See also Yarmouth, Great

Yarmouth, Great, 389, 390, 395, 404

York, 111, 112, 119, 129, 144, 218, 220, 229 n., 249, 383, 389, 394, 398, 400, 413, 417

York, Archbishop of, 83

York Castle, 258

York Depositions, 218 n. Cited, passim thereafter

Yorkshire, 52, 118, 144, 146, 149-150, 210, 221, 222, 223, 254, 256, 278, 352, 383, 389, 391, 393, 395-397, 400, 402, 406-411, 414-416

Yorkshire Notes and Queries, cited, 257 n.

Young, Margareta, 418

Young, Ruth, 418

Zurich, 14, 15 n., 87 n.

Zurich Letters, cited, 17 n.

Zweibrücken, 15 n.