Part 5

This frog is secretive and spends most of the time in subterranean shelter, obtaining its food there rather than in the open. Only on warm rainy nights is it inclined to venture into the open. Then, it moves about rapidly and with a scuttling gait, a combination of running and short hops. However, it may be flushed in daylight from a hiding place by the vibrations from footsteps of a person or an animal, or it may move about in the daytime when temperatures at night are too low for activity. Though not swift of foot, the frogs are elusive because of their tendency to keep under cover, their slippery dermal secretion, and the ease with which they find and enter holes, or crevices to escape.

Breeding occurs at any time from late May through August and is controlled by the distribution of rainfall. Heavy precipitation, especially rains of two inches or more, stimulates the frogs to migrate in large numbers to breeding ponds. Even though there are several well spaced periods of unusually heavy rainfall in the course of a summer, each one initiates a new cycle of migration, mating and spawning. Heavy rainfall is a necessity, not only to ensure a water supply in temporary pools where the frogs breed, but to create the moist conditions they require for an overland migration. An individual male may migrate to a pond and breed at least twice in the same season. Whether or not the females do likewise is unknown. Amplexus and spawning occur mainly within a day or two after the frogs reach the ponds. The males call chiefly at night, but there may be daytime choruses when breeding activity is at its peak. Many males concentrate within a few square yards in the choruses and float upright usually beside or beneath a stem or leaf, or other shelter, rendering them extremely inconspicuous. The call is a bleat of three seconds duration, or a little more. In amplexus the members of a pair sometimes become glued together by their viscous dermal secretions. The eggs hatch in approximately 48 hours. The tadpoles metamorphose in as few as 24 days. Newly metamorphosed frogs are 15 to 16 mm. in length, or, rarely as small as 14.5 mm. They are thus much larger than newly metamorphosed G. carolinensis, which have been described as 10-12 mm. or even as small as 8.5 mm. The newly metamorphosed frogs disperse from the breeding ponds as soon as there is a heavy rain. The young grow a little more than one mm. in length per week. Those metamorphosed in early summer may attain minimum adult size before hibernation which begins in October. It seems that sexual maturity is most often attained in the second season, at an age of one to two years.

Gastrophryne belongs to a family that is primarily tropical in distribution, and frogs of this genus have much higher temperature thresholds than most other amphibians of northeastern Kansas, with a correspondingly short season of activity. For more than half the year, mid-October to early May the frogs are normally in hibernation. Body temperatures of active frogs ranged from 17.0 deg. C. to 37.6 deg. C., but more than two-thirds were within the relatively narrow range, 24.0 deg. to 31 deg.. Near the date of the first autumn frost the frogs disappear from the soil surface and from their usual shelters near the surface, presumably having retired into hibernation in deep holes and crevices.

The natural enemies include young of the copperhead. The bullfrog and leopard frog probably take heavy toll of both the adults and the newly metamorphosed young at the breeding ponds. Reproductive success of the ant-eating frogs was much greater in 1954 when these ranids were unusually scarce. The short-tailed shrew is an important enemy. On occasion it took heavy toll of frogs trapped in pitfalls, and many of the larger adults were scarred or mutilated from bites, probably of the shrew.

Each of several frogs was found consistently under the same rock for periods of weeks. The hundreds of other frogs that were marked were rarely found twice in any one spot. Usually an individual recaptured after weeks or months was still near the original site. In many instances the distance involved was only a few yards, but there is some evidence that home ranges may be as long as 400 feet in greatest diameter. Of those caught in two or more different years only 15 per cent were shown to have moved more than 400 feet. These few exceptionally long movements, up to 2000 feet, involve shifts in home range or migrations motivated by reproductive urge.

LITERATURE CITED

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ANDERSON, P. K. 1954. Studies in the ecology of the narrow-mouthed toad, Microhyla carolinensis carolinensis. Tulane Studies in Zool., 2: 15-46.

BLAIR, A. P. 1950. Note on Oklahoma microhylid frogs. Copeia, 1950: 152.

BOGERT, C. M. 1949. Thermoregulation in reptiles, a factor in evolution. Evolution, 3: 195-211.

BRAGG, A. N. 1943. Observations on the ecology and natural history of Anura, XV. The hylids and microhylids in Oklahoma. Great Basin Nat., 4: 62-80.

de CARVALHO, A. L. 1954. A preliminary synopsis of the genera of American microhylid frogs. Occas. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, no. 555: 19 pp., 1 pl.

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SCHMIDT, K. P. 1953. A check list of North American amphibians and reptiles. Univ. Chicago Press, viii + 280 pp.

SMITH, H. M. 1934. The amphibians of Kansas. American Midland Nat., 15: 377-528, pls. 12-20, maps 1-24. 1950. Handbook of amphibians and reptiles of Kansas. Univ. Kansas Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist. Misc. Publ., 2: 1-336 pp., 233 figs.

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TANNER, W. W. 1950. Notes on the habits of Microhyla carolinensis olivacea (Hallowell). Herpetologica, 6: 47-48.

WOOD, J. T. 1948. Microhyla c. carolinensis in an ant nest. Herpetologica, 4: 226.

WRIGHT, A. H. 1932. Life-histories of the frogs of Okefinokee Swamp, Georgia. Macmillan Co., New York, N. Y.

WRIGHT, A. H., and WRIGHT, A. A. 1949. Handbook of frogs and toads of the United States and Canada. Comstock Publ. Co., Ithaca, New York.