Appendix C. Koranic References 225-227

Index 229-249

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction--

Paras. Page. 1. Object of the book i

2. Early wrongs of the Moslem; justification in taking up arms, if taken ii

3. Commencement of the war; the Koreish being public enemy were liable to be treated as such ib.

4. But the Moslems could not take up arms to redress their wrongs under certain circumstances iii

5. Moslems otherwise engaged at Medina had no intention of suffering the horrors of war by taking the initiative, but were in imminent danger from the enemy iv

6. The Koreish first attacked the Moslems at Medina. They could not forbear the escape of the Moslems v

7. Three battles waged by the Koreish against Mohammad--Badr, Ohad, and Ahzab: these wars on the Moslem side were purely in defence, not waged even to redress their wrongs or re-establish their rights vii

8. The battle of Badr was defensive on the part of Mohammad. Reasons for the same viii

9. Mohammad at Medina, owing to the attacks, inroads, and threatening gatherings of the Koreish and other tribes, had hardly time to think of offensive measures xi

10. Armed opposition of the Koreish to the Moslem pilgrims from Medina in the vicinity of Mecca. The truce of Hodeibia xv

11. The Koreish again commit hostilities and violate their pledge. War declared against those who had violated the truce. War not carried out xvi

12. War with foes other than Koreish xviii

13. Expedition to Tabuk to check the advancing enemy. No war took place xix

14. Number of the wars of Mohammad much exaggerated: Ghazava defined; number of actual wars xx

15. The Revd. Mr. Green's remarks on the wars of Mohammad criticised xxiii

16. Another view of the wars of Mohammad xxviii

17. Caravans if waylaid were waylaid by way of reprisal xxx

18. Intolerance; no compulsory conversion enjoined or took place during Mohammad's lifetime: Sir W. Muir quoted and refuted xxxi

19. A brief sketch of the propagation of Islam at Mecca: Islam at Mecca; Islam at Abyssinia; Conversions at Nakhla xxxii

20. Rapid stride of Islam at Medina xxxvii

21. The increasing number of Moslem converts at Mecca after the Hegira xxxix

22. Disturbed state of the public peace among the tribes surrounding Medina. Internicine wars, an obstacle to the propagation of Islam xl

23. Sketch of the intertribal wars in Arabia during the lifetime of Mohammad xli

24. Spread of Islam in the surrounding tribes at Medina after the Hegira I--VI xliii

25. Mecca a barrier against the conversion of the Southern tribes xliv

26. Tribal conversions in the sixth year. Conversion among several other tribes of the North and North-east in A.H. VIII xlv

27. Surrender of Mecca, A.H. VIII xlvii

28. Mecca not compelled to believe ib.

29. The wholesale conversion of the remaining tribes, A.H. IX and X xlviii

30. The various deputations in the 9th and 10th year of the Hegira li

31. A list of the deputations of conversion received by Mohammad at Medina during A.H. IX and X li--lviii

32. All conversions, individual and tribal, were without any compulsion lix

33. Mohammad was not favoured with circumstances round him. The difficulty Mohammad encountered in his work. Marcus Dods quoted: Dr. Mohseim's causes of the spread of Islam and Hallam quoted lx--lxv

34. Mohammad's unwavering belief in his own mission and his success show him to be a true prophet. Mohammad's efforts established monotheism in Arabia. His manly exertions, and his single handed perseverance. The business and office of a prophet described. Sir W. Muir and Stobart quoted lxv--lxix

35. The reforms of Mohammad, his iconoclastic policy. The redemption of Arabia from venal debauchery and infatuated superstition. Muir, Marcus Dods, Stephens quoted lxix--lxxvii

36. Indictment against Mohammad. His alleged cruelty and sensuality. Muir, Rev. Hughes, Marcus Dods, and Stanley Poole refuted lxxviii--lxxxvii

37. Objections to the (1) Finality of the social reforms of Mohammad, (2) positive precepts, (3) ceremonial law, (4) morality, (5) want of adaptability to the varying circumstances lxxxvii--lxxxix

38. All these objections apply rather to the teaching of the Mohammadan Common Law than to the Koran xc

39. (1) Finality of social reforms of Mohammad discussed. Intermediary not to be considered final xc--xcii

40. (2) Positive precepts and (3) ceremonial law, pilgrimage, Kibla, amount of alms, fasts, forms and attitude of prayer, &c.: pretentious prayers and ostentatious almsgiving xcii--xcvii

41. (4) The Koran, both abstract and concrete in morals xcvii--cii

42. (5) Adaptability of the Koran to surrounding circumstances cii--ciii

43. Suitability of the Koran to all classes of humanity ciii--civ

Note cv

Genealogical tables of the tribes mentioned in para. 31 of the Introduction cvi--cvii

ALL THE WARS OF MOHAMMAD WERE DEFENSIVE.

I.--The Persecution.

1. The early persecution of Moslems by the people of Mecca 2

2. Notices of the persecutions in the Koran 4

3. Insults suffered by Mohammad 5

4. Historical summary of the persecutions 8

5. The Hegira, or the expulsion of the Moslems from Mecca 9

6. The persecution of the Moslems by the Koreish after their flight from Mecca 11

II.--The Meccans or the Koreish.

7. A Koreish chieftain commits a raid near Medina, A.H. 1 ib.

8. The Koreish march to attack Medina. Battle of Badr ib.

9. Attack by Abu Sofian upon Medina, A.H. 2 12

10. Battle of Ohad 12

11. Mohammad's prestige affected by the defeat ib.

12. Abu Sofian threatened the Moslems with another attack next year 13

13. The Koreish again attack Medina with a large army. Mohammad defends the city. The enemy retire. A.H. 5 14

14. Mohammad with his followers advanced to perform the lesser pilgrimage of Mecca. The Koreish oppose Mohammad, who return disappointed. The treaty of Hodeibia 15

15. Violation of the treaty by the Koreish and their submission 16

16. Two other tribes assume the offensive ib.

III.--The Defensive Character of the Wars.

17. Verses from the Koran in support of the defensive character of the wars 25

18. What the above quoted verses show 26

19. Justification of the Moslems in taking up arms against their aggressors 27

20. The first aggression after the Hegira was not on the part of Mohammad 28

21. The alleged instances examined 29

22. Hamza and Obeida's expeditions ib.

23. Abwa, Bowat, and Osheira expeditions 30

24. The affair at Nakhla 31

25. At Badr Mohammad came only in his defence 33

26. The first aggression after the Hegira if from Mohammad, might fairly be looked upon as retaliation 34

IV.--The Jews.

27. The Jews broke treaties ib.

28. Bani Kainukaa, Bani Nazeer, Khyber, and Ghatafan 35

29. Notice of them in Koran 37

30. The judgment of Sad 38

31. Defensive character of the expedition against the Jews of Khyber 40

V.--The Christians or Romans.

32. Tabuk, the last expedition ib.

33. Description of the wars concluded 41

VI.--The Intolerance.

34. Mohammad never taught intolerance 43

35. In what sense the wars were religious wars 44

36. The alleged verses of intolerance explained 45

37. Sir William Muir quoted 47

38. Comment on the above quotation 50

39. Object of Mohammad's wars 51

VII.--The Ninth Chapter or Sura Barat.

40. The opening portion of the IX Sura of the Koran only relates to the Koreish who had violated the truce 55

VIII.--The alleged Interceptions of the Koreish Caravans.

41. The nine alleged interceptions of the Koreish caravans 57

42. The interceptions were impossible under the circumstances in which Mohammad was placed 59

43. The interceptions, if occurred, were justified by way of reprisal 60

IX.--The alleged Assassinations.

44. Instances of the alleged assassinations cited 61

45. Mr. Stanley Poole quoted 62

46. Asma-bint Marwan 63

47. The story deserves not our belief 64

48. Abu Afak 65

49. Kab, son of Ashraf 66

50. Mohammad could never have had any share in Kab's murder 68

51. Sofian bin Khalid 69

52. Justification of Sofian's alleged murder 70

53. Abu Rafe 72

54. Oseir bin Zarim 73

55. The intended assassination of Abu Sofian 74

56. Irving and Muir quoted; concluding remarks 76

X.--The alleged Cruelties in executing Prisoners of War and others.

57. Treatment of the prisoners of war ib.

58. Law of nations regarding the prisoners of war 77

59. The execution of Nadher Ibn Harith 79

60. The execution of Okba 80

61. Free liberty granted to Ozza, a prisoner of war 81

62. Abul Ozza proved a traitor and was executed ib.

63. The execution of Moavia Ibn Mughira ib.

64. Justification of Mughira's execution 82

65. The intended execution of the prisoners of Badr and the wrong version of Sir W. Muir 83

66. Mohammad was never blamed in the Koran for releasing prisoners 84

67. The Koran enjoins the prisoners of war to be either freely liberated or ransomed, but neither executed nor enslaved 87

68. High treason of the Bani Koreiza against Medina and their execution 88

69. The whole of the Bani Koreiza were never executed ib.

70. The women and children of Bani Koreiza were never sold 89

71. The exaggerated number of persons executed 91

XI.--Some Miscellaneous Objections refuted.

72. The execution of Omm Kirfa for brigandage 92

73. The alleged mutilation of the Urnee robbers 93

74. Amputation or banishment substituted temporarily in place of imprisonment for want of a well organized system of jails 95

75. Torture of Kinana 96

76. The alleged execution of a singing girl 97

77. The charitable spirit of Mohammad towards his enemies 98

78. Abu Basir not countenanced by the Prophet in contravention to the spirit of the treaty of Hodeibia 101

79. Nueim not employed by the Prophet to circulate false reports in the enemy's camp 102

80. Deception in war allowed by the International Law ib.

81. Lecky's standard of morality 104

82. The alleged permission to kill the Jews 106

83. Sir W. Muir quoted 108

84. The expulsion of the Bani Nazeer ib.

85. Their fruit-trees were not cut down 109

86. Females and the treaty of Hodeibia 110

87. Stanley defended 111

88. Marriage a strict bond of union 113

The Popular Jihad.

89. The Koran enjoins only defensive wars 114

90. The Mohammadan Common Law and the Jihad 116

91. When is Jihad a positive injunction ib.

92. The Hedaya quoted and refuted 117

93. Rule of interpretation 118

94. The Common Law and its commentators 119

95. Kifaya quoted 120

96. Further quotations 121

97. The Kifaya refuted 122

98. S. IX, 5, discussed 123

99. S. II, 189, discussed ib.

100. S. II, 189, and VIII, 40, are defensive 124

101. All injunctions were local and for the time being 125

102. Ainee quoted and refuted ib.

103. Sarakhsee quoted and refuted 126

104. Ibn Hajar quoted 128

105. Ibn Hajar refuted 129

106. Halabi quoted ib.

107. Halabi refuted 132

108. Ainee again quoted and refuted ib.

109. Continuation of the above 133

110. Traditions quoted and refuted ib.

111. Early Moslem legists against the Jihad 134

112. Biographical sketches of the legists 135

113. European writers' mistakes 137

114. Sir W. Muir quoted and refuted 138

115. Islam not aggressive 139

116. Mr. Freeman quoted and refuted 140

117. The Revd. Mr. Stephens quoted and refuted 141

118. Mr. Bosworth Smith quoted and refuted 143

119. Mr. George Sale quoted and refuted ib.

120. Major Osborn quoted 146

121. Major Osborn refuted 149

122. The IX Sura of the Koran ib.

123. The Revd. Mr. Wherry quoted 150

124. Example cited from Jewish history explained 152

125. Mosaic injunctions 153

126. The Revd. Mr. Hughes quoted and refuted 154

127. Meaning of the word Jihad 155

128. Sura XLVIII, 5, explained 156

129. The Revd. Malcolm MacColl quoted 157

130. The untenable theories of the Mohammadan Common Law 158-161

APPENDIX A.

1. Jihad or Jihd in the Koran does not mean war or crusade 163

2. Classical meaning of Jihad, &c. 164

3. Post-classical or technical meaning of Jihad 165

4. The classical logic and Arabian poets ib.

5. The conjugation and declination of Jahd or Jihad in the Koran 166

6. The number of instances in which they occur in the Koran 167

7. In what sense they are used in the Koran 168

8. Conventional significations of Jihad 169

9. Mohammadan commentators, &c., quoted 170

10. When the word Jihad was diverted from its original signification to its figurative meaning of waging religious wars 171

11. All verses of the Koran containing the word Jihad and its derivations quoted and explained 176

12. The above verses quoted with remarks 177

The Meccan Suras.

13. Lokman, XXXI, 14 ib.

14. Furkan, XXV, 53, 521 178

15. The Pilgrimage, XXII, 76, 78 ib.

16. The Bee, XVI, 108, 111 179

17. The Spider, XXIX, 5 180

18. Ibid, 7 ib.

19. Ibid, 69 ib.

20. The Bee, XVI, 40 181

21. Creator, XXXV, 40 ib.

The Medinite Suras.

22. The Cow or Heifer, II, 215 182

23. Al Amran, III, 136 ib.

24. The Spoils, VIII, 73 183

25. Ibid. 75 ib.

26. Ibid. 76 ib.

27. The Cattle, VI, 109 ib.

28. Mohammad, XLVII, 33 184

29. Battle Array, LXI, 11 ib.

30. Woman. IV. 97 185

31. Light. XXIV, 52 ib.

32. The Forbidding. LXVI, 9 ib.

33. The Immunity. IX, 74 186

36. The Tried, LX, 1 187

35. Hatib's Story 188

36. The Apartment, XLIX, 15 ib.

37. The Immunity, IX, 16 ib.

38. Ibid. 19 ib.

39. Ibid, 20 189

40. Ibid, 24 ib.

41. Ibid, 41 ib.

42. Ibid, 44 190

43. Ibid, 82 ib.

44. Ibid, 87 ib.

45. Ibid, 89 191

46. The Table, V, 39 ib.

47. Ibid, 58 ib.

48. Ibid, 59 ib.

49. Jihad does not mean the waging of war 192

50. Katal and Kital ib.

51. Conclusion ib.

APPENDIX B.

1. Slavery and concubinage not allowed by the Koran 193

2. Measures taken by the Koran to abolish future slavery 194

3. None of the prisoners of war was enslaved 196

4. Bani Koreiza not enslaved 198

5. Rihana 201

6. Omar, the second Khalif, liberated all the Arab slaves 202

7. Concubinage 203

8. Maria the Coptic 204

9. Despatch of Mokowkas 205

10 & 11. Maria neither a slave nor a concubine 207

12. Maria had no son 209

13. The story of Maria and Haphsa a spurious one 211

14. The affair not noticed in the early biographies 212

15. Sir W. Muir's authority not valid ib.

16. The best commentators and traditionalists refute the story 214

17. The story not accredited by the Koran ib.

18. The story when fabricated ib.

19. Zeinab's case 215

20. The story a spurious one 216

21. Sir W. Muir's conjectures not justified 217

22. A wrong translation of Sir W. Muir 219

23. In Zeinab's case no exceptional privilege was secured 220

24. The false story traced to Mukatil ib.

25. Katadas conjectural interpretation not warranted 222

26. Other conjectures 223