SECTION IX.. Glossary.

GLOSSARY.

GLOSSARY.

=A-chro´ma-tin= [Gr. a-priv.; chroma, color.] The nuclear hyaloplasm.

=A-chro-ma-top´si-a= [Gr. a-priv.; chroma, color; opsis, sight.] Color-blindness.

=Ac-ti-no-zo´a= [Gr. aktis, ray; zoon, animal.] A division of Cœlenterates embracing the sea-anemones and coral-polyps.

=Al-lan´to-is= [Gr. allas, sausage; eidos, form.] A membranous, sack-like appendage developed from the hinder part of the embryonic alimentary tract and which serves the purpose of effecting oxygenation and other changes in the blood in reptiles, birds, and mammals.

=Am-blyp´o-da= [Gr. amblys, blunt; pous, foot.] An extinct order of ungulates having elephantine feet and whose navicular bone was supported by the cuboid.

=Am-blys´to-ma= [Gr. amblys, blunt; stoma, mouth.] A genus of amphibians remarkable for the transformations they undergo. When undeveloped they represent the formerly recognized genus Siredon. Some species are called axolotls.

=Am´i-a= [Gr. amia, a kind of tunny.]

=Am-i-to´sis= [Gr. a-priv.; mitos, thread.] Direct cell-division; cell-division without the formation of nuclear figures.

=Am´mon-ites= [Egyptian Amon.] Fossil cephalopod shells.

=Am´nion= [Gr. amnion, fœtal membrane.] A membranous sack containing fluid which envelopes the embryo in the classes of reptiles, birds and mammals.

=A-mœ´ba pro´te-us= [Gr. amoibe, change; Proteus.] A unicellular animal; a Protozoan.

=Am-phib´i-a= [Gr. amphi, double; bios, life.] A class of vertebrates whose young are fish-like and have gills: the skull has two condyles and a parasphenoid.

=Am-phi-mix´is= [Gr. amphi, double; mixis, mingling.]

=Am-phi-ox´us= [Gr. amphi, double; oxys, sharp.] A small worm-like vertebrate whose body tapers at both ends. The skeleton is notochordal; skull, brain, auditory, and renal organs are absent.

=An-ab´o-lism= [Gr. ana, up; ballo, throw.] Constructive metabolism; the series of chemical changes by which a cell builds up simple and stable food into the highly complex and unstable living material.

=An-ap-to-mor´phus= [Gr. an-priv.; hapto, fasten; morphe, shape.]

=An-gi-o-sper´mæ= [Gr. angeion, vessel; sperma, seed.] Plants whose seeds are contained in a closed seed-vessel.

=An-nu-la´ta= [Lat. annulatus, ringed.] A division of Vermes, including marine worms, leeches, and earthworms.

=An-the-rid´i-a= [NL., < anthera, anther; Gr. dim. idion.] The male sexual organ in cryptogams answering to the anthers in phanerogams.

=An-thro-po-pi-the´cus= [Gr. anthropos, man; pithekos, ape.]

=An´thro-poid= [Gr. anthropos, man; eidos, form.] Manlike: said especially of the gibbons, orangs, gorillas, and chimpanzees.

=An-ti-tox´ine= [Gr. anti, opposed to; toxikon, poison.]

=A-nu´ra= [Gr. an, not; oura, tail.] An order of amphibians without a tail in the adult, including the toads and frogs.

=A´phis= [Gr. apheideis, lavish.] In Entomology a genus typical of Aphididæ. An aphid; a plant-louse.

=Ap-pen´dix ver-mi-for´mis= [Lat. appendo, to hang from; vermis, worm; forma, form.] A vestigial structure attached to commencement of the large intestine.

=A-rach´ni-da= [Gr. arachne, spider.] A class of Arthropods embracing the spiders, mites, scorpions, etc.

=Ar-cel´la= [Lat. dim. arca, a box.] Belonging to a group of protozoans having a chitinous shell.

=Ar-chæ´an= [Gr. archaios, ancient.] Pertaining to the oldest strata of rocks in geological history.

=Ar-chæ-op´ter-yx= [Gr. archaios, ancient; pteryx, bird.] A fossil bird with reptilian characteristics.

=Ar-che-go-sau´rus= [Gr. archegos, beginning; sauros, lizard.] A carboniferous amphibian (labyrinthodont.)

=Ar´go-naut= [Gr. argo, swift; nautes, sailor.]

=Ar-ma-dil´los= [Sp. dim. of armado, armed.] Edentate mammals having a carapace formed by ossification of the greater part of the skin and the union of the bony scutes.

=Ar-throp´o-da= [Gr. arthron, joint; pous, foot.] A branch of animals (invertebrates) with jointed legs, as insects, spiders, and crabs.

=As´ter= [Gr. aster, star.]

=As-ter-oi´de-a= [Gr. aster, star; eidos, form.] Echinoderms having radiating arms with ambulacral grooves below, embracing the true star-fishes.

=At´a-vism= [Lat. atavus, grandfather.] Reversion; recurrence to an ancestral type.

=At´e-les= [Gr. ateles, imperfect.]

=Au´ri-cles= [Lat. auricula, little ear.] A chamber of the heart which receives blood from the veins and transmits it to the ventricle.

=A´ves= [Lat. pl. of avis, bird.] Birds, a class of vertebrata.

=Ba-cil´lus= [Lat. bacillum, a little stick.] A genus of bacteria consisting of rod-like cells. They multiply by transverse division and by the formation of endogenous spores. Unicellular plants.

=Bac-te´ri-a= [Gr. bakterion, stick.] Microscopic unicellular plants. A genus of Schizomycetes (fission-fungi).

=Bal-a-no-glos´sus= [Gr. balanos, acorn; glossa, tongue.] Supposed by some biologists to belong to the Chordata.

=Beams= [AS. beam, tree.] The main stem of a deer’s antler.

=Bel-em´nites= [Gr. belemnon, dart.] A belemnitoid cuttlefish.

=Bi´o-phores= [Gr. bios, life; phero, bear.] Biological units of hereditary mass.

=Bi´pes= [Lat. bis, twice; pes, foot.]

=Blas´tid= [Gr. blastos, sprout.]

=Blas-to-ge-net´ic= [Gr. blastos, a germ; genesis, generation.] Originating in the germ cells.

=Blas´tu-la= [Gr. blastos, sprout.] A stage in the growth of the embryo; a hollow sphere of one layer of cells enclosing a segmentation-cavity.

=Brach-i-op´o-da= [Lat. brachium, arm; Gr. pous, foot.] Molluscoid animals with bivalve shells, one of which is dorsal and the other ventral; also with brachial appendages coming from the sides of the mouth. Lamp shells.

=Brach´i-o-pod= [Vid. Brachiopoda.] Lamp shell.

=Bry-oph´y-ta= [Gr. bryon, moss; phyton, plant.] A division of the vegetable kingdom consisting of liverworts and mosses.

=Bry-o-zo´a= [Gr. bryon, moss; zoon, animal.] Moss animals.

=Ca-du-ci-bran-chi-a´ta= [Lat. caducus, falling; branchia, gills.] Urodeles that lose their gills before maturity.

=Ca-du-ci-bran´chi-ates= [Vid. Caducibranchiata.]

=Cal´li-thrix= [Gr. kalos, beautiful; thrix, hair.]

=Cal-a-mo-ich´thys= [Gr. kalamos, reed; ichthys, fish.]

=Ca´lyx= [Gr. kalyx, cover.] The outermost series of leaves (sepals) of a flower; usually green.

=Cam´bri-an= [Cambria, Wales.] The name given by Sedgwick to those Palæozoic rocks that underly the Silurian, in Cambria (or Wales).

=Car-bon-if´er-ous= [Lat. carbo, coal; fero, bear.]

=Car-i-na´tæ= [Lat. carinatus, keel-shaped.] Birds having a keeled (carinate) breast-bone.

=Car-niv´o-ra= [Lat. caro, flesh; voro, devour.] Flesh-eating mammals.

=Cas-tra´tion= [Lat. castratus.] Removal of the glands that bear the Germ-Cells.

=Cat-ar-rhi´næ= [Gr. kata, down; rhis, nose.] Old World monkeys. The septum of the nose is narrow; the tail is short and not prehensile.

=Cat´ar-rhines= [Vid. Catarrhinæ.] Old World monkeys.

=Ceb´i-dæ= [Gr. kebos, long-tailed monkey.] A family of New World monkeys.

=Ce´bus= [Gr. kebos, long-tailed monkey.]

=Cen-o-zo´ic= [Gr. kainos, new; zoe, life.] Relating to the Quaternary and Tertiary eras.

=Cen´ti-pede= [Lat. centum, hundred; pes, foot.] A many jointed myriapod having a pair of legs to each joint.

=Cen´tro-some= [Gr. kentron, center; soma, body.] A body just outside of the nucleus of a cell and that governs the mitotic phases of a cell.

=Ceph-a-lop´o-da= [Gr. kephale, head; pous, foot.] Molluscs with a subcentral head, a beaked mouth, and tentacles taking the place of feet, including cuttlefishes, etc.

=Cer´a-tites= [Gr. keras, horn; ites, like.] A fossil cephalopod with the habitation chamber short and sutural saddles mostly simple.

=Cer´a-to-dus= [Gr. keras, horn; odous, tooth.] So-called from the horn-like ridges of the teeth. A lung-fish.

=Cer-co-pi-the´ci-dæ= [Gr. kerkopithekos, a long-tailed ape; eidos form.] A family of catarrhine anthropoidea.

=Cer-e-bel´lum= [Lat. dim. of cerebrum, brain.] A subdivision of the encephalon.

=Cer´e-brum= [Lat. brain.] A subdivision of the encephalon.

=Cer´e-bral= [Vid. Cerebrum.] Pertaining to the cerebrum.

=Ce-ta´ce-a= [Lat. cetus, whale.] An order of fish-like mammals including the whales and porpoises.

=Chei-rop´te-ra= [Gr. cheir, hand; pteron, wing.] Including the Bats,—an order of mammals.

=Chei-ro´tes= [Gr. cheirotos, having a hand.] A native lizard of Mexico.

=Che-lo´ni-a= [Gr. chelone, tortoise.] An order of reptiles, including the turtles and tortoises.

=Chi-mæ´roids= [Gr. chimaira, a fabled monster; eidos, form.] An order of elasmobranchii (holocephali) with opercular membrane and smooth skin.

=Chi´ro-mys= [Gr. cheir, hand; mus, mouse.]

=Chim-pan´zee= [W. Afr.] Anthropopithecus. A West African arboreal, anthropoid ape; five feet high; distinct eyelashes, eyebrows, and whiskers; very large ears. It approximates to man in its dentition and the length of its arms. Has darker hair than gorilla.

=Chi´tin-ous= [Gr. chiton, tunic.] Pertaining to chitin, the horny substance in the skin of insects.

=Chro´ma-tin= [Gr. croma, color.] Nuclear threads.

=Chor-da´ta= [Lat. chorda, chord.] A subkingdom of animals with a notochord persistent or evanescent.

=Chro´mo-somes= [Gr. croma, color: soma, body.] Nuclear threads.

=Chry´so-thrix= [Gr. chrysos, gold; thrix, hair.]

=Clo-a´ca= [Lat. cloaca, a common sewer.] The common cavity into which the digestive, urinary, and genital canals empty in most vertebrates below placentals, and in all mammalian embryos.

=Coc´ci= [Gr. kokkos, berry.] Pl. of coccus. Isolated spherical cells (bacteria).

=Co-coons´= [F. cocon, dim. of coque, shell; < Lat. concha, shell.] The protective envelopes spun by certain larval insects, as silkworms, in which they are inclosed in the chrysalis state.

=Co-do-si´ga um-bel-la´ta= [Gr. kodon, a bell; sige, silence; Lat. umbella, dim. of umbra, shade.]

=Cœ-cil´i-a= [Lat. cæcus, blind.] Footless amphibians of snake-like form; rudimentary eyes; no neck.

=Cœ-len-te-ra´ta= [Gr. koilos, hollow; enteron, intestine.]

=Cœ-len´ter-ate= [Vid. Cœlenterata.]

=Cϫlome= [Gr. koilos, hollow.] The body-cavity of a metazoan between the viscera and the body-wall.

=Combs= [AS. camb, crest or ridge.] The fleshy crests on the heads of roosters, etc.

=Con-dy-lar´thra= [Gr. kondylos, knuckle; arthron, joint.] An Eocene group of ungulates in which the astragalus is not interlocked laterally with the tibia and its head rounded.

=Co-nif´e-ræ= [Lat. conus, cone; fero, bear.] The pine family of trees.

=Co´nus ar-te-ri-o´sus= [Latin phrase.] The arterial, cone-shaped portion of the left ventricle of the heart.

=Co-rol´la= [Lat., dim. of corona, crown.] The inner set of leaves of flowers and usually bright-colored. The individual parts are called petals.

=Crests= [Lat. crista, tuft.] Projecting natural growths on the tops of animals’ heads and usually ornamental, as the cock’s comb, or the lengthened feathers of a bird.

=Cre-o-don´ta= [Gr. kreas, flesh; odous, tooth.] A group of fossil animals containing forms ancestrally related to existing Carnivora.

=Cre-ta´ceous= [Lat. creta, chalk.] Pertaining to the latter part of the Reptilian age.

=Cri-noi´de-a= [Gr. krinon, lily; eidos, form.] Stone-lilies; stalked star-fishes. A division of Echinoderms.

=Cri´noids= [Vid. Crinoidea.]

=Croc-o-dil´i-a= [Lat. crocodilus, lizard.] An order of reptiles including crocodiles, alligators, and gavials. They are the highest order of reptiles. In them the heart and brain approximate very closely to that of birds.

=Cros-sop-te-ryg´i-a= [Gr. krossoi, tassels; pterygion dim. of pteryx, wing.] A group of fishes with paired, lobate fins, and with an endodermal skeletal, axis fringed with dermal rays.

=Crus-ta´ce-a= [Lat. crusta, crust.] A division of arthropods containing crabs, lobsters, shrimps, crawfish, barnacles, etc.

=Cryp´to-gams= [Gr. kryptos, hidden; gamos, marriage.] The lower of the two great subdivisions of the plant kingdom. They have no true flowers containing stamens, pistils, and seeds; they propagate by means of spores.

=Cten-oph´o-ra= [Gr. kteis, comb; phero, bear.] A subdivision of cœlenterates with paddle-like locomotive plates arranged in eight meridional rows on the outer surface of the body.

=Cyc-a-da´ce-æ= [Gr. kykos, African coco-palm.] The cycad family of plants (gymnospermous), of fern-like or palm-like aspect.

=Cys-toi´de-a= [Gr. kystis, bladder; eidos, form.]

=Cy-no-ceph´a-lus= [Gr. kyon, dog; kephale, head.]

=Cy´to-plasm= [Gr. kyo, be pregnant; plasma, < plasso, form.] Protoplasm; especially that portion of a cell apart from the nucleus.

=Dal´ton-ism= [Dalton, chemist, who had color-blindness.] Color-blindness, especially red-blindness.

=De-cid´u-ate= [Lat. deciduus, falling off.] Shed at periodic times.

=Des´mids= [Gr. desmos, band.] Unicellular plants of minute size; bright-green in color; mainly solitary, fresh-water algæ.

=Dev-o´ni-an= [Devonshire, England.] The name given by Murchison to Palæozoic rocks in Devonshire, England.

=Di´a-toms= [Gr. dia, through; tome, cutting.] Microscopic unicellular algæ inhabiting salt or fresh water. Each individual (frustule) consists of two flint valves which are more or less symmetrical. They are either isolated or attached together in a series.

=Di-cot-y-le´don-es= [Gr. dikotylos, with two hollows.] The most important and largest class of flowering plants. Characterized by having seeds with two cotyledons, exogenous stems, and leaves that are netted-veined; the parts of the flower mostly in fours or fives.

=Di-del´phi-a= [Gr. di-, two; delphys, womb.] A sub-class of mammals, as the Marsupials, having a double womb and no placenta.

=Dif-flu´gi-a pyri-form´is= [Lat. diffluere, to flow apart; pyrum, pear; forma, form.]

=Di-no-sau´ri-a= [Gr. deinos, terrible; sauros, lizard.] Mesozoic land reptiles.

=Dip´no-i= [Gr. di-, two; pneo, breathe.] Fishes with regular gills, a double or single lung, and nostrils inside as well as outside the mouth.

=Dro-ma-the´ri-um= [Gr. dromos, running; therion, small wild beast.]

=Dys-chro-ma-top´si-a= [Gr. dys, bad; chroma, color; opsis, sight.] Partial color-blindness; difficulty in distinguishing colors.

=E-chi-no-der´ma-ta= [Gr. echinos, hedgehog; derma, skin.]

=E-chi´no-derms= [Vid. Echinodermata.]

=Ech-i-noi´de-a= [Gr. echinos, hedgehog; eidos, form.] Echinoderms including sea urchins.

=Ec´to-derm= [Gr. ektos, outside; derma, skin.]

=Ec´to-plasm= [Gr. ektos, outside; plasso, form.]

=E-den-ta´ta= [Lat. e, out of; dens, tooth.] An order of placentals with a small, one-lobed cerebrum; without median, cutting teeth: including armadillos, ant-eaters, and sloths.

=El-as-mo-bran´chi-i= [Gr. elasmos, metal plate; branchia, gills.] Fish-like vertebrates which have no membrane bones in the skull or the shoulder-girdle; five pairs of strap-like gills attached by their distal ends; claspers to the ventral fins of males; complicated brain with optic nerves forming a decussation.

=Em´bry-o= [Gr. en, in; bruein, swell.] The term applied to an animal in the earlier stages of development.

=Em-bry-ol´o-gy= [Gr. embryon, embryo; logos, < lego, speak.] The study of embryos.

=En´do-derm= [Gr. endon, within; derma, skin.]

=En´do-plasm= [Gr. endon, within; plasso, form.]

=En-ter-op-neus´ta= [Gr. enteron, intestine; pneustos, breathing.] Acorn-tongue worms. Smooth-bodied, footless worms, having a large exserted soft proboscis; breathing by a series of respiratory sacs opening into the digestive canal, and communicating externally by spiracles; nervous system situated above a seeming notochord. Balanoglossus. Included by some biologists among the chordata.

=E-o-hip´pus= [Gr. eos. dawn; hippos, horse.]

=E´o-cene= [Gr. eos, dawn; kainos, recent.]

=Ep-en-ceph´a-lon= [Gr. epi, upon; enkephalos, brain.] A fundamental subdivision of the brain (encephalon).

=Ep´i-blast= [Gr. epi, upon; blastos, bud.]

=E´quus= [Lat. horse.]

=E-ryth-ro-lam´prus= [Gr. erythros, red; lampros, shining.]

=Eu-ca-lyp´tus= [Gr. eu, good; kalypto, cover.] A large genus of evergreen trees of the myrtle family.

=Ev-o-lu´tion= [Lat. e, out; volvo, roll.]

=Ex-o-skel´e-ton= [Gr. exo, outside; skeleton, dried body.] External skeleton; bony or horny hardening of the integument.

=Fla-gel´lum= [Lat., dim. of flagrum, scourge.] A slender protoplasmic extension of a cell, for purposes of locomotion.

=Fo-ram-i-nif´e-ra= [Lat. foramen, opening; fero, bear.] A division of protozoans secreting a shell perforated by many minute apertures.

=Fos´sil= [Lat. fodio, dig.] Any organic body so situated in the earth, and so buried in solid rock or in earthy deposits, as to be capable of indefinite preservation.

=Gan´gli-on= [Gr. ganglion, tumor.] A swelling that consists of an aggregation of nerve-cells. It receives and discharges nervous impulses and serves to stimulate psychical and organic activities.

=Ga-noi´de-i= [Gr. ganos, brightness; eidos, appearance.]

=Gas-ter-op´o-da= [Gr. gaster, stomach; pous, foot.] Including all snails and slugs.

=Gas´tru-la= [Dim. of Lat. gaster, stomach.]

=Gem´mæ= [Lat. buds.]

=Geph-y-re´a= [Gr. gephyra, bridge.] A division of worms with an œsophageal nervous ring and ventral chord; no distinct segments or legs; a terminal or dorsal anus.

=Go´ni-a-tites= [Gr. gonia, corner; lithos, stone.] A genus of fossil Ammonites.

=Gor´gets= [Fr. gorgette, dim. of gorge, throat.] Throat-patches distinguished by color or texture, especially in humming birds.

=Grap´to-lites= [Gr. graptos, written; lithos, stone.] Fossil hydroids.

=Greg-a-ri´na= [Lat. gregarius, < grex, flock.] A genus typical of Gregarinidæ. Gregarina gigantea is sixteen millimeters in length and is one of the largest unicellular animals known.

=Greg-a-rin´i-dæ= [Vid. Gregarina.] More or less elongated amœba-like Protozoa, having a well-defined cell-wall, and a “subcuticular” system of muscular fibrillæ; nucleus, but no contractile vacuole; reproduction by encystment and subdivision of the central cell mass or protoplasm, by which shelly psorosperms are formed and from which escape the moner-like young, which undergo a metamorphosis.

=Gro´mi-a o-vi-form´is= [Lat. gromia; ovum, egg; forma, form.] A characteristic imperforate foraminifer.

=Gym-no-phi´o-na= [Gr. gymnos, naked; ophis, serpent]

=Gym-no-sper´mæ= [Gr. gymnos, naked; sperma, seed.] Plants whose seeds are not contained in a closed seed-vessel, as Cycads and Conifers.

=Hap´a-le= [Gr. hapalos, gentle.]

=Ha-pal´i-dæ= [Gr. hapalos, gentle] A family of New World monkeys including the Marmosets.

=Hel-i-co-nid´æ= [N., < heliconius, of Helicon; idæ.] A family of butterflies.

=Hes-per-or´nis= [Gr. hesperos, western; ornis, bird.] Cretaceous carinate birds with rudimentary wings, short tail, and pointed teeth implanted in grooves.

=Hip-po-pot´a-mus= [Gr. hippos, horse; potamos, river.]

=Hol-o-ceph´a-li= [Gr. holos, whole; kepale, head.] A subdivision of Elasmobranchii in which the suspensorium of the lower jaw is continuous with the cranium, as chimæroids, etc.

=Hol-o-thu-roi´de-a= [Gr. holos, whole; thouros, rushing.] Worm-like echinoderms, with skin-like integuments, and circum-oral tentacles; including sea-cucumbers, sea-slugs, etc.

=Ho-min´i-dæ= [Lat. homo, man; idæ.] A family of primates restricted to mankind.

=Hy´a-lo-plasm= [Gr. hyalos, glass; plasma, < plasso, form.]

=Hy´dra= [Gr. hydra, Lernæan serpent, < hudor, water.] A fresh-water polyp, having the form of a cylindrical tube, surrounded at the mouth with a circle of thread-like tentacles, by which it captures its prey.

=Hy´droid= [Gr. hudor, water; eidos, form.] Resembling the hydra; pertaining to the Hydroidea.

=Hy-dro-zo´a= [Hydro-; zoon, animal.] Cœlenterates including Hydroids and jelly-fishes.

=Hy-lob-a-ti´næ= [Gr. hylobates, one who walks the wood.] An Asiatic subfamily of apes; the long-armed apes or gibbons.

=Hy-lob´a-tes= [Gr. hylobates.] A gibbon,—an Asiatic ape.

=Hy-ra-coi´de-a= [Gr. hyrax, shrew-mouse; eidos, appearance.]

=Ich-thy-or´nis= [Gr. ichthys, fish; ornis, bird.] Cretaceous toothed birds of tern-like form, with socketed acute teeth, and bi-concave vertebræ

=Ich-thy-o-sau´ri-a= [Gr. ichthys, fish; sauros, lizard.]

=Id´i-o-blast= [Gr. idios, individual; blastema, sprout.]

=In-fu-so´ri-a= [Lat. in, into; fundo, pour.] So called because including many animalcules that occur in infusions of decaying substances.

=In-sec´ta= [Lat. in, into; seco, cut.]

=In-sec-tiv´o-ra= [Lat. insectum, insect; voro, devour.]

=In-ver-te-bra´ta= [Lat. in, not; vertebratus, jointed.] Including all animals that do not possess a notochord or backbone: opposed to Vertebrata.

=In-ver´te-brates= [Vid. Invertebrata.]

=Ju-ras´sic= [Jura mountains.]

=Kaf´ir-boom= [Erythrina caffra.] A prickly-stemmed tree of South Africa.

=Kal´li-ma para-lek´ta= [Gr. kallimos, beautiful; para, along side of; lektos, picked out.]

=Keri-vou´la pic´ta.=

=Lab-y-rin´tho-donts= [Gr. labyrinthos, labyrinth; odous, tooth.] Extinct amphibians.

=Lac-er-til´i-a= [Lat. lacertus, lizard.]

=La-ge´na= [Gr. lagynos, flask.]

=La-mel-li-bran-chi-a´ta= [Lat. lamella, a plate; branchia, gills.] Bivalve molluscs.

=La-nu´go= [Lat. lana, wool.]

=Lar´væ= [Lat. pl. of larva, mask.] The early forms of animals when they are unlike the parent. In insects the first stages after leaving the eggs, preceding the pupa, as maggots or caterpillars.

=Lem-u-roi´de-a= [Lemur; Gr. eidos, appearance.] A sub order of Primates. Prosimiæ.

=Lep-i-do-si´ren= [Gr. lepis, scale; siren, a genus of amphibians.] One of the lung-fishes.

=Lep-to-car´di-i= [Gr. leptos, fine, small; kardia, heart.]

=Liv´er-worts.=

=Lon-gi-cor´ni-a= [Lat. longus, long; cornu, horn.] A division of beetles having very long filiform antennæ.

=Ma-caques´= [F., < Afr. macaquo.] Cercopithecine monkeys of the genus macacus. Their form is stout; large ischial tuberosities: muzzle considerably produced.

=Ma-ca´cus.=

=Mam´mal= [Lat. mamma, breast; suffix -al; in analogy with Animal. Dr. Th. Gill.] Vertebrate animal whose female has mammæ, or milk-secreting organs.

=Mam-ma´li-a= [Vid. mammal.]

=Man´tis= [Gr. mantis, prophet.] The mantises are insects noted for the manner in which they carry the large spinous fore legs when waiting for prey. They have the attitude, then, as if praying.

=Mar´mo-set.= A small South-American monkey.

=Mar-si-po-bran´chi-i= [Gr. marsipos, bag; branchia, gills.]

=Mar-su´pi-al= [Lat. marsupium, pouch.] Animals having a marsupium or pouch for retaining the young.

=Mas´to-don= [Gr. mastos, breast; odous, tooth.] An extinct elephant.

=Me-dul´la= [Lat. medius, middle.] A subdivision of the brain—that portion especially that is continuous with the spinal chord.

=Men-o-bran´chus= [Gr. meno, remain; branchia, gills.] A large American aquatic amphibian, of salamander-like form, with persistent gills, as the mud-puppy.

=Mens sana in corpore sano.= A Latin phrase meaning a sound mind in a sound body.

=Mes-en-ceph´a-lon= [Gr. mesos, middle; enkephalos, brain.] A fundamental segment of the brain.

=Mes´en-chyme= [Gr. mesos, middle; enchyma, infusion.]

=Mes´o-blast= [Gr. mesos, middle; blastos, germ.]

=Mes-o-glϫa= [Gr. mesos, middle; gloia, glue.]

=Mes-o-hip´pus= [Gr. mesos, middle; hippos, horse.]

=Mes-o-zo´ic= [Gr. mesos, middle; zoe, life.]

=Met-a-dis-coi´dal= [Gr. meta, after; diskos, disk; eidos, appearance.] Resembling a discoidal form.

=Met-a-mor´pho-sis= [Gr. meta, over; morphe, form.] The series of pronounced external changes through which an animal passes after leaving the egg-envelopes and before reaching sexual maturity.

=Met-a-phy´ta= [Gr. meta, above, higher; phyton, plant.]

=Met´a-plasm= [Gr. metaplasmos, transformation.]

=Met-a-zo´a= [Gr. meta, after, higher; zoon, animal.]

=Met-en-ceph´a-lon= [Gr. meta, after; enkephalos, brain.] A fundamental segment of the brain.

=Mi-cro-ceph-a´li-a= [Gr. mikrokephalos, small-headed.] Imperfect development of the cranium.

=Mi-cren-ceph-a´li-a= [Gr. mikros, small; enkephalos, brain.] Small-brained.

=Mi´cro-cosm= [Gr. mikros, small; kosmos, world.]

=Micro-gro´mi-a so-ci-al´is= [Gr. mikros, small; gromia; Lat. socialis < socius, companion.]

=Mi-cro-les´tes.=

=Mi´das.= A wealthy king of Phrygia.

=Mi-o-hip´pus= [Miocene; Gr. hippos, horse.]

=Mi´o-cene= [Gr. meion, less; kainos, recent.]

=Mi-to´sis= [Gr. mitos, thread.]

=Mol-lus´ca= [Lat. mollis, soft.]

=Mon-o-cot-y-le´don-es= [Gr. monos, single; kotyledon, cup-shaped cavity.] A group of flowering plants in which the first leaves of the embryo are alternate, for which reason they are said to have one seed-leaf or cotyledon.

=Mon-o-del´phi-a= [Gr. monos, single; delphys, womb.] A sub-class of mammals having a single vagina and uterus; embryo attached by a placenta; brain has a corpus callosum. Includes all animals above Monotremes and Marsupials.

=Mon´o-tremes= [Gr. monos, single; trema, hole.] An order of ornithodelphians.

=Mor´u-la= [Lat. dim. of morum, mulberry.]

=Mul-ti-tu-ber-cu-la´ta= [Lat. multus, many; tuberculum, tubercle.]

=My-ce´tes= [Gr. myketes, bellower.]

=Myr-i-ap´o-da= [Gr. myrios, numberless; pous, foot.] Insects with numerous pairs of legs, as centipedes.

=Nau´ti-loids= [Gr. nautilos, sailor; eidos, like.] A group of cephalopods.

=Nau´ti-lus= [Gr. nautilos, sailor.] A cephalopod.

=Nem-a-thel-min´thes= [Gr. nema, thread; helmins, worm.]

=Nem-er-ti´na= [Gr. nemertes, unerring.] Worms with skin ciliated, proboscis retractile, and nervous, muscular, and vascular systems characteristically developed.

=Ne-o-lith´ic= [Gr. neos, new; lithos, stone.]

=Noc-ti-lu´ca mi-li-a´ris= [Lat. nox, night; luceo, shine; miliarius, < milium, millet.]

=No´to-chord= [Gr. notos, the back; chorda, a chord.] A cartilaginous rod found in the young chordate embryo in a situation that is later on occupied by the centers of the bodies of the vertebræ. It separates a dorsal nervous system from a ventral alimentary (digestive) canal. The notochord is persistent in its entirety in Leptocardians and Marsipobranchs and also in some pisces, as the sturgeon.

=O-don-tor´ni-thes= [Gr. odous, a tooth; ornis, bird.] Including all those extinct birds having teeth.

=Œ-soph´a-gus= [Gr. oiso, will bear; phagein, eat.] The gullet; the membranous tube through which food passes from the pharynx to the stomach.

=On-tog´e-ny= [Gr. on, being; genesis, origin.] The history of the evolution of the individual; the development of the individual.

=On-to-ge-net´ic= [Gr. on, being; genesis, origin.] Pertaining to ontogeny.

=On-y-choph´o-ra= [Gr. onyx, claw; pherein, bear.] Arthropods including only a single genus, the curious caterpillar-like Peripatus.

=Oösperm= [Gr. oon, egg; sperma, semen.] A fertilized ovum. The first stage in the existence of a human being is called oösperm.

=O-per´cu-lum= [Lat. lid.] The gill-cover.

=O-phid´i-a= [Gr. ophis, serpent.] Serpents; snakes.

=Op-po´nens Hal-lu´cis= [Lat. ob, pono, to place over against; hallux, great toe.] The name of a muscle in the foot.

=Or-do-vi´cian= [ordovices, ancient Celtic tribe in Wales.]

=Or-nith-o-del´phi-a= [Gr. ornis, bird; delphys, womb.] A sub-class of oviparous mammals.

=Or-o-hip´pus= [Gr. oros, mountain; hippos, horse.]

=Or-tho-cer´a-tites= [Gr. orthos, straight; keras, horn.]

=Os´te-o-blasts= [Gr. osteon, bone; blastano, sprout.]

=Os´te-o-clasts= [Gr. osteon, bone; klao, destroy.]

=Os´tra-co-derms= [Gr. ostrakon, shell; derma, skin.]

=Ovum= [Lat. egg.] Female germ-cell; female, encysted, sexual cell.

=O-vip´a-rous= [Lat. ovum, egg; pairo, produce.] Producing eggs that mature and are hatched outside the body.

=Pal´li-um= [Gr. mantle.]

=Pa-læ-o-lith´ic= [Gr. palaios, ancient; lithos, stone.]

=Pa-læ-o-zo´ic= [Gr. palaios, ancient; zoe, life.]

=Pan-do-ri´na mor´um= [Gr. Pandora; moron, mulberry.]

=Pan-gen´e-sis= [Gr. pas, all; genesis, origin.]

=Par-a-me´ci-um= [Gr. paramekes, of longish shape.]

=Par-then-o-gen´e-sis= [Gr. parthenos, virgin; genesis, origin.] Production of a new individual from a virgin female without intervention of a male; reproduction by means of unfertilized eggs.

=Per-en-ni-bran-chi-a´ta= [Lat. perennis, perpetual; branchia, gills.]

=Per-en-ni-bran´chi-ates= [Vid. Perennibranchiata.]

=Ped´al= [Lat. pes, foot.]

=Per´mi-an= [Perm, Russia.]

=Phan´er-o-gams= [Gr. phaneros, visible; gamos, marriage.] Flowering plants.

=Phos-phor-es´cence.=

=Phryn-o-ceph´a-lus mys-ta´ce-us.=

=Phy-log´e-ny= [Gr. phylon, tribe; genesis, origin.] The history of the evolution of a species or group; distinguished from ontogeny.

=Phy-lo-ge-net´ic= [Vid. phylogeny.] Pertaining to phylogeny.

=Pith´e-coid= [Gr. pithekos, ape; eidos, like.]

=Pith-e-can-thro´pus= [Gr. pithekos, ape; anthropos, man.]

=Pla-gi-os´to-mi= [Gr. plagios, oblique; stoma, mouth.] A division of Elasmobranchii, including sharks and rays.

=Pla-cen´tal= [Lat. placenta, cake.] So called on account of its shape. Pertaining to the placenta, the organ of attachment of higher vertebrate (monodelph) embryos to the wall of the uterus of the female.

=Plas´tids= [Gr. plastos, formed.]

=Plat-y-hel-min´thes= [Gr. platys, flat; helminos, worm.]

=Plat-y-rhi´næ= [Gr. platys, broad, flat; rhis, nose.] Monkeys of the New World having long tails and a wide septum to the nose.

=Pleur-a-can´thus= [Gr. pleuron, rib; akantha, thorn.]

=Pleu´ral= [Gr. pleura, rib, side.]

=Pli-o-hip´pus= [Pliocene; Gr. hippos, horse.]

=Pli´o-cene= [Gr. pleion, more; kainos, recent.]

=Plumes= [Lat. pluma, small soft feather.] Feathers, especially when ornamental or large; or tufts of large and ornamental feathers.

=Pneu-mo-coc´ci= [Gr. pneumon, lung; kokkos, berry.] Bacteria (spheroidal) found in those suffering from pneumonia.

=Pol-y-dac´tyl-ism= [Gr. polys, many; daktylos, finger, toe.] The possession of an abnormally large number of fingers or toes.

=Pol-y-mor´phism= [Gr. polys, many; morphe, form.] Exhibition by a group of animals, as a species, of different types of form or structure.

=Po-lyp´te-rus= [Gr. polypteros, many-winged.]

=Po-ly´o-don= [Gr. polys, many; odous, tooth.]

=Pol´yp= [Gr. polys, many; pous, foot.]

=Pol´y-the-ism= [Gr. polys, many; theos, god.]

=Po-rif´e-ra= [Lat. porus, pore; fero, bear.]

=Pre-Pa-læ-o-lith´ic= [Lat. præ, before; Palæolithic.] The period of time preceding the Ancient Stone Age.

=Pri-ma´tes= [Lat. primus, first.] An order of mammals.

=Pro-bos-cid´e-a= [Gr. pro, before; bosko, feed.]

=Pro-nu´cle-us= [Lat. pro, before; nucleus, kernel.]

=Pros-en-ceph´a-lon= [Gr. pro, before; enkephalos, brain.] A fundamental segment of the brain.

=Pro-to-hip´pus= [Gr. protos, first; hippos, horse.]

=Pro-toph´y-ta= [Gr. protos, first; phyton, plant.]

=Pro´to-plasm= [Gr. protos, first; plasma, < plasso, form.]

=Pro-top´te-rus= [Gr. protos, first; pteron, wing.]

=Pro-to-zo´a= [Gr. protos, first; zoon, animal.]

=Pseu-do-he-red´i-ty= [Gr. pseudes, false; Lat. heredita, heirship.]

=Pseu-do-po´di-a= [Gr. pseudes, false; pous, foot.]

=Psy-cho-zo´ic= [Gr. psyche, soul; zoe, life.]

=Pter-i-doph´y-ta= [Gr. pteris, fern; phyton, plant.]

=Pter-o-sau´ri-a= [Gr. pteron, wing; sauros, lizard.]

=Pti-lo´pus cinc´tus.=

=Pu´pa=, pl. =pupæ= [Lat. doll, girl, f. of pupus, boy.] The third stage of those insects that undergo a complete metamorphosis. Pupæ are often surrounded by protective envelopes called cocoons.

=Quad-ru´la sym-met´ri-ca.=

=Qua-ter´na-ry= [Lat. quaternarius, consisting of four.]

=Ra-ti´tæ= [Lat. ratis, raft.] A group of birds whose sternum is without a keel; aborted wings. Including ostriches, emus, moas, rheas, etc.

=Rhi-noc´e-ros= [Gr. rhis, nose; keras, horn.]

=Rhi-zop´o-da= [Gr. rhiza, root; pous, foot.]

=Ro-den´ti-a= [Lat. rodo, gnaw.]

=Ro-ta´li-a Frey´er-i= [Lat. rota, wheel; Freyer.]

=Ro-ta-to´ri-a= [Lat. rota, wheel.]

=Ro´ti-fer= [Lat. rota, wheel; fero, bear.]

=Ru´mi-nant= [Lat. ruminans, ruminate.]

=Sai´tis pu´lex.=

=Saur-u´ræ= [Gr. sauros, lizard; oura, tail.] Jurassic birds having lizard-like tails with distichous feathers, as Archæopterygidæ.

=Sca-phop´o-da= [Gr. skaphos, bowl, skiff; pous, foot.] A division of molluscs.

=Sep´al= [Lat. separ, separate.] One of the individual leaves of a calyx.

=Si-lu´ri-an= [Silures, ancient Celts in Wales.]

=Sim´i-a= [Lat. simia, ape.] A genus typical of Simiidæ and now restricted to the orang.

=Si-mi´i-dæ= [Lat. simia, ape.] A family of Old World Anthropoidea.

=Sim-i-i´næ= [Lat. simia, ape.] A subfamily of Simiidæ with robust form and molars tuberculated as in man and no ischial tuberosities, including Chimpanzees, Gorillas, and Orangs.

=Si´nus veno´sus= [Lat.] Venous cavity. (1) In higher vertebrates the main part of the auricular cavity. (2) In the lower vertebrates, a dilitation at the termination of venous channels, forming a separate chamber.

=Si-re´ni-a= [Lat. siren, siren.]

=Snags= [Norw. snag, a projecting point.] A branch on the antler of a deer.

=So-mat´ic= [Gr. soma, body.] Pertaining to the body.

=So-ma-to-ge-net´ic= [Gr. soma, body; genesis, generation, origin.] Originating in the body or soma through external influences.

=Sper-ma-to-zo´id= [Gr. sperma, seed, semen; zoon, animal.] Male germ-cell; male, flagellate, (“ciliated”) sexual cell. At one time supposed to be minute parasites in the semen, hence often called spermatozooa.

=Sphinx fu-ci-form´is.=

=Spon´gi-o-plasm= [Gr. spongion, little sponge; plasso, form.]

=Steg-o-ceph´ala= [Gr. stego, cover; kepale, head.] Another name for Labyrinthodonts.

=Sty-lo-nych´i-a.=

=Su-pra-œ-soph-ag´e-al= [Lat. supra, above; œsophagus.]

=Tar´si-us= [Gr. tarsos, any flat surface.]

=Tax-o-nom´ic= [Gr. taxis, orderly arrangement; nemein, distribute.] Pertaining to systematic classification.

=Tel-e-os´to-mi= [Gr. teleos, perfect; stoma, mouth.] A division of fishes with well-developed dentary and maxillary and membrane bones; includes all fishes except Elasmobranchii and lower forms.

=Tel´e-osts= [Gr. teleos, perfect; osteon, bone.] A subdivision of Teleostomi that includes most fishes; decussation of optic nerves; non-contractile arterial bulb.

=Ter´ti-a-ry= [Lat. tertius, third.]

=Tet´ra-o cu´pi-do= [Lat. tetrao, pheasant; Cupido, the God of Love.]

=Thal-am-en-ceph´a-lon= [Gr. thalamos, chamber; enkephalos, brain.] A fundamental segment of the brain.

=Thal´a-mi= [Gr. thalamos, chamber.] The lateral boundaries of the thalamencephalon.

=Thal´loph´y-ta= [Gr. thallos, young branch; phyton, plant.]

=The-ro-mor´pha= [Gr. ther, beast; morphe, form.]

=Tho-mi´sus cit´re-us.=

=Ti-mor´.=

=Top´knots.= Crests or tufts of feathers growing on the heads of birds.

=Toxalbu´min= [Gr. toxikon, poison; albumin, < Lat. albus, white.]

=Tri-as´sic= [Gr. trias, three.]

=Tri´lo-bites= [Gr. treis, three; lobos, lobe.]

=Tu-ni-ca´ta= [Lat. tunica, tunic.] A class of Chordata called Sca-squirts or Ascidians.

=Tynes= [AS. tind, prong.] The spike or prong of an antler.

=Un-gu-la´ta= [Lat. unguis, nail.] The order of hoofed mammals.

=U-ro-de´la= [Gr. oura, tail; delos, manifest.] The tailed Amphibians.

=U´te-rus= [Lat. uterus, womb.] The organ of a female animal in which the young are protected and developed before birth.

=Vac´u-ole= [Lat. vacuus, empty.] The little cavities in cells containing watery solutions.

=Ves´i-cle= [Lat. vesicula, little bladder.] Synonymous with vacuoles.

=Ve´na ca´va= [Lat.] Hollow vein. Either of the two great veins that empty into the right auricle of the heart.

=Ven´tri-cles= [Lat. ventriculus, little belly.] One of the cavities of the heart or brain.

=Ven´tral= [Lat. venter, belly.] Applied to the front (under) side of the body.

=Ver´mes= [Lat. vermis, worm.]

=Ver-te-bra´ta= [Lat. vertebratus, jointed.]

=Ver´te-brate= [Lat. vertebratus, jointed.]

=Vi-vip´a-rous= [Lat. vivus, alive; pario, bear.] Applied to animals which bring forth their young alive.

=Vis´ce-ra= [Lat. viscera, organs.] The internal organs of the body.

=Vol´vox glo-ba´tor= [Lat. volvo, roll; globatus, made into a ball.]

=Wat´tles= [AS. watel, hurdle.] Fleshy, naked processes depending from the neck or head of a bird.

FOOTNOTES.

One cubic millimeter of human blood alone, not to mention other tissues of the body, contains over five million cells.

Except in the maturation of ova and spermatozoids.

Bradford.

Bradford.

Socially, morally, and religiously.

Lyell.

Readers not familiar with Elementary Zoölogy will do well to consult the Classification of Animals in Section VII.; and also the Diagram of Development.

Wallace.

Belt.

Wallace.

Wallace.

Wallace.

Darwin.

Darwin.

Lloyd Morgan.

Clodd.

“Feelings and motions run parallel to each other, and where we do not meet with actual feelings we suppose the presence of the elements of feeling. But this parallelism would be most wonderful indeed if it were a true parallelism consisting of two different and distinct lines. The simplest conception of the case is the monistic view, which considers the parallelism as an identity. Both motion and feeling are abstract conceptions. A motion exists of itself no more than a feeling. The reality from which the ideas motion and feeling have been abstracted is one inseparable whole, which if viewed as an objective process appears as motion, and if viewed from the subjective side appears as feeling. Feelings can only be felt, not seen; but if we could see them, we might observe the elements of feeling wherever motion takes place.

“Fechner seems to have hit the mark, when he compared feeling and motion to the inside and the outside curves of a circle; they are entirely different and yet the same. The inside curve is concave, the outside curve is convex. If we construct rules relating first to the concave inside and then to the convex outside, we shall notice a parallelism in the formulas; yet this parallelism will appear only in the abstractions which have been made of one and the same thing from a different aspect. It results from making two different abstractions. The abstract conceptions form two parallel systems, but the real thing can be represented as parallel only in the sense that it is parallel to itself; it is the parallelism of identity. There is but one line and this one line is concave if viewed from the inside, if viewed from the outside convex.” Dr. Carus in “The Soul of Man,” p. 20.

Central Soul (Dr. Carus).

Clifford.

It is more scientific to say a Cosmic Soul immanent in the Cosmos.

“God, as I conceive him to be, is not less than a person, but more than a person.” Dr. Paul Carus.

Fiske.

Fiske.

“Religion is the conception by man of his relation to the infinite universe and its source; and morality is the ever present guide of life proceeding only from this relation.” Tolstoi.

Fiske.

Society also utterly ignores the rights of unborn children in permitting the constant marriages of men and women having constitutions tainted with hereditary diseases, as insanity, syphilis, tuberculosis, etc.

In Dipnoi, which are fishes with Amphibian characters, the paired fins have each a central segmented axis which bears on each side a series of radial pieces. The air bladder is a true lung, and is frequently used as such. The heart shows indications of becoming three chambered (two auricles and one ventricle). The left auricle contains arterial blood from the lungs. There is an inferior vena cava. The nasal sacs open posteriorly into the mouth.

INDEX.

Achromatin, 6.

Acquired Characters, 65, 71, 72, 76.

Actinozoa, 232.

Age, of Amphibians, 105.

Age, of Fishes, 101.

Age, of Mammals, 111.

Age, of Man, 114.

Age, of Molluscs, 98, 100.

Age, of Reptiles, 110.

Air-bladder, 236.

Allantois, 238.

Altruism, 223, 225.

Amblypoda, 111.

Amblystoma, 62, 63.

America, Central, 141.

America, South, 83, 145, 146.

America, North, development of, 85.

America, Archæan, 85.

America, Cretaceous, 87.

America, Tertiary, 88, 89.

America, tropical, 146, 147, 149.

Amia, 236, 237.

Amitosis, 28.

Ammonites, 100, 108.

Amnion, 238.

Amœba proteus, 10, 35, 230.

Amphibia, 96, 102, 103, 104, 105, 235, 238.

Amphibia, of snake-like form, 103.

Amphibia, generalized, 107.

Amphimixis, 46.

Amphineura, 234.

Amphioxus, 235.

Anaptomorphus, 111.

Ancon sheep, 49.

Angiospermæ, 245.

Animals, backboned, 96, 101, 103, 152.

Animals, birth rate of, 123.

Animals, coloration of, 126, 127.

Animals, death rate of, 123.

Animals, grass-eating, 137.

Animals, gregarious, 150.

Animals, multicellular, 4, 229.

Animals, multiplication of, 122.

Animals, snake-eating, 136.

Animals, segmented, 233, 234.

Animals, unicellular, 4, 229.

Animals, unsegmented, 233.

Annulata, 233.

Ant-bear, 123.

Antelope, desert, 127.

Antitoxines, 15.

Anthropoid Apes, 243.

Anthropoid Characters, 185.

Anthropomorphism, 211.

Anthropopithecus, 243, 244.

Anthropoidea, 240, 241.

Antlers, of deer, 14, 157.

Ants, 110, 123, 233.

Anura, 238.

Apes, anthropoid, 243.

Arachnida, 233.

Arcella, 16, 231.

Archæan land, Canadian, 86.

Archæan land, Blue Ridge, 86.

Archæan land, Rocky Mountain, 86.

Archæopteryx, 108, 238.

Archegosaurus, 103, 238.

Arctic regions, 151.

Argonaut, 98.

Armadillos, 114.

Arthropoda, 233.

Arthropods, 96, 98, 99.

Artificial Selection, 120, 121, 122.

Asteroidea, 232.

Atavism, 51, 52, 191.

Ateles, 242.

Attraction-sphere, 27.

Aves, 234, 238.

Aye-Ayes, 241.

Baboons, 243.

Baby, grasping power of, 192.

Bach, family of, 40.

Bacillus diphtheriæ, 16.

Bacillus, tetanus, 15.

Bacteria, 14.

Bacteria, nitrifying, 16.

Badger, 123.

Balanoglossus, 233.

Barriers, geographical, 166, 169.

Barriers, sexual, 166, 169.

Bat, 127, 130.

Bear, polar, 127.

Beavers, 157.

Bees, 59, 60, 102, 105, 110, 123, 163, 164.

Bee-eaters, 127.

Beetles, 147.

Belemnites, 108.

Berg adder, 149.

Biophors, 6.

Bipes, 115.

Blastids, 99.

Blastoidea, 233.

Blastula, 32.

Bird fancier, 120.

Birds, 96, 105, 107, 109, 144, 146, 147, 148, 152, 159.

Birds, courtship of, 153, 154.

Birds, eggs of, 132, 133, 134, 135.

Birds, excreta of, 142.

Birds, humming, 152, 157, 159.

Birds, paradise, 152.

Birds, reptilian, 108.

Birds, singing of, 154, 155.

Birds, snake-eating, 147, 149.

Boar, wild, 121, 157.

Body-cells, 45, 64.

Borneo, 138.

Bower birds, 155.

Brachiopoda, 232.

Brachiopods, 96, 97, 100, 102, 105.

Brain, 232, 233, 234, 235, 239.

Brain, development of, 199, 214, 215.

Brain, fœtal, 203, 204.

Brain, ideal section of, 203.

Brain, of fish, 199.

Brain, of lemur, 201.

Brain, of man, 203, 206, 211.

Brain, of marsupial, 200.

Brain, mind immanent in, 208.

Brain, of monkeys, 202.

Brain, psychic phenomena of, 206.

Brain, of reptile, 199.

Bryophyta, 244.

Bryozoa, 232.

Bull, 157.

Bullfinch, 154.

Butterflies, 59, 102, 110, 135, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 145, 147, 148, 158, 233.

Bulldog, 121.

Caducibranchiata, 178, 237.

Calamoichthys, 236.

Callithrix, 242.

Camel, 127.

Canaries, 154.

Carinatæ, 238.

Carnivora, 239.

Carus, Dr. Paul, 208.

Castration, 224.

Catarrhinæ, 241.

Caterpillar, 135, 138, 139, 140, 141, 145.

Cats, forest, 128.

Cattle, 169.

Cave bear, 114.

Cebidæ, 241, 242.

Cebus, 242.

Cells, xiii. 4.

Cells, body or somatic, xiv. 45, 64.

Cells, chemistry of, 4, 5.

Cells, daughter, 8.

Cells, encysted, 5.

Cells, flagellate, 29.

Cells, germ, xiv. 45, 54, 57, 65, 67, 161.

Cells, mother, 8.

Cells, nutrition of, 7.

Cells, reproduction of, 7, 25.

Cells, stinging, 231.

Cells, structure of, 5, 6.

Centipede, 98, 233.

Centrosome, 6, 27.

Cephalopoda, 234.

Cephalopods, 98, 100.

Ceratites, 105.

Ceratodus, 104, 105, 237.

Cercopithecidæ, 241, 242.

Cerebellum, 199, 206, 239.

Cerebrum, 199, 205, 239.

Cetacea, 239.

Character, 220, 226.

Characters, acquired, 65, 68.

Characters, anthropoid, 185.

Characters, congenital, 68.

Characters, non-transmission of acquired, 66, 70.

Characters, pithecoid, 185.

Characters, transmission of acquired, 66, 76.

Chatterers, 152.

Cheiroptera, 239.

Cheirotes, 115.

Chelonia, 238.

Children, rights of unborn, 224, 225.

Chimæroids, 106, 236.

Chimpanzee, 243, 244.

Chiromys, 241.

Chitons, 234.

Choice, 216, 223.

Chordata, 234.

Chromosomes, 6, 31.

Chrysothrix, 242.

Civilization, 215.

Classification, xi. xii.

Club-foot, 193.

Clubmosses, 100, 102, 245.

Cockroaches, 100, 234.

Codosiga umbellata, 23.

Cœcilia, 238.

Cœlenterata, 32, 96, 97, 99, 230, 231, 232.

Coloration, alluring, 128, 141.

Coloration, protective, 127, 128, 135.

Coloration, as recognition marks, 150.

Coloration, warning, 128, 144.

Columba livia, 120.

Comb-bearers, 231.

Condylarthra, 111.

Coniferæ, 105, 215.

Corals, 96, 97, 100, 102.

Corals, chain, 99, 100.

Corals, honeycomb, 99, 100.

Coral, hydroid, 99, 100.

Coreopsis, 142.

Cormorants, 134.

Cosmic Designer, 220.

Cosmos, Soul of, 210, 211.

Cows, 121.

Crabs, 233.

Creation, 211, 212.

Creodonta, 111.

Criminals, 223, 224.

Crinoidea, 96, 97, 99, 100, 232.

Crocodilia, 157, 238.

Crossopterygii, 101, 103, 105, 106, 109, 110, 236.

Cross-sterility, 167, 168, 169.

Crustacea, 102, 103, 233.

Cryptogams, 97, 244.

Ctenophora, 231.

Cuttlefish, 98, 234.

Cycadaceæ, 100, 102, 105, 245.

Cynocephalus, 243.

Cypresses, 100, 102, 245.

Cystids, 96, 97, 99.

Cystoidea, 232.

Cytoplasm, 4.

Daisy, ox-eyed, 142.

Deer, fallow, 169.

Deer, forest, 128, 129.

Design, 212.

Designer, 212.

Desmids, 12.

Diatoms, 12, 18.

Dicotyledones, 245.

Didelphia, 239.

Difflugia, 17, 230.

Dinosauria, 107, 109, 238.

Dipnoi, 101, 103, 106, 236, 237.

Disuse, 60, 63, 64, 216.

Dogs, 146.

Dragon flies, 100.

Dragons, flying, 107.

Dromatherium, 106.

Ducks, 134, 157.

Echinodermata, 96, 97, 99, 102, 231, 232.

Echinoidea, 232.

Ectoderm, 32, 230, 231.

Ectoplasm, 11.

Edentata, 239.

Elaps, 146, 149.

Elasmobranchii, 101, 103, 236.

Elephant, 112, 160.

Elimination, 125.

Elimination, climatic, 125.

Elimination, by enemies, 126.

Elimination, physical, 125.

Elimination, through competition, 126.

Elms, 216.

Embryo, coral, 123.

Embryo, instability of, 167.

Embryology, 33.

Endoderm, 32, 230, 231.

Endoplasm, 11.

Enteron, 231.

Enteropneusta, 233.

Environment, 54, 55, 64, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 90, 127, 223.

Environment, complexity of, 90.

Environment and coloration, 126, 127.

Environment, unstable, 81.

Eohippus, 113.

Epencephalon, 199.

Epiblast, 32.

Epoch, Champlain, 85, 89.

Epoch, Eocene, 85.

Epoch, Glacial, 85, 89.

Epoch, Miocene, 85.

Epoch, Pliocene, 85.

Epoch, Terrace, 85, 89.

Equatorial-plate, 27.

Equus, 113.

Era, Archæan, 85, 94.

Era, Cenozoic, 85.

Era, Mesozoic, 85, 110.

Era, Palæozoic, 85, 86.

Era, Psychozoic, 85, 114.

Erythrolamprus, 149.

Eucalyptus, 132.

Evolution, 108.

Evolution, factors of, xiii.

Evolution, definition of, xiii.

Evolution, psychic, 215.

Evolution, social, 215, 225.

Evolution, goal of, 226.

Falcon, 127.

Fantail, 120.

Ferns, 100, 102, 244.

Fertilization, 29, 42.

Fertilization, cross, 162.

Fertilization, by humming birds, 161.

Fertilization, by insects, 161.

Fertilization, by the wind, 161.

Fertilization, of flowers, 161.

Fertilization, of frog’s eggs, 173.

Fertilization, of ovum, 29.

Fetichism, 209.

Finches, 157.

Fishes, 96, 101, 103, 104, 106, 109, 127, 152.

Fishes, Age of, 101.

Fishes, generalized, 102.

Fishes, with Amphibian characters, 101.

Flagellum, 19, 29.

Flies, 142.

Flower, simile of the, 213.

Flowers, 105, 144.

Flowers, conspicuous, 162.

Flowers, female, 161.

Flowers, fertilization of, 151.

Flowers, male, 160, 161.

Flowers, parts of, 160.

Flowers, primitive, 161.

Food, 58, 61.

Foraminifera, 12, 97, 102, 230.

Forest of Dean, 169.

Fossils, 94.

Friar Birds, 148.

Frog, development of, 173, 177.

Frogs, 135, 136, 137, 138, 146, 238.

Fuegians, 187.

Fungi, 244.

Game-cock, 157, 159.

Ganglia, 232, 233.

Ganoidei, 101, 103, 105, 106, 107, 109, 110, 237.

Garpikes, 105, 237.

Gasteropoda, 234.

Gastrula, 32.

Gastrulation, 32.

Gemmæ, 6.

Gemmules, 6.

Generations, alternations of, 231.

Geometer Moth, caterpillar of, 140.

Gephyrea, 2, 3.

Germ-cells, 45, 54, 57, 161.

Germ-cells, continuity of, 67, 70, 71.

Germ-cells, insulated, 65, 68, 70.

Gibbons, 243, 244.

Giraffe, 129, 130.

Globigerina, 13, 23.

Goat-sucker, 134.

Goniatites, 100, 102, 105.

Gorillas, 243, 244.

Graptolites, 96, 97, 99.

Grasses, 245.

Gregarina, 230.

Gregarinida, 230.

Gromia oviformis, 20.

Grouse, 159.

Gymnophiona, 238.

Gymnospermæ, 244.

Habitat, 54, 60.

Hair, 194.

Hapale, 242.

Hapalidæ, 241, 242.

Hares, 157, 160.

Hare, Polar, 127.

Hawk, 132.

Hearing, 195.

Heliconidæ, 145, 147, 148.

Hereditary Mass, 41, 43, 44, 46, 51.

Hereditary Mass, reduction of, 46.

Hereditary Threads, 31, 41.

Hereditary Units, ancestral, 43, 45.

Hereditary Units, maternal, 42.

Hereditary Units, paternal, 42.

Heredity, xiii. 39, 53, 54, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76.

Heredity, examples of, 40.

Heritages, atavistic, 49.

Heritages, augmentation of, 47.

Heritages, blending of, 47.

Heritages, latent, 49.

Heritages, mutually exclusive, 47.

Heritages, prepotency of, 47.

Heritages, struggle of, 48.

Heritages, totality of, 75.

Herons, 134.

Hesperornis, 238.

Hippopotamus, 111.

Hog, 111.

Holocephali, 236.

Holothuroidea, 232.

Hominidæ, 242, 243.

Homo delinquens, 52.

Homo sapiens, 52.

Honey-suckers, 148.

Horse, 112, 121, 122.

Horse, feet of, 113.

Horse, swiftness of, 122.

Horsetails, 100, 102, 244.

Hyaloplasm, 5.

Hydra, 231.

Hydroids, 231.

Hydrozoa, 231.

Hylobatinæ, 244.

Hylobates, 243, 244.

Hypoblast, 32.

Hyracoidea, 239.

Ichthyornis, 238.

Ichthyosauria, 107, 238.

Idioblasts, 6.

India, 141.

Infancy, 217, 218.

Infant, grasping power of, 192.

Infection, congenital bacterial, 53.

Infection, prenatal, 54.

Infusoria, 42, 230.

Insecta, 233.

Insectivora, 107, 239.

Insects, 100, 102, 110, 135, 137, 141, 143, 144, 147, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165.

Insect selection, 160, 164.

Invertebrates, 96, 234.

Irish elk, 114.

Isolation, geographical, 166.

Isolation, sexual, 166.

Java, 140, 142.

Jukes, the, 41.

Kaffir Boom, 130.

Kallima, 139, 140.

Kerivoula picta, 130.

Labyrinthodonts, 103, 104.

Lacertilia, 238.

Lagena, 13, 23.

Lamellibranchiata, 234.

Lampreys, 101.

Lampshells, 96, 232.

Lancelet, 235.

Larva, of Georgia butterfly, 138.

Law of battle, 158, 159.

Leaf-hoppers, 141.

Leaf insects, 140.

Leaf thrushes, 127.

Leeches, 233.

Lemuroidea, 111, 240.

Lepidosiren, 237.

Lepidosteus, 236.

Leptocardii, 234, 235.

Lichens, 244.

Life-forms, transmutations of, 93.

Life-forms, typical animal, 95.

Limestone, 13.

Lions, 127, 160.

Lislet-Geoffrey, 48.

Liverworts, 244.

Lizards, 144, 146, 158.

Locusts, palatable, 146.

Locusts, unpalatable, 146.

Longicornia, 147.

Lung-fishes, 103, 104, 237.

Macacus, 243.

Macaques, 243.

Magnolias, 111.

Malay Archipelago, 148.

Mammalia, 23, 240.

Mammals, 96, 107, 109, 111, 113, 144, 152, 160.

Mammals, Age of, 111.

Mammals, land, 165.

Mammals, placental, 239.

Mammals, reptilian, 106, 107, 111.

Mammals, snake-eating, 147, 149.

Man, 146, 216.

Man, age of, 114.

Man, ancestors of, 185, 186.

Man, brutish instincts of, 219.

Man, evolution of, 180, 188.

Man, imperfect adaptations of, 190.

Man, primitive, 187.

Man, quaternary, 114.

Mantis, 141.

Marmosets, 242.

Marsipobranchii, 234, 235.

Marsupials, 106, 107, 239.

Mastodon, 114.

Maturation, of ovum, 46.

Medulla, 199.

Mesencephalon, 199.

Mesenchyme, 231, 232.

Mesoblast, 32.

Mesoglœa, 230.

Mesoshippus, 113.

Metaphyta, 244.

Metaplasm, 4, 5.

Metazoa, 229, 230.

Metencephalon, 199.

Mice, 127.

Microgromia socialis, 22.

Microlestes, 106.

Midas, 242.

Mimicry, 128, 147.

Mind, 216.

Miohippus, 113.

Misumena vatia, 142.

Mitosis, 7, 25.

Moles, 127, 157.

Mollusca, 96, 98, 99, 100, 232, 233.

Monera, 230.

Monism, 208.

Monkeys, Capuchin, 242.

Monkeys, howling, 242.

Monkeys, New World, 241.

Monkeys, Old World, 241.

Monkeys, primitive, 111.

Monkeys, spider, 242.

Monkeys, squirrel, 242.

Monocotyledones, 245.

Monodelphia, 233.

Monotheism, 210.

Monotremes, 106, 107, 239.

Morula, 31.

Mosses, 244.

Moths, 59, 61, 102.

Mountains, Appalachian, 87.

Mountains, Coast Range, 89.

Mountains, Colorado, 88.

Mountains, Wahsatch, 88.

Multituberculata, 111.

Musk sheep, 151.

Mycetes, 242.

Myriapoda, 233.

Natural Selection, 119, 120, 124, 131, 132, 134, 137, 138, 141, 143, 147, 149, 152, 153, 158, 160, 162, 165, 225.

Nautiloids, 98.

Nautilus, 98.

Nemathelminthes, 232.

Nemertina, 233.

Newfoundland, 121.

Nicaragua, 146.

Noctiluca, 18, 230.

North America, development of, 85.

Notochord, 234, 235.

Nucleus, 6, 41, 44, 51.

Nucleus, as formative center, 8.

Nucleus, hermaphroditic, 43.

Nucleus, reduction of, 46.

Oaks, 245.

Odontornithes, 238.

Olfactory lobes, 199.

Optic lobes, 199.

Ontogeny, 178, 179, 180.

Onychophora, 233.

Oösperm, 31, 173.

Oösperm, segmentation of, 31.

Operculum, 196.

Ophidia, 238.

Opponens Hallucis, 190, 191.

Orangs, 243, 244.

Orchis, 141, 163.

Ornithodelphia, 239.

Orohippus, 113.

Orthoceratites, 98, 99, 100.

Osteoblasts, 13.

Osteoclasts, 13.

Ostracoderms, 100, 101.

Ova, 56.

Ovum, fertilized, 180.

Ovum, human, 28, 31.

Ovum, maturation of, 29, 43, 46.

Oyster, 234.

Palms, 245.

Pandorina morum, 24, 31.

Pangenesis, 66, 69.

Pangenesis, modified, 68, 71.

Pangennæ, 6.

Paramecium, 230.

Parrots, 127.

Parthenogenesis, 42, 59.

Partridge, 134.

Paupers, 223.

Peacocks, 152.

Pelicans, 134.

Perception, 207.

Perennibranchiata, 177, 238.

Period, Cambrian, 85, 96.

Period, Carboniferous, 85, 87, 102.

Period, Cretaceous, 85, 88, 108, 110.

Period, Devonian, 85, 87, 100.

Period, Jurassic, 85, 88, 106, 110.

Period, Ordovician, 96.

Period, Permian, 104.

Period, Quaternary, 85, 89, 113.

Period, Silurian, 85, 87, 96, 98.

Period, Tertiary, 85, 112.

Period, Triassic, 85, 105, 110.

Peripatus, 233.

Phanerogams, 244.

Pheasants, 134, 152.

Phosphorescence, 20.

Phrynocephalus mystaceus, 141.

Phylogeny, 178, 179, 180.

Pig, domesticated, 121.

Pigeons, Wild Rock, 120.

Pigeons, fantail, 120.

Pigeons, fruit-eating, 127.

Pigeons, pouter, 120.

Pigeons, tumbler, 120.

Pigeons, white-headed fruit, 131.

Pines, 100, 102, 245.

Pisces, 234, 236.

Plagiostomi, 236.

Plants, land, 96, 97, 99, 100.

Plants, flowering, 100, 110, 244.

Plants, flowerless, 100, 244.

Plants, generalized, 102.

Plants, unicellular, 4.

Plants, multicellular, 4.

Plastids, 5.

Platyhelminthes, 232.

Platyrrhinæ, 241.

Pleuracanthus, 103.

Pliohippus, 113.

Plovers, 131.

Polar bodies, 29.

Polyodon, 237.

Polyps, 32, 231.

Polypterus, 236.

Polytheism, 210.

Poplars, 245.

Porifera, 25, 230.

Pouter, 120.

Preferential mating, 157, 159, 169.

Primates, 239.

Primitive man, 187.

Primrose, 163.

Proboscidea, 239.

Pronucleus, female, 29, 31.

Pronucleus, male, 29, 31.

Prosencephalon, 199.

Protective Imitation of Particular Objects, 138.

Protective Resemblance, 128.

Proteus, 237.

Protohippus, 113.

Protophyta, 244.

Protoplasm, 4, 5, 33, 44.

Protopterus, 237.

Protozoa, 229, 230.

Protozoa, flagellate, 24, 25.

Protozoa, colonial, 22, 25.

Pseudo-heredity, 53.

Pseudopodia, 12.

Psychic phenomena, 207.

Ptarmigan, 131.

Pteridophyta, 244.

Pterosauria, 107, 109, 238.

Ptilopus cinctus, 131.

Quadrula, 17, 230.

Recognition Marks, 150.

Reducing process, 46.

Redwood, 111.

Regeneration of lost parts, 50.

Reptiles, 96, 104, 106, 107, 109, 110, 152, 157, 235, 238.

Reptiles, Age of, 110.

Reptiles, generalized, 104, 107.

Reptiles, land, 107.

Reptiles, sea, 107.

Reptiles, extinction of, 125.

Reptiles, of bat-like form, 107.

Reptiles, of lizard-like form, 104.

Rabbit, 151.

Radiolaria, 97.

Ratitæ, 238.

Raven, 132.

Rays, 106, 236.

Recognition Marks, 128, 150, 169.

Religion, 221, 222.

Rhinencephalon, 199.

Rhinoceros, 112.

Rhizopoda, 230.

Ribs, 194.

Rocks, table of stratified, 95.

Rodentia, 239.

Rotalia, 13, 23.

Rotatoria, 232.

Rotifer, 232.

Ruminants, 111, 137.

Rupture, 190.

Saitis pulex, 156.

Salamanders, 103, 147.

Salamandra, 237.

Salmons, 157, 158, 237.

Saururæ, 238.

Scaphopoda, 234.

Scorpions, 99, 233.

Sea, Cretaceous, 68.

Sea, Palæozoic, 86.

Sea-anemones, 231.

Sea-cucumbers, 232.

Seals, 160.

Seaweeds, 96, 97, 244.

Sea-urchins, 97, 99, 232.

Selfishness, 216.

Selection, artificial, 120, 121.

Selection, insect, 160, 164.

Selection, natural, 119, 120, 122, 124, 131, 132, 134, 137, 138, 141, 143, 147, 149, 152, 153, 158, 160, 162, 165, 225.

Selection, physiological, 169.

Selection, rational, 214.

Selection, sexual, 152, 153, 154, 157, 158, 164.

Sharks, 106, 107, 109, 235.

Sharks, primitive, 100.

Sheep, 121.

Sheep, heath, 169.

Sheep, merino, 169.

Shrimps, 103, 233.

Simia, 243, 244.

Simiidæ, 242, 243, 244.

Simiinæ, 244.

Sinus venosus, 236.

Siredon, 62, 63.

Siren, 237.

Sirenia, 239.

Skye-terrier, 121.

Sloths, 114.

Snail, 234.

Snakes, 135, 136, 137, 138, 147, 148, 149.

Snipe, 131.

Social evolution, goal of, 220.

Soil, 69.

Somatic-cells, 45.

Spermatozoid, 29, 43, 56.

Sphinx fuciformis, 138.

Spider, 141, 142, 143, 146, 158, 233.

Spider, love-dance of, 156.

Spindle, 27.

Sponges, 25, 96, 97, 99, 230.

Spongioplasm, 5.

Sports, 48, 49, 53.

Spring-bok, 151.

Spruces, 245.

Squids, 98, 234.

Squirrels, 157.

Stag, 157.

Star-fishes, 96, 97, 99, 232.

Stegocephala, 103, 104, 106, 238.

Sticklebacks, 157, 158.

Stone-lily, 232.

Storks, 134.

Struggle for Existence, 124.

Sturgeon, 237.

Stylonychia, 10, 230.

Sumatra, 140.

Sunbirds, 130, 131.

Survival of the Fittest, 120, 122, 138, 143.

Symmetry, bilateral, 231, 232, 233.

Symmetry, radial, 231.

Sympathy, 216.

Tadpoles, 58, 59, 174, 175.

Tail, 195.

Tanagers, 152.

Tapir, 112.

Tarsius, 241.

Tee Tees, 242.

Teleostomi, 236.

Teleosts, 101, 106, 109, 110, 237.

Temperature, 54, 61.

Tetrao cupido, 159.

Thalamencephalon, 199.

Thalami, 199.

Thallophyta, 244.

Theromorpha, 104, 105, 106, 238.

Thomisus citreus, 141.

Threads, chromatin, 6.

Threads, hereditary, 31, 41.

Threads, nuclear, 6.

Tiger, protective coloration of, 128, 129.

Tiger, saber-toothed, 114.

Timor, island of, 132.

Toad, 238.

Tortoises, 157.

Toxalbumin, 16.

Toxines, 15.

Tree of Life, 182, 183, 184.

Trilobites, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 103, 233.

Triton, 175, 237.

Tumbler, 120.

Tunicata, 234.

Turtledoves, 154.

Ungulata, 239.

Ungulates, even-toed, 111.

Ungulates, odd-toed, 111.

Units, hereditary, 41, 42, 43, 45.

Units, invisible, 7.

Units, morphological, 4.

Units, physiological, 6, 8.

Units, structural, 4.

Units, visible, 7.

Urodela, 237.

Use, 60, 63, 64, 216.

Uterus, displacements of, 190.

Vacuole, 5.

Variations, 39, 46, 54, 120, 143, 167, 168.

Variations, blastogenetic, 54, 55, 56.

Variations, examples of, 39.

Variations, harmful, 168.

Variations, neutral, 168.

Variations, somatogenetic, 54, 55, 60.

Variations, through amphimixis, 46, 166.

Variations, useful, 168.

Varieties, commencing species, 168.

Varieties, isolation of, 166.

Velvet, 14.

Vena cava, 236, 237.

Ventricles, 233, 236, 237.

Vermes, 232.

Vermiform appendix, 194.

Vertebrata, 100, 105, 108, 234.

Vestigial structures, 198.

Volvox globator, 24, 32.

Waders, 157.

Wasp, 146, 147.

Weevils, 147.

Whales, 107, 124, 165.

White blood-corpuscles, 15.

Will, 207, 223.

Woodcock, 131.

Woodpecker, 155, 157.

Worms, 232.

Worms, earth, 233.

Worms, flat, 232.

Worms, round, 232.

Worms, sea or marine, 96, 233.

Worms, star, 233.

Worms, unsegmented, 232.

Zebra, 129.

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