Part 14

The Isthmus of Tehuantepec embraces three major environments--savanna, semi-arid scrub forest, and quasi-rainforest. The rainforest presents an environment noticeably different from the other two and has a different amphibian fauna.

Analysis of present patterns of distribution shows that certain species are restricted to the rainforests on the Gulf lowlands; others live only in the semi-arid scrub forests on the Pacific lowlands. A third group of species lives on both the Gulf and Pacific lowlands; most of these species occur only in the scrub forests or savannas on the Gulf lowlands, but some also inhabit the rainforest. In one way or another the isthmus presents a barrier to the distribution of 75 per cent of the species of amphibians living in the lowlands; it is a greater barrier still to the species inhabiting the highlands on either side.

Present patterns of distribution are attributed to bioclimatic fluctuation in the Pleistocene. In the course of these climatic shifts, tropical environments and their amphibian inhabitants seem to have survived in the isthmian region.

The amphibian fauna of the lowlands of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec consists of 16 genera and 36 species. Systematic studies of all available specimens from the region show that Eleutherodactylus conspicuus Taylor and Smith is a synonym of Eleutherodactylus alfredi Boulenger and that Hyla axillamembrana Shannon and Werler is a synonym of Hyla loquax Gaige and Stuart.

LITERATURE CITED

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1953. The savanna vegetation of northern tropical America. Ecol. Mono., vol. 23 (2):149-215.

BOULENGER, G. A.

1898. Fourth report on additions to the batrachian collection in the Natural History Museum. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1898, pp. 473-482, pls. 38-39.

BURT, C. E.

1931. A study of the teiid lizards of the genus Cnemidophorus with special reference to their phylogenetic relationships. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 154, pp. viii + 286.

CONTRERAS A., A.

1942. Mapa de las provincias climatologias de la Republica Mexicana. Mexico, D. F., Direccion de Geografia, Meterologia e Hidrologia, pp. i-xxviii, tables 1-54, 2 maps.

COOKE, C. W.

1945. Geology of Florida. Florida Geol. Surv., Geol. Bull., No. 29:1-339.

DORF, E.

1959. Climatic changes of the past and present. Contrib. Mus. Paleo. Univ. Michigan, vol. 13 (8):181-210.

DUELLMAN, W. E.

1956. The frogs of the hylid genus Phrynohyas Fitzinger, 1843. Miscl. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 96:1-47, pls. 1-6.

1958a. A monographic study of the colubrid snake genus Leptodeira. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 114:1-152, pls. 1-31.

1958b. A preliminary analysis of the herpetofauna of Colima, Mexico. Occas. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 589:1-22.

1958c. A review of the frogs of the genus Syrrhophus in western Mexico. Occas. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 594:1-15, pls. 1-3.

DUELLMAN, W. E., and SCHWARTZ, A.

1958. Amphibians and reptiles of southern Florida. Bull. Florida State Mus., vol. 3 (5):181-324.

DUNN, E. R.

1942. The American caecilians. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 91 (6):439-540.

DURHAM, J. W., ARELLANO, A. R. V., and PECK, JR., J. H.

1952. No Cenozoic Tehuantepec seaways. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. 63:1245.