Part 129

132. =Elevated= (elevatus; amotus), when raised so high that the tip does not touch the ground at all.

133. =Unarmed toe= (Digitus muticus). Toe without a claw. The tarsus is unarmed when without a spur.

134. =Fringed toe= (Digitus lomatinus). A lateral membranous margin to the toes. This

135. =Fringe= (Loma) may be

136. =Continuous= (continuum), or

137. =Lobed= or =Scolloped= (lobatum).

138. =Membrane= (Palama). A skin either soft or covered with scales or feathers connecting two adjacent toes together at the base, and sometimes extending to or beyond their tips. The foot so constructed is called

139. =Palmate= (palmatus) when the anterior toes only are so connected and

141. =Oared= (Steganopus), where all the toes, including the hinder, are so connected in the cormorants, etc. The feet may be half, or semipalmate; entirely or totipalmate.

NOTE. In the usual arrangement of the toes, of three before and one behind, the hinder corresponds to the great toe of man, or the first; the inner anterior is the second; the middle is the third; and the outer is the fourth. When the toes are in pairs or two before and two behind, it is the outer or fourth toe that is turned backwards, as is the woodpeckers. In the Trogons, however, the inner toe is reversed. With scarcely an exception in birds, the hinder or first toe has two joints; the inner (2d) has three; the middle (3d) has four; and the outer (4th) has five, or a formula of 2.3.4.5. In the typical Caprimulgidæ the outer toe has only four phalanges the formula being 2.3.4.4. Finally, in some Cypselidæ (Cypselus and Panytila), we have the middle and outer toes with three joints only each, the formula being 2.3.3.3. When there are but three toes, the hinder or first is wanting; the ostrich (Struthio) has but two toes, lacking the first and second.

H. The Outer Covering (Indumentum).

142. =Outer covering= (Indumentum; Ptilosis). The exterior of the bird in detail.

143. =Feathers= (Plumæ). Composed of the stem and the webs.

144. =Stem= (Scapus). The entire central axis of the feather.

145. =Quill= (Calamus). The hollow horny basal portion of the feather.

146. =Shaft= (Rhachis). The solid terminal portion of the stem in which the fibres are implanted.

147. =Webs= (Pogonia). The series of fibres implanted on each side the shaft, generally stiff, and having little

148. =Hooks= or =barbules= along the edges, by which adjacent ones interlock; sometimes soft, with the barbules not interlocking, the barbules sometimes wanting. The

149. =Inner web= (Pogonium internum) is situated on the inner side of the shaft; the

150. =Outer= (externum), on the outer side.

151. =Vane= (Vexillum). The shaft and webs taken together, or the portion of the feather left when the barrel or quill is cut away.

GLOSSARY.

GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS USED IN DESCRIPTIVE ORNITHOLOGY.

Including a number of prominent Anatomical and Physiological Terms.

(PREPARED BY DR. COUES.)

NOTE.—The number in parenthesis refers to the foregoing “Explanation of Terms,” etc. The sign (´) marks accent; n., noun; a., adjective; pl., plural; gen., genitive.

ABDO´MEN or AB´DOMEN, n. Belly; part of gastræum between sternum and anus. (63.)

ABDOM´INAL, a. Pertaining to the belly.